Phase Equilibrium and Phase Diagram of the Ternary System（MgCl2 + MgB2O4 + H2O） at 288 and 298 K

1 Introduction The brines with high concentrations of magnesium and boron resources are widely distributed in the Qaidam Basin of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau,China(Zheng&Tang,1988).Although some works on the ternary system

Room Temperature Section of Al-In-Sn Ternary Phase Diagram

The X-ray powder diffraction method was used to determine the room temperature section of Al-In-Sn ternary phase diagram.The section consists of 5 single-phase regions,7 two-phase regions and 3 three-phase regions.The structure of In_3Sn phase is known to be tetragonal with a=0.3445 nm,c=0.4436 nm.

Isothermal Section of Phase Diagram of the Ternary System Co-Dy-Pr at 500℃

The isothermal section of the phase diagram of the ternary system Co Dy Pr at 500℃ was investigated by X ray diffraction analysis, optical microscopy, electron microscopy, electron spectrum and electron probe miscroanalysis techniques. The section consists of seventeen single phase regions, twenty eight two phase regions and twelve three phase regions. Three of single phase regions are the solid continuums and three of single phase regions are the wide limit solid solutions. No ternary compound was observed in this system.

Computer recognition of slag property diagrams in ternary systems

In order to take data information from the slag property diagram in a ternarysystem automatically and actually, a picture recognition and drawing software has been developed byVisual Basic 6.0 based on the image coding principle of computer system and the graphicsprogramming method of VB. This software can transform the ternary system isopleth diagram frombitmap format to data file and establish a corresponding database which can be applied to rapidlyretrieve a mass of data and make correlative thermodynamics or kinetics calculation. Besides, itstill has the function of drawing the ternary system diagram which can draw different kinds ofproperty parameters in the same diagram.

The Room Temperature Section of the Phase Diagram of Co-Ge-Sn Ternary System

The room temperature section of the phase diagram of Co-Ge-Sn ternary system has been determined by means of X-ray powder diffraction method.The section determined consists of 12 single-phases,22 two-phase regions,and 11 three-phase re- gions.Two new phases,called δ and η respectively in this paper,have been found.The former is a binary phase with invariable composition(80.46at%Sn)corresponding to formula CoSn_4,and the latter is a ternary phase occuping a homogenous range.The experimental data also show that Co_2Ge phase has a smaller region than that in Ref.1,2,while β-Sn,Ge,CoSn,CoSn_2 and Co_2Ge_3 are phases with invariable compositions.

Optimal parameter space for stabilizing the ferroelectric phase of Hf_(0.5)Zr_(0.5)O_(2) thin films under strain and electric fields

Hafnia-based ferroelectric materials, like Hf_(0.5)Zr_(0.5)O_(2)(HZO), have received tremendous attention owing to their potentials for building ultra-thin ferroelectric devices. The orthorhombic(O)-phase of HZO is ferroelectric but metastable in its bulk form under ambient conditions, which poses a considerable challenge to maintaining the operation performance of HZO-based ferroelectric devices. Here, we theoretically addressed this issue that provides parameter spaces for stabilizing the O-phase of HZO thin-films under various conditions. Three mechanisms were found to be capable of lowering the relative energy of the O-phase, namely, more significant surface-bulk portion of(111) surfaces, compressive c-axis strain,and positive electric fields. Considering these mechanisms, we plotted two ternary phase diagrams for HZO thin-films where the strain was applied along the in-plane uniaxial and biaxial, respectively. These diagrams indicate the O-phase could be stabilized by solely shrinking the film-thickness below 12.26 nm, ascribed to its lower surface energies. All these results shed considerable light on designing more robust and higher-performance ferroelectric devices.

Ternary System of Fe-based Ionic Liquid,Ethanol and Water for Wet Flue Gas Desulfurization

Fe-based ionic liquid （Fe-IL） was synthesized by mixing FeCl3·6H2O and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [Bmim]C1 in this paper. The phase diagram of a ternary Fe-IL, ethanol and water system was investigated to construct a ternary desulfurization solution for wet flue gas desulfurization. The effects of flow rate and concentration of SO2, reaction temperature, pH and Fe-IL fraction in aqueous desulfurization solution on the desulfiariza- tion efficiency were investigated. The results shows that the best composition of ternary desulfurization solution of Fe-IL, ethanol and water is 1 ： 1.5 ： 3 by volume ratio, and pH should be controlled at 2.0. Under such conditions, a desulfurization rate greater than 90% could be obtained. The product of sulfuric acid had inhibition effect on the wet desulfurization process. With applying this new ternary desulfurization solution, not only the catalyst Fe-IL can be recycled and reused, but also the product sulfuric acid can be separated directly from the ternary desulfurization system.

