Investigation of the processing technology and mechanism of Kansui radix by licorice based on response surface methodology and integrative pharmacology

Background:The herbs should be processed by different methods before use,and the efficacy and toxicity of Chinese herbal medicines may change,which may enhance efficacy and reduce toxicity after processing.Gansui(Kansui radix)is a common clinical herbal medicine,and there are considerable changes in its toxicity and efficacy after processing.Gaocao(Glycyrrhizae radix et rhizome)has a detoxifying effect.Methods:Using the contents of euphorbiadienol and the alcohol-soluble extract of Glycyrrhizae radix-processed Kansui radix as evaluation indexes,response surface methodology was used to optimize the processing technology of Kansui radix by exploring the effects of Glycyrrhizae radix et rhizoma-addition amount,frying temperature,and frying time on the processing technology of Kansui radix.Meanwhile,response surface software was used to analyze experimental data to determine the processing parameters of Kansui radix by Glycyrrhizae radix et rhizoma.Integrative Pharmacology-based Research Platform of Traditional Chinese Medicine is used to analysis the potential ingredients of Kansui radix and verify the potential ingredients by western blotting.Results:The technology of Glycyrrhizae radix et rhizoma-processed Kansui radix was optimized for the Glycyrrhizae radix et rhizoma-addition amount of 27%,frying temperature of 180℃,and frying time of 11 min.The network pharmacology analysis revealed that Kansui radix could cause kidney,liver,and heart injury by the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.Kansui radix at high or low dose could decrease the ratio of p-AKT/AKT while Glycyrrhizae radix et rhizoma-processed Kansui could increase it.Conclusion:The model established by response surface methodology is relatively accurate and can predict the contents of euphorbiadienol and alcohol extract of processed Kansui radix.The toxic effects and its mechanism of action of Kansui radix and processed Kansui radix on kidney,liver,and heart,from the perspective of systems biology,have provided scientific evidence to its clinical application.

Optimization of Enzyme-assisted Extraction Technology for Tartary Buckwheat Shell Procyanidins with Response Surface Methodology

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of cellulase dosage, enzymolysis time, pH and enzymolysis temperature on procyanidin extraction rate by single factor experiment, with tartary buckwheat shell as an experimental material.Main process parameters were optimized to obtain a regression model by response surface methodology. The results of variance analysis indicated that the regression model reflected the relationship between buckwheat shell procyanidin extraction rate with enzyme dosage, enzymolysis time, pH and enzymolysis temperature; and the optimal process parameters were enzyme dosage of 6.5 mg/g, enzymolysis time of 1.5 h, pH at 4.7 and enzymolysis temperature at 46 ℃. Three parallel experiments were conducted under these process parameters. In practice, the highest procyanidin extraction rate was 6.78 g/100 g. The relative error between the predicted value of regression model and the actual value was 1.3%. The regression equation fitted the real situation better.

Extraction Techniques of Krill Oils Optimized with Response Surface Methodology

The research explored the extraction techniques of organic solvents of Antarctic kril oil and the effects of freezing temperature, extractant proportion, ex-traction time, drying temperature and ratio of material and liquid on extraction ratio of Antarctic kril oil. Based on single-factor experiments, optimal extraction conditions were concluded as per response surface methodology, as fol ows： freezing tempera-ture at -38.5 ℃, the ratio of material and liquid at 1 g：6.7 ml, and drying tempera-ture at 66.8 ℃, where the yield rate of crude oil reached 13.71%.

Optimization of High-Gravity Chelated Iron Process for Removing H_2S Based on Response Surface Methodology

By using a mixture of N2 and H2S as the simulated APG(associated petroleum gas), the desulfurization experiment was performed in a cross-flow rotating packed bed(RPB) based on the chelated iron oxidation-reduction method. In order to determine the operating conditions of the system, the effects of the concentration of Fe3+ ions(ranging from 0.1 to 0.2 mol/L), the liquid-gas volume ratio(ranging from 15 to 25 L/m3) and the high gravity factor(ranging from 36 to 126) on the removal of H2 S were studied by means of the Box-Behnken design(BBD) under response surface methodology(RSM). The overall results have demonstrated that the BBD with an experimental design can be used effectively in the optimization of the desulfurization process. The optimal conditions based on both individualized and combined responses(at a Fe3+ ion concentration of 0.16 mol/L, a liquid-gas volume ratio of 20.67 L/m3 and a high gravity factor of 87) were found. Under this optimum condition, the desulfurization efficiency could reach 98.81% when the H2 S concentration was 7 g/m3 in APG. In this work, the sulfur product was analyzed by X-ray diffraction(XRD), scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and the energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer(EDX). The results of analysis show that the sulfur is made of the high-purity orthorhombic crystals, which are advantageous to environmental conservation.

