Suggested New Terms for Describing Chiral States and the State-Dependent Behavior of Chiral Systems

Deficiencies in the terminology used to describe chiral systems exist for behaviors under various processes and thus a more general, robust terminology is considered. For example, the descriptions for characterizing melting point, solubility, and recrystallization behaviors were adopted well before it was realized that perturbation of the enantiomeric com-position (ec) due to self-disproportionation could be effected by processes other than recrystallization such as sublimation, chromatography over achiral substrates, and even distillation. Thus, an endeavor has been made to address the question of universally describing behaviors under processes that effect, or are dependent on, the ec. The main terms that have been defined with respect to behavior are homomate (analogous to a conglomerate), heteromate, bimate (analogous to a racemic compound), and unimate (analogous to a solid solution) and they apply to melting point, solubility, recrystallization, sublimation, distillation, and chromatographic processes. Additionally, suggestions for improving the terminology for describing the states of chiral systems are also considered and the defined terms are: holemate (hol, ec = 100%), scalemate (scl, 50% ec eqm, ec = 50%).

A New Combinational Terminology for Geothermal Systems

A geothermal resource can be defined as a reservoir inside the Earth from which heat can be extracted economically Geothermal resources are classified on the basis of different aspects, such as heat source, heat transfer, reservoir tem perature, physical state, commercial utilization and geological settings. Unfortunately most of the current classifications that are used for geothermal systems are not complete. So, a combinational terminology of geological and tempera ture-based classifications would be more complete. This terminology can explain all geological situations, temperature and physical state of geothermal reservoir altogether. According to geological settings, in combinational terminology (from left to right), the class of geothermal resource’s name would be placed at first, then the physical state of reservoir (Liquid-dominated or Two-phase or Vapor-dominated) would be written and finally the class of the geothermal reser voir which is related to its temperature, is written.

Presenting Knowledge System of International Trade Terms in Business English Learners＇ Dictionaries

Dictionaries should present business encyclopedic knowledge as well as business linguistic knowledge. This paper, taking Incoterms for international trade as an example （with ＂CIF＂ as the case for analysis）, introduces 7 types of dictionary structures （overall structure, frame stzucture/megastrncture, macrostructure, microstzucture, distribution structure, cross-reference stzucture/mediostrncture and access structure）, summarizes the knowledge system of international trade terms （consisting of ＂international trade＂, ＂sets of rules of international trade terms＂, ＂Incoterms 2010＂, and ＂CIF＂）, and illustrates the methods of systematically presenting the knowledge system of international trade terms through dictionary structures in an English-English-Chinese bilingualized business English learners＇ dictionary with Oxford Business English Dictionary for Learners of English （New Edition） as a reference. Such presentation is intended for enhancing business English learners as dictionary users to grasp the knowledge of international trade terms as a whole.

Reconstruction of Knowledge and Medical Images in the Convergence of Chinese and Western Medicine:Taking “Sweet Meat” as an Example

The pancreas is neither part of the five Zang organs(五脏) nor the six Fu organs(六腑).Thus,it has received little attention in Chinese medical literature.In the late 19th century,medical missionaries in China started translating and introducing anatomical and physiological knowledge about the pancreas.As for the word pancreas,an early and influential translation was “sweet meat”(甜肉),proposed by Benjamin Hobson(合信).The translation “sweet meat” is not faithful to the original meaning of “pancreas”,but is a term coined by Hobson based on his personal habits,and the word “sweet” appeared by chance.However,in the decades since the term “sweet meat” became popular,Chinese medicine practitioners,such as Tang Zonghai(唐宗海),reinterpreted it by drawing new medical illustrations for “sweet meat” and giving new connotations to the word “sweet”.This discussion and interpretation of “sweet meat” in modern China,particularly among Chinese medicine professionals,is not only a dissemination and interpretation of the knowledge of “pancreas”,but also a construction of knowledge around the term “sweet meat”.

