Endoplasmic reticulum stress improved chicken tenderness,promoted apoptosis and autophagy during postmortem ageing

In this study,endoplasmic reticulum(ER)stress inducer tunicamycin(TM)and inhibitor 4-phenylbutyric acid(4-PBA)were used to treat postmortem chicken breast muscle to investigate changes in tenderness and effects on apoptosis and autophagy during 5 days ageing.TM-induced ER stress reduced shear force,enhanced myofibril fragmentation index(MFI),disrupted myofibril structure,increased desmin degradation,and activatedμ-calpain and caspase-12.In addition,TM-induced ER stress increased the expression of Bax,Bim,and cytochrome c,and decreased the expression of Bcl-x L.Furthermore,TM-induced ER stress improved the conversion of LC3I to LC3II,raised the expression of Beclin-1,and decreased the expression of p62,PI3K,and m TOR.The opposite results were observed after 4-PBA treatment.These results suggested that ER stress could improve chicken tenderness,promote apoptosis and autophagy during chicken postmortem ageing.

Analyses of Chicken Tenderness Traits Based on Transcriptome Sequencing

The calpain system is ubiquitous in cells, mainly comprising calpains and calpain inhibitors, and is a widespread calcium-dependent cysteine protease in organisms that is involved in many cellular processes such as muscle degradation in vivo and affects the tenderness of meat after animal slaughter. The study found 128 DEGs that probably regulated tenderness traits were selected from 16 significantly enriched GO terms by transcriptome sequencing analysis, and found that the developmental changes in the expression levels of the CAPN1 gene in the pectoral and leg muscles were significantly positively correlated ( P <0.05) with the cumulative growth values of live weight and comb weight. The developmental changes in the expression levels of the CAST gene in the pectoral and leg muscles were not significantly correlated with the cumulative growth values of live weight and comb weight. Our results helped demonstrate the potential molecular mechanisms of tenderness in chickens and provide valuable information for chicken breeding.

不同饲养方式对肉鸡肌纤维组织学特性及肌肉嫩度影响的研究

[ Objective] The aim of this experiment was to explore the effects of different rearing modes on muscle histological traits and muscle ten demess and to provide theoretical basis for regulating chicken meat quality. [ Method] The effects of outdoor rearing, indoor rearing and cage rea ring modes on the muscular histological traits and meat tenderness of Hetian chicken at the age of 8 weeks, 12 weeks and 16 weeks were re searched. [Result] The results showed that the breast and thigh muscle fibre diameter and muscle shear force of outdoor rearing chicken were sig nificently higher than that of cage rearing chicken （ P 〈 0.05）, and muscle fibre density was significantly lower than that of cage rearing chicken （ P 〈 0.05）. With aging, the muscle fibre diameter and shear force increased and muscle fibre density decreased （ P 〈 0.05）. The muscle fibre di ameter and shear force of male were higher than that of female. The correlation analysis showed that the breast muscle shear force had a signifi cantly positive relation with fibre diameter and negative relation with fibre density （ P 〈 0.05）, but thigh muscle shear force had an insignificantly pos itive relation with fibre diameter and fibre density. [ Condusion] Muscular histological traits varied in different rearing modes, and the outdoor rearing promoted the muscular fibre development and increased the muscular shear force.

不同地方品种肉鸡肌纤维组织学特性与肌肉嫩度的研究

Objective＇ To study the muscular histological traits and their relationship with meat tenderness in local broilers and provide a theoretical basis for promoting meat quality of broiler. [Methed] The diameter and density of muscle fiber of three local varieties of chicken （Beijing Fatty broil- er, Fujian Hetian broiler and Taining Black broiler） were detected at the age of 8 weeks, 12 weeks and 16 weeks. And the differences in the diame- ter and density of muscle fiber as well as their relationship with meat tenderness were respectively analyzed with SAS software. [ Resultl Fatty broil- er had the smallest muscle fiber diameter while Hetian broiler the largest; Fatty broiler had the highest muscle fiber density while Hetian broiler the lowest Hetian broiler had the highest muscle shear force of leg muscle while Black broiler the lowest （ P 〈0.05） ; Black broiler had the highest mus- cle shear force of breast muscle while Fatty broiler the lowest （P〈0.05）. The correlation analysis showed that the shear force of breast muscle and leg muscle had significantly positive relation with fiber diameter and significantly negative relation with fiber density （ P 〈 0.05）. [ Conclusion] Muscu- lar histological traits varied in different local broilers, and the muscular shear force had significantly relation with fiber diameter and density.

A Way to Rootedness: Traveling in Tender Is the Night

Traveling is one major theme of Fitzgerald's novel Tender Is the Night. This fashionable activity for the 1920 s Americans is represented in the novel as ostensibly bearing different meanings to the main characters, but a deeper look would reveal that it is unanimously resorted to as a weapon against the spiritual barrenness caused by the cult of business, and more importantly, as a way to the experience of rootedness.

