Discovery,Genesis and Significance of Metallic Minerals in Evaporate Series in the Kuqa Basin

A large-scale evaporate series is developed in Paleogene-Neogene strata in the Kuqa basin. The series is composed mainly of evaporate with thin beds of clastic rock （mainly mudstone and siltstone）. In grayish white medium- and coarse-grained sandstone in Miocene strata, the formation of copper minerals is in close connection with brine. In joint planes, which are developed in vertical strata, are filled with gypsum. Gypsum and copper-mineralized sandstone contains enormous copper minerals, mainly atacamite. According to the SEM analysis for salt rock, gypsum rock, limestone, grayish green siltstone, grayish white medium-coarse-grained sandstone, some minerals are composed of metallic elements including Au, Ag, Cu, Zn, Pb, Co, Ni and U etc., in which Au occurs in a native form, Cu occurs in a native form or as atacamite in salt rock, gypsum rock and limestone, Ag occurs as silver sulfide in gypsum, and Zn, Pb, Co, Ni, U occur as compounds along with the above metallic ions in evaporate or clastic rock. From SEM images, we can see that metallic elements or their compounds （oxides or sulfides） ＂take root＂ as grains in salt or gypsum crystals, which belong to primary chemical sedimentation along with evaporate, while some grains ＂float＂ on surface of salt or gypsum. In the former case, mineral grains were formed together with salt （gypsum） crystals; while in the latter case, minerals were enriched from internal metallic ions （Paleogene evaporate samples） or external metallic ions （Neogene gypsum samples） in the late stage of evaporate formation. The metallic ions in Paleogene evaporate samples might originate from weathered or denudated materials in the south Tianshan Mountains. The metallic ions in the Neogene evaporate samples might be from metal- bearing brine, which migrated upward to surface along fractures and leached into evaporate （gypsum）. Occurrence of metallic minerals and their compounds （elementary substance） in Paleogene evaporate proves that diversified metallic minerals exist in evaporate. The source of metallic ions in the Neogene evaporate series shows that evaporate could provide materials for late-stage metallic mineralization.

Genetic Mechanism of Mineral Inclusions in Zircons from the Khondalite Series, Southeastern Inner Mongolia

The early Precambrian khondalite series is widely distributed in theJining-Zhuozi-Fengzhen-Liangcheng area, southeastern Inner Mongolia. The khondalite series mainlyconsists of sillimanite garnet potash feldspar (or two-feldspar) gneiss and garnet biotiteplagioclase gneiss. These gneissic rocks have commonly experienced granulite-facies metamorphism. Inzircons separated from sillimanite garnet potash feldspar gneisses, many mineral inclusions,including Sil, Grt, Ky, Kfs, Qtz and Ap, have been identified by the Laser Raman spectroscopy.Generally, prograde metamorphic mineral inclusion assemblages such as Ky + Kfs + Qtz + Ap and Ky +Grt + Kfs + Qtz are preserved in the core of zircon, while peak granulite-facies metamorphicminerals including Sil + Grt + Kfs + Qtz and Sil + Gif + Kfs + Qtz + Ap are identified in the mantleand rim of the same zircon. However, in some zircons are only preserved the peak metamorphicminerals such as Sil + Grt + Kfs + Qtz and Sil + Grt + Kfs + Qtz + Ap from core to rim, and inothers are inherited the primary cores with minor mineral inclusions of Kfs + Qtz, with peakmetamorphic mineral inclusions around the inherited cores. These data indicate that the mineralassemblage evolution of sillimanite garnet potash feldspar gneisses in the study are did experiencea polymorphic transformation of kyanite to sillimanite. In garnet biotite plagioclase gneisses,secondary electron microscopic images reveal that most zircons display distinct zoning textures,which comprise cores and rims, each with distinctive inclusion assemblages. The inherited mineralinclusions, mainly consisting of Kfs + Pl + Qtz, Kfs + Qtz and Kfs + Qtz + Ap, are preserved in theprimary cores, while peak granulite-facies mineral asemblages, including Grt + Bt + Pl + Qtz + Ap,Grt + Bt + Pl + Qtz and Grt + Bt + Pl + Qtz + Rt, are identified on the rims. The occurrence of peakmetamorphic mineral inclusions in zircons indicates that these gneissic rocks, includingsillimanite garnet potash feldspar gneiss and garnet biotite plagioclase gneiss, have experiencedgranulite-facies metamorphism. Secondary electron microscopic images of zircons from the khondaliteseries display distinct zoning from core to rim, and are genetically related to the primary,prograde, and peak metamorphic mineral inclusion assemblages respectively. These images revealirregular zoning patterns and varying thickness of cores and rims. The abundance of inclusionscomplicates the conventional U-Pb age dating. Therefore, the SHRIMP micro-spot U-Pb method isessential for the protolith and metamorphic age dating of the khondalite series, southeastern InnerMongolia.