PHASE EQUILIBRIUM FOR THE TERNARY SYSTEM VINYL CHLORIDE-CHLORINATED POLYETHYLENE-POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE)

Swelling capacity of vinyl chloride (VC) in chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) with 25—40 wt% Cl at temperature 30—57℃ was studied and their relationships were correlated with Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption equations. A ternary phase diagram for VC-CPE-PVC was also established. In-situ polymerization conditions of CPE-g-VC were proposed and CPE content control was analyzed for the manufacturing process of CPE-g-VC graft product based on results of phase equilibrium study.

THREE-DIMENSIONAL TOPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF Nd-Fe-B AND Pr-Fe-B PHASE DIAGRAMS

With the aid of 3-dimensional topological analysis methodology,relationships among phage regions on the isothermal section of the Nd-Fe-B phase diagram at 1000℃ and those on vertical sections of the Pr-Fe-B phase diagram passing through Pr_2 Fe_(14)B point have been re-discussed and modified.

CALCULATION OF NaCl-BaCl_2-SrCl_2 PHASE DIAGRAM

The mathematical formulas are given for calculating the partial molar thermodynamic proper- ties in a ternary system from its three corresponding binary systems based on the new ternary symmetric model presented by the authors in the foregoing paper.Applying this model to NaCl-BaCl_2-SrCl_2 system,the phase diagram of which as well as some isothermal sections have been calculated.The devations of temperature between the calculated and experimen- tal diagrams are less than five degrees.

Improvement of porous polyvinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluropropylene hollow fiber membranes for sweeping gas membrane distillation of ethylene glycol solution

Porous polyvinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluropropylene(PVDF-HFP)hollow fiber membranes were fabricated through a wet spinning process.In order to improve the membrane structure,composition of the polymer solution was adjusted by studying ternary phase diagrams of polymer/solvent/non-solvent.The prepared membranes were used for sweeping gas membrane distillation(SGMD)of 20 wt% ethylene glycol(EG)aqueous solution.The membranes were characterized by different tests such as N2 permeation,overall porosity,critical water entry pressure(CEPw),water contact angle and collapsing pressure.From FESEM examination,addition of 3 wt% glycerol in the PVDF-HFP solution,produced membranes with smaller finger-likes cavities,higher surface porosity and smaller pore sizes.Increasing the polymer concentration up to 21 wt% resulted in a dense spongy structure which could significantly reduce the N2 permeance.The membrane prepared by 3 wt% glycerol and 17 wt% polymer demonstrated an improved structure with mean pore size of 18 nm and a high surface porosity of 872 m^−1.CEPw of 350 kPa and overall porosity of 84% were also obtained for the improved membrane.Collapsing pressure of the membranes relatively improved by increasing the polymer concentration.From the SGMDtest,the developed membrane represented a maximumpermeate flux of 28 kg·m^−2·h^−1 which is almost 19% higher than the flux of plain membrane.During 120 h of a long-termSGMD operation,a gradual flux reduction of 30% was noticed.In addition,EG rejection reduced from 100% to around 99.5% during 120 h of the operation.

Prediction of Phase Behavior for Styrene/CO2/Polystyrene Mixtures

A lattice fluid model, Sanchez-Lacombe equation, is used to predict the phase behavior for a styrene/CO2/polystyrene ternary sys-tem. The binary parameters involved in the equation were optimized using experimental data. Phase diagrams and the distribution coefficients of styrene between polymer phase and fluid phase are obtained over a wide range of pressure, temperature and composition. The analysis of ter-nary phase diagrams indicates that this system at relatively high pressure or low temperature may display two-phase equilibrium, and at low pressures or high temperatures three-phase equilibrium may appear. The distribution coefficients of styrene between the fluid phase and the polymer phase increase asymptotically to unity when the concentration of styrene increases. The results provide thermodynamic knowledge for further exploitation of supercritical carbon dioxide assisted devolatilization and impregnation.