Nigel Wiseman:Modern Texts,Classics,Terminology,and Language-learning Material

In this article,I trace my career from an early interest in language that eventually led me to engage in Chinese medical translation.Born in the United Kingdom in 1954,I gained a Bachelor of Arts degree in German and Spanish from the University of Heriot-Watt,Edinburgh.Subsequent study of Chinese took me to Taiwan,China,where I gained an interest in Chinese medicine and developed a coherent linguistic approach to Chinese medical term translation,which I and various colleagues have systematically applied in the translation and compilation of numerous works spanning modern texts,classics,dictionaries,and language-learning materials.Our translation approach,though conforming to principles universally recognized by translation theorists,has proven to be highly controversial,with opponents in both Western and Chinese circles.

A Case Study of Periodical Terminologies’Mis-translations in History of Chinese Journalism by Ko Kung-chen under Analysis-Synthesis Translation Mode

From the perspective of analysis-synthesis translation mode,this paper discusses the translator’s responsibility and the translator’s role in the translation of historiography,based on the case of Ko Kung-chen’s History of Chinese Journalism.Missionary J.S.Roberts believed that translation is the logical combination of two processes of analysis and synthesis.The analysis process is characterized by understanding,emphasizing accurate understanding and professional analysis of the source text,while the synthesis process focuses on the transformation of language and culture.The two processes are dependent,forming the whole process of translation altogether.As the indisputable subject of translation,the translator should assume his own subjective responsibility in the two processes.The translator should be responsible for the fact and professional academics in the analysis process,and language and culture and translation itself in the synthesis process,playing the role of a reviewer,disseminator and translator to ensure that the translation text would be correct,accurate and professional so as to realize the value of himself and translation.

支持术语公理约束的扩展模糊描述逻辑推理

扩展模糊描述逻辑是对描述逻辑的一种模糊扩展,支持对复杂模糊知识的表示和推理,但该逻辑缺乏支持术语公理约束的推理算法.提出扩展模糊描述逻辑EFALCR+(extended fuzzy attributive concept description language with complements and transitive roles)的受限TBox(terminological box)描述术语公理,给出受限TBox约束下的EFALCR+推理算法,并对该算法进行优化,证明优化后的算法是正确完备的,时间复杂性不超过指数,最后证明受限TBox约束下的EFALCR+推理问题是指数时间完全问题.优化算法的最坏时间复杂性已达到该问题推理算法的复杂度下界,是实现术语公理约束下模糊知识库推理的有效算法.

NigelWiseman的中医翻译思想评介

１９９５年，一本由外国人编写的《汉英英汉中医辞典》在中国大陆出版发行，引起了国内学术界的极大关注。该辞典的编者ＮｉｇｅｌＷｉｓｅ－ｍａｎ（中文名为魏杰）原籍英国，早年攻读语言学，曾主修德文、法文与西班牙文，对汉语情有独钟，倾注了极大的热情。尔后，由...

术语移用的修辞效果和译法初探

从词汇特征来看，术语这种限于在专业领域中使用的词或词组具有严谨单一的逻辑意义：它有明确的内涵外延和固定的认识意义；在使用上，它有较强的限制性和规范性：术语所指的特定概念一般只有在其所属学科领域内才具有系统意义。然而，在文学作品或日常生活中，人们常常有...

FEL公式—术语形成的经济律

本文提出了FEL公式来描述术语形成的经济律:术语系统的经济指数E和术语的平均长度L之乘积恰恰等于该术语系统中单词的术语构成频度F,即:F=EL,这个公式简单而有效。

现代术语学理论要览

20世纪30年代到90年代,经由现代术语学之父——欧根·维斯特及其后继者的不懈努力,普通术语学理论（general theory of terminology,又称为＂传统术语学＂或＂经典术语学＂）作为一门独立的交叉学科得到国际社会（如：国际标准化组织（ISO）和联合国教科文组织（UNESC））的承认,并且以此作为理论基础制定了一系列指导国际术语工作的原则与方法。

五年制高职涉外护理专业Medical Terminology课程开发的研究探索

目的开发沟通公共英语和专业英语的桥梁课程，为培养实用型国际护理人才奠定基础。方法以课题为引领，确定课程标准，开发系列双语教材，培养双语师资队伍，变革教学理念，创新教学方法、教学手段，打造MedicalTermindogy精品课程。结果开发的新课程MedicalTerminology实施一年多来，教学内容与教学方法获得学生的好评，学生参加全国医学英语等级考试（METs）通过率不断提高，为通过出国前的专业英语考试奠定基础。结论MedicalTerminology课程标准定位准确，教材创新，教学方法、教学手段符合学生的认知规律，可为培养实用型国际护理人才奠定坚实的基础。