Discussion on the Minerogentic Series of Gold Deposit in Qinghai

Gold is one of the most important strategic minerals in Qinghai province. Based on the metallogenic characteristics, types, ore control factors and spatial distribution of gold deposits, the metallogenic regularities of gold deposits were put forward. It’s divided the pre-Cambrian, Early Paleozoic, Late Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic the metallogenic series assemblages, and also their distribution features are discussed which focus on five metallogenic periods. According to the theory of metallogenic series of ore deposits, combining with characteristics of typical gold deposits, twenty metallogenic series are preliminarily divided in Qinghai province. It is pointed out some suggestions about prospecting and exploration of gold deposits in Qinghai.

The Minerogenetic Series of Nonmetallic Mineral Deposits of China

Owing to the internal relationship between material sources or mineralization ways and the difference ofmineralization micro-environments or the change of constraints. certain types of nonmetallic mineral depositsare regularly formed either simultaneously or in successive order under the control of certain association ofmineralization processes in a certain geotectonic environment, thus forming a minerogenetic series ofnonmetallic mineral deposits. The geological setting that controls the formation of minerogenetic series is mosttruly recorded in ore-bearing formations. while the mineralization processes which are associated or surely suc-cessive are the indispensable prerequisite for the formation of the various mineral deposits of a minerogeneticseries. Therefore, the minerogenetic series of nonmetallic mineral deposits can be classified according tomineral-bearing formations and mineralization processes. Based on available data. 13 minerogenetic series aredistinguished in China. The study of minerogenetic series may not only result in the enrichment of the theory ofmineral deposits but also help direct mineral prospecting and give guidance in the integrated development andutillization of mineral resources.

Composition and Assemblage Characteristics of Magnetic Minerals in Layer S_(5-1) of Xifeng and Duanjiapo Sections

Relatively strongly magnetic fine components (<30μm, XS-4J and DS-4J) which are most environmentally sensitive were separated from layer S-{5-1} in the Xifeng and Duanjiapo loess sections and analyzed by MPV-3 for their morphometric characteristics and reflectance, SEM-ESD for their element contents and XRD for their mineral phases, respectively. The results showed that minerals in both samples are dominated by detrial Fe-Ti oxides of aeolian origin. In sample XS-4J the reflectance and iron contents of magnetic minerals are usually high. In addition to magnetite (Fe-3O-4), maghemite (γFe-2O-3) and hematite (Fe-2O-3), some Fe-high oxide ({72.25 wt%}-{86.67 wt%}), ilmenite (FeTiO-3), and magnetite-ulvspinel were also detected. In sample DS-4J obvious negative linear correlations were found between Ti and Fe, and the contents of Mn, Si, Al and Ca are usually high and the minerals are dominated by magnetite (maghemite), goethite (FeOOH) and limonite (containing Si and OH). In addition, the signs of corrosion of magnetic minerals and newly crystallized magnetite (maghemite) were recognized. Differences in the composition and assemblage characteristics of magnetite minerals between XS and DS reflect significant differences in source rocks and preserving conditions.