Optimization of Polysaccharide Extraction from Radix Glehniae Root Bark by Response Surface Methodology and Anti-immunosuppressive Activity Analysis

[ Objective ] This study aimed to establish and optimize the extraction technology of polysaccharides from Radix Glehniae root bark, and to explore the processing methods of Radix Glehniae in producing areas. [ Method ] Based on the single-factor experiment, with polysaccharide content and polysaccharide yield as indices, various factors affecting polysaccharide yield from Radix Glehniae root bark were investigated by central composite design-response surface method. Mo- reover, immune functions of cyclophosphamide-induced blood-deficient mice in various polysaccharide groups were compared to investigate the effects of root bark removal of Radix Glehniae on medicinal quality. [ Result] Ultrasonic extraction was the appropriate extraction technology of polysaccharides from Radix Glehniae root bark. The optimal ultrasonic extraction conditions were ultrasonic time 36 min, ultrasonic power 460 W, solid-liquid ratio 1： 10, ethanol concentration 80%, under which polysaccharide yield reached 16.08%. Polysaccharides extracted from Radix Glehniae root （ALP） and Radix Glehniae root bark （BLP） could effec- tively improve immune function of blood-deficient mice with no significant differences. [ Conclusion] Radix Glehniae could be used without removal of root bark. The optimized extraction process was stable and feasible, which laid a solid foundation for further comprehensive development and utilization of Radix Glehniae root bark.

Optimization of the processing technology of Fructus Arctii by response surface methodology

The present study was designed to optimize the processing of Fructus Arctii by response surface methodology （RSM）. Based on single factor studies, a three-variable, three-level Box-Behnken design （BBD） was used to monitor the effects of independent variables, including processing temperature and time, on the dependent variables. Response surfaces and contour plots of the contents of total lignans, chlorogenic acid, arctiin, and aretigenin were obtained through ultraviolet and visible （UV-Vis） monitoring and high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. Fructus Arctii should be processed under heating in a pot at 311℃, medicine at 119℃ for 123s with flipping frequently. The experimental values under the optimized processing technology were consistent with the predicted values. In conclusion, RSM is an effective method to optimize the processing of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）.

利用响应面分析技术提升桑椹多酚超声提取得率研究

目的优化超声提取桑椹多酚的方法以增加桑椹中多酚类物质的提取得率。方法以多酚提取得率为考查指标,通过单因素和响应面法的结合探索桑椹多酚超声提取工艺,考察液料比、超声功率和乙醇体积分数等关键因素,利用福林酚试剂法测定收集的10批次桑椹样品中多酚含量。结果超声提取桑椹多酚的最佳工艺条件是60%乙醇体积分数、36 mL/g液料比、350 W超声功率和30 min超声提取时间,此条件下桑椹多酚提取得率最高可达2.86%;不同产地桑椹样品多酚含量存在差异,山东、北京和四川3地收集的桑椹样品中多酚含量较高。结论本研究优化了桑椹多酚的超声提取工艺,操作简单,用时短,有机试剂用量少,多酚类物质提取得率较高,为桑椹多酚的开发提供了实验参考。

紫薯粉条加工工艺及品质研究

为满足消费者对营养健康食品的需求,研制一种具有紫薯风味且不含添加剂的营养粉条。以紫薯全粉和甘薯淀粉为原料,感官评分为评价指标,探究紫薯全粉添加量、糊化时间、煮制时间和干燥温度对粉条品质的影响,通过单因素试验和响应面法优化紫薯粉条的加工工艺。结果表明,紫薯粉条的最佳工艺条件为紫薯全粉添加量12%、糊化时间60 s、煮制时间120 s、干燥温度65℃。该工艺制作的紫薯粉条口感筋道、韧性十足、不易断条、耐煮性好、具有紫薯独特的风味,水分含量14.15 g/100 g、灰分含量0.70 g/100 g、淀粉含量79.2 g/100 g、多糖含量2.3 mg/100 g、黄酮含量17 mg/100 g、花青素含量7.0 mg/100 g、断条率10%、膨润度287%、烹饪损失9.33%、糊汤度中的透光率83.6。