Guidelines for the ethical review of laboratory animal welfare People’s Republic of China National Standard GB/T 35892-2018 [Issued 6 February 2018 Effective from 1 September 2018]

These Chinese National Guidelines(GB/T 35892-20181)were issued February 06,2018 and became effective September 01,2018.The authors recognized the urgent need for an authentic English translation to inform the international community of the compliance requirements in China.It was appreciated that the final translation must reflect the specialist understanding of those working under the Guideline whilst remaining faithful to the meaning of the original Chinese text.A three-step translation process was therefore determined.Step 1:A professional interpretation service(KL Communications,UK)was commissioned to prepare a literal translation of the Chinese text.Supportive documents were provided which explained specialist terminology.This translation was checked by two bilingual experts.Step 2:A workshop was held in Nanjing in May 2019 to which were invited experts in laboratory animal welfare and ethical use.These included international native English-speaking and Chinese-speaking delegates.The delegates worked in multilingual teams to review sections of the literal translation ahead of the workshop,and to agree an authentic interpretation during the workshop.Step 3:Following the workshop,three bilingual experts(two native Chinese speakers and one native English speaker)reviewed the entire document to ensure consistency of terminology and general accuracy.This document is thus not a“literal translation”but an“accurate interpretation”of the original text.Any challenge of work being performed under these Guidelines should rely on the Chinese text in the first place.However,this translation may be used as mitigating evidence,especially where those performing the work are non-Chinese speakers.

Comments on Nigel Wiseman s A Practical Dictionary of Chinese Medicine(Ⅰ)——On the“Word-for-word”Literal Approach to Translation

Comments were made on the ＂word-for-word＂ literal translation method used by Mr. Nigel Wiseman in A Practical Dictionary of Chinese Medicine. He believes that only literal translation can reflect Chinese medical concepts accurately. The so-called ＂word-for-word＂ translation is actually ＂English-word-for- Chinese-character＂ translation. First, the authors of the dictionary made a list of Single Characters with English Equivalents, and then they gave each character of the medical term an English equivalent according to the list. Finally, they made some minor modifications to make the rendering grammatically smoother. Many English terms thus produced are confusing. The defect of the word-for-word literal translation stems from the erroneous idea that a single character constitutes the basic element of meaning corresponding to the notion of ＂word＂ in English, and the meaning of a disyllabic or polysyllabic Chinese word is the simple addition of the constituent characters. Another big mistake is the negligence of the polysemy of Chinese characters. One or two English equivalents can by no means cover all the various meanings of a single character which is a polysemous monosyllabic word. Various examples were cited from this dictionary to illustrate the mistakes.

Operative terminology and post-operative management approaches applied to hepatic surgery:Trainee perspectives

Outcomes in hepatic resectional surgery(HRS) have improved as a result of advances in the understanding of hepatic anatomy,improved surgical techniques, and enhanced peri-operative management.Patients are generally cared for in specialist higher-level ward settings with multidisciplinary input during the initial post-operative period,however,greater acceptance and understanding of HRS has meant that care is transferred,usually after 24-48 h,to a standard ward environment.Surgical trainees will be presented with such patients either electively as part of a hepatobiliary firm or whilst covering the service on-call,and it is therefore important to acknowledge the key points in managing HRS patients.Understanding the applied anatomy of the liver is the key to determining the extent of resection to be undertaken.Increasingly,enhanced patient pathways exist in the post-operative setting requiring focus on the delivery of high quality analgesia,careful fluid balance,nutrition and thromboprophlaxis.Complications can occur including liver,renal and respiratory failure,hemorrhage,and sepsis,all of which require prompt recognition and management.We provide an overview of the relevant terminology applied to hepatic surgery,an approach to the post-operative management,and an aid to developing an awareness of complications so as to facilitate better confidence in this complex subgroup of general surgical patients.