环保型复配阻燃剂在木塑复合材料中的应用进展

木塑复合材料(WPC)兼具木材的生态性和塑料的可加工性,是一类生态环保材料。基于当前WPC易燃且燃烧后产生有害气体,从而造成了对人体健康的危害和对环境的污染等问题,围绕进一步提升WPC的阻燃效率和满足环保条件进行了讨论,着重介绍了WPC的燃烧特性,综述了碳系、金属系、矿质系、磷系、硼系环保型阻燃剂与其他元素阻燃剂进行复配协同提升WPC阻燃抑烟的研究进展,对比单一阻燃剂,环保型复配阻燃剂在阻燃和环保方面具有优越性。同时,还对环保型WPC阻燃剂的未来发展趋势提出了展望和建议。

柴达木盆地盐类及地下水矿床成矿系列与找矿方向

新生代以来,柴达木盆地形成了复杂的构造体系及一系列相对独立的构造、成矿单元。柴达木盆地不同的构造单元因沉积环境与成矿条件的差异,在第四系浅层盐湖区、更新统冲洪积扇区、古近系—新近系圈闭构造区等特定的时空范围形成了赋存状态、矿物组合等相对独特的矿产。对柴达木盆地盐类及地下水资源时空分布特征、成矿作用及成矿地质背景进行了归纳研究,划分了盆地盐类及地下水矿床成矿系列。以成矿系列理论为指导,结合柴达木盆地最新的勘查研究成果,对盆地演化、盐类成矿单元、矿产时空分布及成矿类型等进行梳理,将柴达木盆地盐类及地下水矿床划分为3个成矿系列、6个成矿亚系列、15个矿床式。根据矿床自然分类及矿床成矿系列“全位成矿、缺位找矿”的预测思维,提出了柴达木盆地盐类及地下水矿产的找矿方向。

宁夏区域成矿规律概论

宁夏虽地域面积较小,但矿产资源种类众多,能源、金属、非金属、水气类矿产均有发现。已发现60余种矿产(含亚矿种)中,获探明储量的矿产种类达50余种,煤、石膏、灰岩、冶镁白云岩、硅石等为优势矿种。笔者总结了宁夏矿产资源的时-空分布演化规律:时间上分为元古宙、古生代、中生代和新生代4个时段。非金属矿在加里东期及喜马拉雅期、金属矿在晋宁期及燕山期、能源矿产在华力西期及燕山期、水气矿产在喜马拉雅期分别达到成矿高峰期。空间上以宁夏12个五级(Ⅴ)构造单元为基本空间单元开展:金属矿产主要集中地即为贺兰山、卫宁北山、南-西华山地区。非金属矿产主要集中在贺兰山褶断带及香山褶断带中,其次为烟洞山-窑山冲断带,陶乐-彭阳冲断带。能源矿产在陶乐-彭阳冲断带聚集特征明显。水气矿产绝大部分聚集在银川断陷盆地内。在综合消化已有地质矿产资料的基础上,对宁夏全区划分9个IV级成矿亚带及19个矿集区或远景区,厘定9个矿床成矿系列及10个矿床成矿亚系列,并建立了区域成矿谱系。

黑色岩系型战略性关键矿产资源研究进展及主要科学问题

本文对近年来黑色岩系型战略性关键矿产的分布规律和超常富集机制等方面的研究进展进行了归纳总结,并对战略性关键矿产资源研究进行了展望。黑色岩系分为黑色页岩、煤系地层和富碳质磷块岩等沉积地层,其中黑色页岩中发生超常富集的关键金属有Se、Te、Re、Cd、Tl等稀散金属,以及PGE、Co等稀贵金属;煤系中可见Ga和Ge的超常富集(形成独立的Ga、Ge矿床),同时也可见稀土金属、稀贵金属的富集;磷块岩中常显著富集稀土,尤其是中重稀土。黑色岩系中的关键金属主要源自大陆风化、海水、热液以及生物摄取。在风化沉积作用中,硫化-还原水体环境形成的泵吸效应,有机质的还原作用,富有机质沉积体系中有机质、铁锰氧化物、磷灰石、黏土矿物等的络合和吸附是关键金属发生富集的主要机制。黑色岩系可为热液叠加过程提供成矿金属,调节热液体系的氧逸度和硫逸度,促进超大型战略性关键矿产的形成。此外,黑色岩系富集的金属在地球层圈物质循环中的聚散行为还可对其他相关成矿系统产生影响。黑色岩系中战略性关键金属的超常富集与大陆边缘、裂谷等环境下缺氧-硫化的沉积事件相关。大气氧含量的变化、超大陆的聚合和裂解、洋流环流模式的改变、冰期以及大规模火山活动导致的海洋缺氧事件等区域地质事件均可是控制黑色岩系型战略性关键金属形成及时空分布的主要因素。黑色岩系是表生风化沉积中的一种重要类型,今后应更加重视黑色岩系等表生风化沉积作用在战略性矿产资源形成中的重要性,建立和发展相关的成矿理论。