招标准备过程工作要则

介绍在国际工程项目招投标过程中,招标阶段的工作程序以及应注意的几个原则,同时对标书中应包含的内容进行了简单的论述。特别强调,保持招标工作程序的严谨是招投标工作顺利开展的基础。

Role of calpain system in meat tenderness: A review

Aging is a popular method used by meat industry for improving the sensory attributes of meat.Despite the advent of many novel technologies,aging has not lost its charm and is still widely used commercially as a post-mortem intervention for tenderization.Aging improves the tenderness of meat through disruption of the muscle structure by intracellular proteolytic systems.Muscles undergo various molecular changes that cause proteolysis of key myofibrillar and cytoskeletal proteins,disrupting the overall integrity of muscle cells.Although several endogenous proteolytic systems are capable of post-mortem proteolysis,a great body of scientific evidence supports a major role for the calpain system.Calpains are intracellular calcium-dependent cysteine proteases found in most eukaryotes.At least three calpains(μ-and m-calpains and calpain 3)and calpastatin,their specific endogenous inhibitor,are found in muscle.They are known to be involved in the proteolysis of functionally relevant structural proteins such as the myofibrillar proteins and cytoskeletal anchorage complexes.These ubiquitous proteases are also present in mitochondria and play important roles in a variety of pathophysiological conditions including apoptotic and necrotic cell death phenomena.This review discusses the role and contribution of the calpain system and the factors that influence calpain activity during aging.

Therapeutic effects of tender coconut water on oxidative stress in fructose fed insulin resistant hypertensive rats

Objective:To investigate whether tender coconut water(TCW) mitigates oxidative stress in fructose fed hypertensive rats.Methods:Male Sprague Dawley rats were fed with fructose rich diet and treated with TCW(4 mL/100 g of body weight) for 3 subsequent weeks.Systolic blootl pressure was measured every three days using the indirect tail cuff method.At the end of the experimental period,plasma glucose and insulin,serum triglycerides and free fatly acids, lipid peroxidation markers(MDA,hydroperoxides and conjugated dienes) and the activities of antioxidant enzymes were analyzed in all the groups.Results:Treatment with TCW significandy lowered the systolic blood pressure and reduced serum triglycerides and free fatty acids.Plasma glucose and insulin levels and lipid peroxidation markers such as MDA,hydroperoxides and conjugated dienes were significantly reduced in fructose fed rats treated with TCW.Activities of antioxidant enzymes are up regulated significantly in TCW treated rats.Hislopathological analysis of liver showed that TCW treatment reduced the lipid accumulation and inflammatory infiltration without any significant hepatocellular damage.Conclusions:The overall results suggest that, TCW treatment could prevent and reverse high blood pressure induced by high fructose diet probably by inhibition of lipid peroxidation,upregulation of antioxidant status and improved insulin sensitivity.

Application of Bromelain Extract for Muscle Foods Tenderization

This study investigates the tenderizing effects of bromelain extract (BE) obtained from the top phase of an aqueous two-phase system comprising of 18% PEG 6000–17% MgSO4 in muscle foods. Uniform-sized chunks of beef, chicken, and squid were marinated with different concentrations of BE (0, 3, 7%, and 20%, w/w) for 1 h at room temperature. The physico-chemical and quality characteristics of the marinated samples were determined. Decreases in pH and moisture content were observed in the samples BE treated, but the TCA-soluble peptides content significantly increased (p < 0.05). Water holding capacity and cooking yields were observed in all of the tested samples, especially when the concentration of BE increased. In addition, a reduction of meat firmness and toughness were also observed in all of the samples when compared to the control (p < 0.05). Electrophoretic patterns also revealed extensive proteolysis and a reduction in number and intensity of the protein bands in all of the treated samples. At the microstructural level, tissue fibers were broken, cell membranes were more strongly degraded, the connections between the sarcolemma and the myofibrils were disappeared, and the generation of numerous gaps could be clearly observed when 20% (w/w) BE was added. The results show that the bromelain extract derived from the two-phase extraction of a pineapple peel could be used as an effective meat tenderizer.

Application of Tension Leg Platform Combined with Other Systemsin the Development of China Deepwater Oil Fields

The development of deepwater oil fields has reached a new stage with the dramatic increase in water depth and the recent increasing demands of the economic development in the filed. The use of a Tension Leg Platform （TIP） combined with other systems, such as Floating Production Storage and Offloading （FPSO） system, Floating Production Unit （FPU） system, Tender Assisted Drilling （TAD） system, etc., has drawn the industry attention and increased significantly in the past few years. For the areas lacking of pipeline system, the use of TIP（s） combined with FPSO has been chosen to efficiently develop the deepwater fields. The TIP with a Tender Assisted Drilling system significantly reduces the payload of the platform and reduces the investment in the TIP system substantially. This opens the door for many new deepwater field developments to use the tension leg platform. The advantage of the TIP combined with a TAD system is more significant when several TIPs are used for the continuous development of the field. One of the applications for the TIP with a tender assisted drilling system can be in the development of an offshore marginal field. Owing to the increase of water depth, the conventional fixed platform model for the exploration of those fields becomes uneconomical. It also would be too expensive to use a large TIP structure for those marginal fields due to the large amount of initial investment. The TIP system with tender assisted drilling can be used to develop those fields economically. There are many marginal fields in China offshore, especially in shelf areas. The application of this field developing model, combined with the existing field developing experience in China, will open the door for many marginal field developments. This paper will review the application of the combined TIP system through some examples of completed/ongoing projects, and major technical issues encountered in those practices. The potential application of this technology in China deepwater development will be discussed in the end.