响应面法优化山药红薯粉条加工工艺及品质研究

研究了山药红薯粉条的加工工艺,并对其品质进行分析。在单因素试验的基础上,采用响应面法对山药粉添加量、海藻酸钠添加量、糊化时间、糊化温度4个因素进行优化,得到山药红薯营养粉条的最佳工艺参数:山药粉添加量12%、海藻酸钠添加量0.6%、糊化时间102 s、糊化温度80℃。该工艺制作的粉条口感劲道、韧性十足、不易断条、耐煮性好且不含明矾,为进一步丰富粉条产品提供了理论依据。

青椒叶总黄酮的提取工艺优化及其抗氧化研究

目的:为探究蜗牛酶辅助提取青椒叶总黄酮的工艺及其抗氧化活性。方法:通过在单因素实验基础上引入Box-Behnken响应面法,对青椒叶总黄酮的蜗牛酶辅助提取工艺进行了优化,建立了四元二次回归方程,并利用其对DPPH和OH自由基的清除率来考察其抗氧化活性。结果:经过实验验证,在酶解时间61 min、酶用量1.8%、pH 5.5和酶解温度57℃的最佳工艺条件下,青椒叶总黄酮可以被高效地提取,其提取率达到最高,可达26.49 mg·g^(-1)。将实际值与预测值(26.59 mg·g^(-1))进行比较后发现,其间的相对误差仅为0.38%,证明该模型呈现出较高的准确性和可靠性。自由基清除效果表明青椒叶总黄酮对DPPH自由基和OH自由基的半抑制浓度(IC50)分别为69.11 mg·L^(-1)和163.31 mg·L^(-1)。结论:可以使用响应面法来优化青椒叶总黄酮的提取工艺,所提取的青椒叶总黄酮显示出一定的抗氧化活性,为青椒叶资源的开发与利用提供理论基础。

基于QbD理念的经典名方研究:真武汤的提取工艺优化研究

目的 基于质量源于设计(QbD)理念,优化经典名方真武汤的提取工艺。方法 以芍药苷、6-姜辣素的含量和出膏率作为真武汤提取工艺的关键质量属性,筛选潜在关键工艺参数,在单因素试验结果的基础上采用Box-Behnken设计-响应面法优化提取工艺,建立真武汤提取工艺的设计空间,并进行空间优化,验证得到最佳提取工艺。结果 通过设计空间的优化,得到真武汤的最佳提取工艺:加水倍量10倍、提取时间60 min、提取次数1次。结论该研究基于质量源于设计理念,开发得到的制剂中间体与基准样品的关键质量属性保持一致,可为后续颗粒剂的制备工艺奠定基础。

基于Box-Behnken响应面法与BP神经网络优化雪莲药渣化学成分提取工艺

目的 优化雪莲药渣提取工艺。方法 在测得提取液中绿原酸、芦丁和多糖含量的基础上采用层次分析法(AHP)赋权得到综合评分。以料液比、提取时间和提取次数为考察因素,以综合评分为优选指标,运用Box-Behnken响应面设计和BP神经网络优化雪莲药渣化学成分的提取工艺。结果 Box-Behnken响应面法优化的提取工艺为加9倍量水回流提取3次,每次提取42 min。选择响应面试验中的17组数据作为训练数据和验证数据,BP神经网络预测的优选的提取工艺为加6倍量水回流提取3次,每次煎煮30 min。验证试验结果表明,BP神经网络优化工艺实际综合评分高于响应面法实际综合评分,提示BP神经网络预测的优选的提取工艺更为合理。结论 BP神经网络预测的优选的提取工艺合理、稳定、可行,可为雪莲药渣的二次开发利用提供参考。

生物基增塑剂异山梨醇二己酸酯的一步酶法合成

以甲苯为溶剂,在4A分子筛存在下,固定化脂肪酶(Novozym 435)催化异山梨醇与正己酸酯化反应制备了异山梨醇二己酸酯。通过单因素实验选择4个因素(反应时间、反应温度、酶添加量、4A分子筛用量)进行了响应面实验分析。结果表明,在甲苯10 mL、异山梨醇3 mmol、n(异山梨醇)∶n(正己酸)=1∶6、反应时间43 h、反应温度40℃、Novozym 435添加量0.10 g、4A分子筛用量为2.00 g的最优条件下,异山梨醇二己酸酯的产率达到了93.77%。