基于信息加工的矿工应急能力评价方法及应用

为合理评价矿工应急能力,构建了矿工应急能力成熟度评价模型。首先,基于矿工应急能力信息加工模型,分析矿工处于危险情景时的危险信息感知、危险信息处理、选择判断决策、执行操作响应等信息加工过程及心理机制,进而构建矿工应急能力评价指标体系;其次,确定矿工应急能力评价的成熟度等级与基本特征,运用突变级数法表征矿工应急能力成熟度隶属函数值;最后,将该模型运用于陕西省某煤矿进行应用分析。结果表明:该煤矿综掘队作业人员在情景意识、联系能力及决策操作能力等方面表现较弱,需进一步培养提升;该模型评价结果能反映出矿工应急能力的真实水平与薄弱环节,可为提升矿工应急能力提供管理依据。

河南卢氏地区黑色岩系沉积型褐铁矿及其伴生钼锌组分的工业价值探讨

沉积型铁矿床以赤铁矿和磁铁矿为主,罕见沉积型褐铁矿床。黑色岩系中富集Mo、Ni、V、PGE实例较多,但黑色岩系中发现有沉积型褐铁矿床的报道少见,更未见沉积型褐铁矿床中有Mo、Zn矿化的报道。河南卢氏地区震旦系东坡组黑色岩系中发育有褐铁矿化,并伴生有钼、锌元素大规模高强度异常,前人认为是“铁帽”,深部有找寻大型硫化物原生矿床的潜力。通过对铁矿床含矿建造的重新厘定和成矿环境的恢复,以及对成矿物质来源的示踪,达到了对成矿过程的精细研究,认为区内铁矿化原始成矿方式为沉积成矿,主要以褐铁矿形式沉积,赤铁矿次之,后期强烈的构造变形使矿体遭受强烈的风化淋滤改造,致使矿床成因信息受到掩盖,是“假铁帽”。钼、锌元素以离子形式被铁质胶体和有机质吸附、携载迁移,在特定部位共同卸载沉淀,无独立的钼、锌矿物产出,没有工业价值。

Cenozoic Mineralization in China,as a Key to Past Mineralization and a Clue to Future Prospecting

Many Cenozoic metal deposits have been found during the past decade. Among them, the Fuwan Ag deposit in Guangdong is the largest Ag deposit in China. Besides, the largest Cu deposit of China in Yulong, Tibet, the largest Pb-Zn deposit of China in Jinding, Yunnan, and the largest Au deposit of China in Jinguashi, Taiwan, were also formed in the Cenozoic. Why so many important “present” deposits formed during such a short period of geological history is the key problem. The major reason is that different tectonic settings control different kinds of magmatic activity and mineralization at the same time. In southwestern China, porphyry-type Cu deposits such as Yulong were formed during the early stage of the Himalayan orogeny, sediment-hosted Pb-Zn deposits such as Jinding were formed within intermontane basins related to deep faults, and carbonatite-related deposits such as the Maoniuping REE deposit and alkalic magmatic rock-related deposits such as the Beiya Au deposit originated from the mantle source. In southeastern China, the Fuwan Ag deposit was related to continental rifting which was triggered by the mantle plume. In Taiwan, the Jinguashi Au deposit was formed during the subduction process of an oceanic plate beneath a continental plate. Besides, the features such as the diversification, inheritance, large size, deep source of metals and fluids of the Cenozoic (Present or Recent) mineralization can be used as a key to the search for past deposits.