Comments on Nigel Wiseman's A Practical Dictionary of Chinese Medicine (Ⅱ) ——On the Use of Western Medical Terms to Express the Concepts of Traditional Chinese Medicine

Mr. Wiseman believes that Western medical terms chosen as equivalents of Chinese medical terms should be the words known to all speakers and not requiring any specialist knowledge or instrumentation to understand or identify, and strictly technical Western medical terms should be avoided regardless of their conceptual conformity to the Chinese terms. Accordingly, many inappropriate Western medical terms are selected as English equivalents by the authors of the Dictionary, and on the other hand, many ready-made appropriate Western medical terms are replaced by loan English terms with the Chinese style of word formation. The experience gained in solving the problems of translating Western medical terms into Chinese when West- ern medicine was first introduced to China is helpful for translating Chinese medical terms into English. However, the authors of the Dictionary adhere to their own opinions, ignoring others＂ experience. The English terms thus created do not reflect the genuine meaning of the Chinese terms, but make the English glossary in chaos. The so-called true face of traditional Chinese revealed by such terms is merely the Chinese custom of word formation and metaphoric rhetoric. In other words, traditional Chinese medicine is not regarded as a system of medicine but merely some Oriental folklore.

Constructing Large Scale Cohort for Clinical Study on Heart Failure with Electronic Health Record in Regional Healthcare Platform:Challenges and Strategies in Data Reuse

Regional healthcare platforms collect clinical data from hospitals in specific areas for the purpose of healthcare management.It is a common requirement to reuse the data for clinical research.However,we have to face challenges like the inconsistence of terminology in electronic health records (EHR) and the complexities in data quality and data formats in regional healthcare platform.In this paper,we propose methodology and process on constructing large scale cohorts which forms the basis of causality and comparative effectiveness relationship in epidemiology.We firstly constructed a Chinese terminology knowledge graph to deal with the diversity of vocabularies on regional platform.Secondly,we built special disease case repositories (i.e.,heart failure repository) that utilize the graph to search the related patients and to normalize the data.Based on the requirements of the clinical research which aimed to explore the effectiveness of taking statin on 180-days readmission in patients with heart failure,we built a large-scale retrospective cohort with 29647 cases of heart failure patients from the heart failure repository.After the propensity score matching,the study group (n=6346) and the control group (n=6346) with parallel clinical characteristics were acquired.Logistic regression analysis showed that taking statins had a negative correlation with 180-days readmission in heart failure patients.This paper presents the workflow and application example of big data mining based on regional EHR data.

The International Organization for Standardization Published its First Terminology International Standard of TCM Diagnosis ISO 23961-1: 2021

The International Organization for Standardization(ISO)published its first terminology International Standard of Traditional Chinese Medicine Diagnosis ISO 23961-1:2021 Traditional Chinese medicine-Vocabulary for diagnostics-part1:Tongue on 5th November,2021.

Comparative study on WHO Western Pacific Region and World Federation of Chinese Medicine Societies international standard terminologies on traditional medicine: Diseases in External Medicine (Part 2)

This is a continued study about how to understand and translate the names of diseases in the external medicine of TCM included in the WPRO Standard and the WFCMS Standard according to the discussion made in the book entitled International Standardization of English Translation of Traditional Chinese Medicine： Study of Theory, Summarization of Practice and Exploration of Methodst, the explanation made in A Concise Dictionary of Traditional Chinese Medicine,

Comparative study on WHO Western Pacific Region and World Federation of Chinese Medicine Societies international standard terminologies on traditional medicine: Diseases in External Medicine (Part 1)

External medicine, also frequently described as surgery, has a history as long as that of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）. There were important doctors in each dynasty who devoted themselves to the study and practice of external medicine. In TCM external medicine, diseases are named either according to their location （such as neck abscess and back carbuncle）, or viscera involved （such as intestinal abscess and lung abscess）, or causes （such as tetanus and chilblain, which are literally known respectively as wind damage of wound and sore caused by cold in TCM）, or shape （such as snake head boil and goose web wind）, or the color （such as erysipelas and vitiligo which are literally known respectively as red toxin and white skin wind）, etc.