响应面法优化低共熔溶剂提取吴茱萸生物碱

通过响应面法优化超声法辅助低共熔溶剂提取吴茱萸中生物碱的提取工艺。制备多种低共熔溶剂,通过供氢体、受氢体以及醇类碳链长度和羟基数量的筛选,采用最佳低共熔溶剂体系对吴茱萸生物碱进行提取,探讨低共熔溶剂的摩尔比、含水量(体积分数)以及提取时间、提取温度和料液比对生物碱提取率的影响。结果表明:以乙酰丙酸和1,4-丁二醇为受氢体和供氢体制备低共熔溶剂,在摩尔比2:1、含水量30%、提取时间50 min、提取温度30℃、料液比1:40 g/mL超声提取条件下,吴茱萸生物碱提取率达2.52%,是传统有机溶剂乙醇提取的3.2倍,低共熔溶剂在提取生物碱成分方面具有一定发展潜力。

盐菟丝子工艺优化和含量测定研究

目的:优选盐菟丝子最佳炮制工艺,并测定不同产地盐菟丝子中总黄酮与金丝桃苷含量,为后期临床应用提供参考依据。方法:采用紫外分光光度(UV)法与高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定盐菟丝子总黄酮和金丝桃苷含量,通过熵权法计算其熵权值以计算其综合评分。采用三因素三水平法,考察炒制温度、炒制时间和氯化钠溶液质量分数3个因素,确定盐菟丝子最佳炮制工艺参数。用优选出的最佳工艺参数炮制12批不同产地菟丝子,进行含量测定,完善盐菟丝子质量标准研究。结果:盐菟丝子最优炮制工艺为1%氯化钠溶液浸泡2 h,100~110℃炒制15 min。用预测得出的最佳工艺条件平行试验3次,实际测得平均综合评分为93.57,与理论预测值96.61相对误差为3.14%,与响应面分析预测值接近。12批菟丝子经过炮制后总黄酮含量增加,金丝桃苷含量减少。盐炙品总黄酮含量在27.23~41.26 mg/g之间,金丝桃苷含量在2.72~3.49 mg/g之间。结论:Box-Behnken Design响应面优化盐菟丝子炮制工艺可靠稳定,具有实用价值。盐菟丝子总黄酮含量高于生品,金丝桃苷含量低于生品,建议在盐菟丝子质量标准中加入总黄酮作为含量测定指标。

低共熔溶剂提取绿茶中茶多酚工艺优化及茶多酚提取液的抗氧化活性分析

低共熔溶剂(Deep eutectic solvents,DES)作为一种绿色环保、高效无毒溶剂而被广泛应用在生物提取和化学制备领域。本研究拟采用DES提取绿茶中多酚类物质,首先合成5种不同类型的DES,进行傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)与黏度值的物理表征,并与以传统水溶液、70%甲醇作为溶剂所得茶多酚提取率进行比较,获得最佳DES类型。然后,通过单因素试验、响应面Box-Behnken设计试验优化用DES提取绿茶中茶多酚的工艺,并对提取前后的绿茶粉进行结构分析。结果显示,在提取过程中,当氯化胆碱与乳酸(DES-2)的含水率为30%、提取温度为75℃、提取时间29 min、料液比为1 g∶35 mL时,茶多酚提取率达25.16%,与模型预测结果相符。扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)结果显示,在提取过程中茶粉的晶体结构无明显变化,但DES使茶粉表面形貌发生改变,使褶皱面增多,从而使茶粉与溶剂有更多接触面积,有利于多酚类物质的溶出。此外,将DES提取法与常用的超声波乙醇提取法、微波水提取法、热回流水提取法的结果进行比较发现,DES提取法在茶多酚提取率、部分儿茶素组分提取率上均具有显著优势(P<0.05)。用不同提取方法所得茶多酚提取液进行体外还原能力、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)自由基清除活性试验,发现不同方法所得茶多酚提取液均表现出抗氧化活性并且其抗氧化活性呈现剂量依赖关系,以DES法获得的茶多酚提取液的抗氧化性最强,研究结果可为茶多酚提取及开发利用提供理论依据。