西秦岭成矿带区域成矿规律概论

西秦岭成矿带(Ⅲ-28)已发现44种矿产,包括能源矿产4种、金属矿产15种、非金属矿产23(包括洮砚石)种、水气矿产2种。已发现各类矿产地675处,其中超大型8处、大型31处、中型80处、小型276处、矿点280处。按成矿亚带展现的成矿强度排序:合作–西和–凤县成矿亚带(Ⅳ-28①)>兴海–碌曲–徽县成矿亚带(Ⅳ-28②)>迭部–武都–留坝成矿亚带(IV-28③)>玛曲–九寨沟–三河成矿亚带(IV-28④)。按地质时代展现的成矿强度排序:中生代(Mz)>晚古生代(Pz2)>新生代(Cz)>早古生代(Pz1)。笔者按矿种和矿床类型全覆盖原则,对西秦岭成矿带厘定了矿床成矿系列11个,解析出矿床成矿亚系列20个及矿床式66个;基于矿床成矿亚系列的成矿时代–成矿作用–构造环境综合图解,建立了该成矿带区域成矿模式。西秦岭成矿带成矿演化的驱动力,内生动力占主要地位,外生动力占次要地位。华力西期的逐步拉张裂陷和印支期的强烈挤压造山,是西秦岭成矿带成矿最优势的地球动力学背景。

矿床成矿系列综合信息预测理论方法及其应用

矿产资源是人类生存发展的物质基础。迄今我国科学家已经发现173个矿种,形成了大量的地质资料与科研成果。本文在全国潜力评价工作的基础上,总结形成了矿床成矿系列综合信息预测理论方法体系,该体系以矿床成矿系列、成矿分析、综合信息矿产预测理论为基础,以区域综合信息编图、综合信息预测模型构建及矿产资源定量预测为主要内容,通过构建地质空间数据库、圈定矿预测类型和工作区、编制专题预测底图-综合信息预测要素图、建立综合信息预测模型,进而进行矿产资源的定位-定量预测,开展矿产资源的潜力评价研究。最后本文以熊耳山金矿为例,运用该理论方法开展区域矿产资源定量预测,为矿产资源预测提供参考意义。

河西走廊成矿带区域成矿规律及找矿方向

河西走廊成矿带是分布于祁连地区最北部的Ⅲ级成矿单元(全国统一编号为Ⅲ-20),目前共有235处矿产地,形成了石油、煤、凹凸棒石黏土、萤石、石膏、芒硝、石灰岩、天然石英砂、铁、铜、金、钨等40余种矿产。该成矿带以沉积成矿作用为主,其次为流体、岩浆、变质和表生成矿作用,可分为11种矿床类型,主要成矿期为华力西期、加里东期、燕山期和喜马拉雅期。河西走廊成矿带可进一步划分为2个成矿亚带,分别为玉门-民乐成矿亚带和山丹-中卫-泾源成矿亚带。根据构造空间、成矿时间、成矿作用和矿种等四要素的耦合关系,河西走廊成矿带厘定了10个矿床成矿系列,包括4个沉积作用有关矿床成矿系列、3个流体作用有关矿床成矿系列、1个岩浆作用有关矿床成矿系列、1个变质作用有关矿床成矿系列和1个表生作用有关矿床成矿系列。通过细分成矿时段和细化成矿地质作用,进一步解析出16个矿床成矿亚系列,并建立了47个矿床式。根据区内地质、矿产、物探、化探和遥感信息,河西走廊成矿带共圈出5个综合预测区,为下一步找矿工作指出了方向。

青海“三稀”矿床成矿系列、成矿规律与找矿方向

青海“三稀”矿以稀有金属矿产和伴生稀散元素矿产为主,稀土矿床分布于拉脊山成矿带和柴北缘成矿带,类型仅有岩浆型(轻稀土)和岩浆热液型(轻稀土),成矿于早古生代奥陶纪和志留纪,成矿环境研究程度较低。稀有金属矿床主要出露于西秦岭成矿带和柴达木成矿带,类型可分为与岩浆作用有关的岩浆型(铌、钽)、伟晶岩型(锂、铍、铌、钽)、岩浆热液型(铌、钽);与沉积作用有关的蒸发沉积型(锂)和化学沉积型(锶),岩浆作用矿床成矿高峰期为中生代三叠纪,成矿于古特提斯演化后碰撞环境,沉积作用矿床成矿爆发期为新生代新近纪和第四纪,与青藏高原强烈抬升所致的断陷成盆及干旱气候有关;稀散元素矿床均为有色金属矿床的伴生矿,广泛分布于北祁连成矿带、柴北缘成矿带、东昆仑成矿带、西秦岭成矿带和阿尼玛卿成矿带,矿种多样,已知成矿元素有Ga、Ge、Cd、In、Se、Te等,矿床类型丰富,主要包括海相火山岩型、接触交代型和陆相火山岩型,成矿时代相对集中于早古生代奥陶纪、晚古生代二叠纪和中生代三叠纪,可能形成于原特提斯演化弧后盆地、岩浆弧环境。依据矿床时空分布特征、成矿作用及成矿地质背景,将青海“三稀”矿产划分为10个矿床成矿系列、18个矿床成矿亚系列、20个矿床式。基于“三稀”矿床区域成矿地质背景、区域成矿条件、已知矿化信息和研究程度分析,提出了成矿区带不同类型“三稀”矿产找矿远景,认为西秦岭成矿带、柴北缘成矿带和东昆仑成矿带为伟晶岩型锂、铍、铌、钽、铷稀有金属找矿远景区,柴达木成矿带为蒸发沉积型和化学沉积型锂、锶、铷矿找矿远景区;对于研究程度较弱的稀散元素矿,除在已知的矿集区着力稀散元素赋存状态、超常富集研究和资源量核算之外,东昆仑成矿带牛苦头—野马泉矽卡岩型有色金属矿集区为稀散元素找矿的有利远景区。