Artificial Tactile Sense Technique for Predicting Beef Tenderness Based on FS Pressure Sensor

We present a rapid system for predicting beef tenderness by mimicking the human tactile sense. The detection system includes a FS pressure sensor, a power supply conversion circuit, a signal amplifier and a box in which the sample is mounted. A sample of raw Longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle is placed in the measuring box; then a rod connected to the pressure sensor is pressed into the beef sample to a given depth; the reaction force of the beef sample is measured and used to predict the tenderness. Sensory evaluation and Warner-Bratzler Shear Force (WBSF) evaluation of samples from the same LD muscle are used for comparison. The new detection system agrees with established procedure 95% of the time, and the time to test a sample is less than 5 minutes.

Effects of Age on Chemical Composition and Tenderness of Muscle <i>Longissimus thoracis</i>of Martina Franca Donkey Breed

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of age on chemical composition and tenderness of donkey meat. These characteristics were determined on Longissimus thoracis samples taken from 40 entire donkey males of Martina Franca breed slaughtered at 12 (Group 1, n = 20) and at 18 months (Group 2, n = 20) of age. Tenderness was evalu-ated at two and seven days post slaughter using a Warner-Bratzler shear force device. The chemical composition showed a significant increase in protein content (P < 0.05) in the meat of donkeys slaughtered at 18 months of age (22.3 g/100 g) compared to the meat of younger animals (21.4 g/100 g). Intramuscular fat content was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in Group 1 (2.41 g/100 g) compared to Group 2 (3.71 g/100 g). Shear force values at seven days post slaughter were significantly (P < 0.01) lower (5.15 ± 0.31 kg/cm2) in Group 1 compared with the results obtained at two days post slaughter (6.25 ± 0.53 kg/cm2). In Group 2 shear force values obtained seven days post mortem were higher (5.88 ± 0.23 kg/cm2) compared with Group 1 after the same ageing period but significantly (P < 0.05) lower if compared with those (6.53 ± 0.23 kg/cm2) determined in the same animals two days post slaugher.

BLOODLETTING AT WEIZHONG POINT(UB 40)FOR TREATMENT OF ACUTE LUMBAR SPRAIN

The authors adopted bloodletting atWeizhong(UB 40)for the treatment ofacute lumbar sprain with good results.Incomparison with groups of massage andphysiotherapy,the present method was su-perior,as reported in the following:

miRNA-dysregulation associated with tenderness variation induced by acute stress in Angus cattle

miRNAs are a class of small, single-stranded, non-coding RNAs that perform post-transcriptional repression of target genes by binding to 3＇ untranslated regions. Research has found that miRNAs involved in the regulation of many metabolic processes. Here we uncovered that the beef quality of Angus cattle sharply diversified after acute stress. By performing miRNA microarray analysis, 13 miRNAs were significantly differentially expressed in stressed group compared to control group. Using a bioinformatics method, 135 protein-coding genes were predicted as the targets of significant differentially expressed miRNAs. Gene Ontology （GO） term and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis （IPA） mined that these target genes involved in some important pathways, which may have impact on meat quality and beef tenderness.

Model for Bidding and Tendering with Bill of Quantities Based on Bid-Winning Estimate at Reasonable Low Price

The possibility and rationality of introducing an bid-winning estimate based on a reasonable low price into construction bidding mode with bill of quantities were analyzed by setting up a model for bidding and tendering, and the functions of the estimate of reasonable low price in the bidding were revealed. On this basis, a new bidding mode of the project with bill of quantities was pro- posed. The application of the new mode will be advantageous to the promotion of the bill of quantities in China.

TREATMENT OF PAIN BY LASER IRRADIATION——A Report of 76 Cases

During the last two years,the author hadtreated 76 cases of pain syndrome due to variousetiological factors by laser irradiation,with satis-factory results.This is reported as follows.

THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS OF USING ACUPOINT CHIQIAN

In his acupuncture practice,the authorfound an evident tender point betweenChize (Lu 5) and Kongzui (Lu 6) about 2cun from the former.Needling on this pointwas curative for many diseases.It is tenta-tively named Chiqian (Fore-Chize),and itsuse is exemplified by the following cases:

MASSAGE AND ACUPUNCTURE IN 58 CASES OF SUPERIOR CLUNIAL NEURALGIA

Also known as fasciitis of thelumbocrural region,superior clunial neural-gia is a common disease due to injury of thesoft tissues there.The tender spot can oftenbe found in the area superiolateral to theposterior superior iliac spine,the areainnervated by superior gluteal nerve