Box-Behnken响应面法优选麻贝清肺颗粒提取工艺及其药效学研究

目的:优化麻贝清肺颗粒提取工艺,评价其治疗急性支气管炎的药理学作用。方法:采用单因素试验筛选加水量、提取时间及浸泡时间对盐酸麻黄碱、新芒果苷、苦杏仁苷、芒果苷、甘草苷、盐酸黄连碱、盐酸小檗碱、盐酸巴马汀、甘草酸含量及干膏率等指标的影响,在此基础上利用Box-Behnken设计(BBD)-响应面法(RSM)结合信息熵理论设计试验并计算综合评分;通过分析回归方程模型,考察影响提取效果的因素,优选麻贝清肺颗粒的提取工艺。采用浓氨水引咳、二甲苯致耳肿胀及气管酚红实验考察麻贝清肺颗粒止咳化痰消炎的药理作用。结果:最佳提取工艺参数为加8.0倍量水,浸泡49.0 min,提取1.8 h。麻贝清肺颗粒可减少浓氨水致咳的次数,降低小鼠耳肿胀,增加酚红分泌量。结论:优化的提取工艺稳定可靠。麻贝清肺颗粒具有明显的止咳、祛痰、抗炎作用。

响应面法优化复合益生菌固态发酵玉米-豆粕型日粮工艺

研究旨在对复合益生菌发酵玉米-豆粕型日粮产生酸溶蛋白的工艺进行优化,为复合益生菌发酵饲料的应用提供参考。在单因素试验的基础上以酸溶蛋白含量为响应值,以接种量、料水比、发酵时间、发酵温度为自变量,通过Box-Behnken设计试验,优化复合益生菌发酵玉米-豆粕型日粮的发酵工艺。结果表明:乳酸杆菌RSG-1∶枯草芽孢杆菌B-1∶地衣芽孢杆菌Y5-39为1∶1∶4时,酸溶蛋白含量最高为5.30%;响应面优化后复合益生菌最佳发酵工艺为:含水量48%,接种量10%,发酵温度48℃,发酵时间10 d,酸溶蛋白含量为13.31%,在考虑生产实际的情况下,将发酵温度调整为37℃。综上,研究确定了多菌种组合固态发酵玉米-豆粕型日粮的最佳工艺条件:含水量为48%、接种量(乳酸杆菌∶枯草芽孢杆菌∶地衣芽孢杆菌=1∶1∶4)10%、发酵温度37℃、发酵时间10 d,酸溶蛋白含量达到13.06%。

响应面法优化苦荞鲜湿面工艺研究

以挤压熟化苦荞粉和小麦粉为原料,以吸水率和蒸煮损失率为指标,分别考察苦荞粉添加量、醒发时间、加水量、水温、和面时间对苦荞鲜湿面品质的影响。在单因素试验的基础上,通过响应面法优化苦荞鲜湿面的加工工艺。结果表明:苦荞鲜湿面的最佳工艺为以小麦与苦荞混合粉质量为基准,苦荞粉添加量51%、醒发时间20 min、加水量101%。在此条件下制得的苦荞鲜湿面吸水率为52.66%±0.75%、蒸煮损失率为1.00%±0.06%,口感爽滑黏弹,具有苦荞特有的香气,感官评价接近小麦鲜面条。

固定化微生物技术在小秦岭金矿区农田土壤修复中的应用

为积极探索土壤污染防治新路径,开展固定化微生物技术在土壤原位生态修复方面的应用研究。选取豫西小秦岭金矿矿区及周边农田土壤进行重金属含量测定及分析评价,发现该地区土壤中Pb^(2+)元素污染风险较大。将侧孢芽孢杆菌、放线菌及酵母菌株进行固定化混合菌制备并开展土壤原位生物修复。发现经固定化混合菌处理后土壤脲酶活性显著高于CK。以Pb^(2+)钝化效率及去除率提高为目的,分别采用单因素试验及响应面法对影响土壤修复效果各因素进行分析,最终确定Pb^(2+)最佳去除条件为固定化混合菌投加量10.496%,处理温度30.784℃,pH值6.242,Pb^(2+)去除率理论值为72.754%。对此模型进行试验验证,结果与理论值接近,说明响应面分析可起到优化土壤原位修复试验参数的目的。