Metallogenetic Characteristics of an Unique Uranium-Tungsten Mineralization Zone

A polymetallic zone dominated by U-W mineralization was found in NortheastGuangxi. Distributed along the east contact zone of a complex granite mass, it extends forabout 100 km in length, with more than fifty deposits and prospects embraced. The depositsshow a wide range of genetic types, related to the granite, from magmatic (including peg-matite and skarn deposits) through hydrothermal mineralizations (hypo-, meso- and epither-mal) all the way to tin placers, constituting a very intact metallogenetic series of granites. Theepithermal U-W deposits are considered as a new type for their unique geological and geochemi-cal characters, such as the paragenesis of U and W and the large time gap (>40 Ma) betweenore and granite.

成矿系列理论与找矿预测应用研究——“矿床成矿系列综合信息找矿预测”专辑特邀主编寄语

矿床成矿系列理论从20世纪70年代初开始提出,先后指导了我国胶东、南岭、秦岭等重要成矿省进行区域成矿规律研究,并进一步促进上述区域的找矿预测工作。实践经验证明该理论对于总结我国纷繁复杂的成矿规律具有实用性,其更加适合中国多旋回渐进式演化、多成矿域交汇的实际情况。随着信息技术的发展,将矿床成矿系列与综合信息找矿技术进行深度融合,将能更好地促进我国的矿产资源潜力评价工作。鉴于此,此次专辑依托于全国潜力评价项目、全国动态潜力评价项目和深部重点研发项目,收录15篇成矿系列理论指导找矿预测应用论文,主要涉及不同矿种从区域小比例尺成矿预测到深边部的大比例尺预测的应用研究成果,旨在为新一轮找矿突破战略行动中找矿工作选区和部署提供技术与应用示范。

矿床成矿系列与成矿预测研究新进展——“《中国矿产地质志》‘成矿系列与找矿方向’”专辑特邀主编寄语

《中国矿产地质志》系列志书由全国600多家单位、4000多名地质工作者,历时十多年编纂而成,计划出版200多套志书、150余套附图,全面记录我国180余种矿产、7万余处矿产地的矿产勘查成果和成矿规律,实现我国已发现矿种、矿产地和国域面积的三个全覆盖。该志书填补了历史空白,具有划时代的里程碑意义。该套志书是在“矿床的成矿系列”(简称“成矿系列”)理论思想指导下开展研编的,厘定了地球系统演化各个时空域中矿种全覆盖的矿床成矿系列,构建了全国94个成矿带和31个省区市的区域成矿谱系,在此基础上构建了时间域、空间域及成矿作用紧密结合的成矿体系,并进一步应用成矿系列的“全位成矿、缺位找矿”的预测思维开展了全矿种的成矿预测。在《地球学报》编辑部的大力支持下,主动服务于新一轮找矿突破战略行动,我们从全国、省域、成矿区带等不同尺度,选取12篇论文,组成“《中国矿产地质志》‘成矿系列与找矿方向’”专辑,对铁、金、稀有、稀土、稀散、磷等战略性矿产等进行了系统总结和分析,旨在为新一轮找矿突破战略行动中找矿工作选区和部署提供科技支撑,促进国内重要矿产资源的勘查开发,增储上产。