Phase Separation in PCDTBT:PCBM Blends:from Flory-Huggins Interaction Parameters to Ternary Phase Diagrams

The substantial increase in the efficiency of organic solar cells achieved in recent years would not have been possible without work on the synthesis of new materials and understanding the relationship between the morphology and performance of organic photovoltaic devices.The structure of solvent-cast active layers is a result of phase separation in mixtures of donor and acceptor components.To a large extent,this process depends on the interactions between the components of the mixture.Here,we present a systematic analysis of the morphology of poly[N-9'-heptadecanyl-2,7-carbazole-alt-5,5-(4',7'-di-2-thienyl-2',1',3'-benzothiadiazole)](PCDTBT)and[6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester(PC70BM)films in terms of the ternary phase diagram.The interaction parameters between PCDTBT and four different solvents,namely chloroform,chlorobenzene,o-dichlorobenzene,and toluene,were estimated based on swelling experiments.Based on these values,ternary phase diagrams of PCDTBT:PC70BM in different solvents were calculated.The morphology of spin-coated films with different blend ratios cast from different solvents is discussed in terms of the obtained phase diagrams.

Study on Solution Crystallization of Musk Ketone and Musk Xylene

The ternary phase diagrams of musk ketone, musk xylene and various solvent were obtained by calcu- lations. Moreover, the double saturated lines were found to be curve for the first time. The methods to separate eutectic mixtures of musks by solution crystallization were suggested on the basis of these phase diagrams. A new process was proposed to get musk ketone and musk xylene from the eutectics by adding acetonitrile and heptane in turn, which was verified by experiments. Musk xylene with purity of 97.50% and musk ketone with purity of 98.10% were obtained.

Ternary phase diagram of all-inorganic perovskite CsPbCl_(a)Br_(b)I_(3−a−b)nanocrystals

All-inorganic lead halide perovskite CsPbX3(X=Cl,Br,and I)nanocrystals(NCs)have shown great application prospects in optoelectronic fields.Their properties can be feasibly tuned by the ratio of different halide ions.Post-synthesis halide anion exchange of Cl‒Br or Br‒I in CsPbX3 NCs allows getting any desired composition of CsPbClxBr3−x and CsPbBr_(x)I_(3−x)(0≤x≤3).However,due to the large difference of the Cl and I radii,they can only substitute each other in a limited ratio to form CsPbCl_(y)I_(3−y)(0<y<δor 3−δ'<y<3).To date,little has been known on the phase diagram of the ternary halide perovskite of CsPbCl_(a)Br_(b)I_(3−a−b)(0<a+b<3).In this work,the ternary halide perovskite phase diagram is constructed by the strategy of halide anion exchange between perovskite NCs.From the diagram,the composition and proportion of the perovskite NC final phases from any starting perovskite NC mixture can be calculated.Specifically,a two-phase perovskite NC system showing stable dual photoluminescence(PL)peaks is achieved.

Synthesis and Characterization of <i>Citrus limonum</i>Essential Oil Based Nanoemulsion and Its Enhanced Antioxidant Activity with Stability for Transdermal Application

Lemon oil (LO), also known as Citrus limonum is a highly volatile essential oil (EO) with potential therapeutic properties like anti-oxidative, anti-proliferative, anti-fungal and anti-cancerous. However, the efficacy of LO is limited due to its physiological factors such as high volatility, poor stability (particularly sensitive to sunlight) and quick degradability upon exposure. To overcome these challenges, we formulated lemon oil loaded nanoemulsion system (LO-NE) (oil-in-water), using aqueous titration method. The formulation comprised of lemon oil (LO), Tween 80 and ethanol as oil, surfactant and co-surfactant phases respectively. The existence zone of NE was established by constructing pseudo-ternary phase diagrams using different concentrations of LO, surfactant and co-surfactant (Smix). The quantitative estimation of LO was performed using a high throughput gas chromatography, revealing the presence of various compounds like Limonene, Alpha-Pinene and Linalyl acetate followed by the estimation of total phenolics and flavonoid content. The characterization of LO-NE indicated the particle size of 60 ± 2.5 nm along with the polydispersity index of 0.125 and zeta potential of −14.9 mV. The size range of the NE particles dispersed in the colloidal system was further verified by TEM micrograph which shows size range between 46.2 - 104.7 nm. All the anti-oxidant assays outcomes exhibited the higher activity of LO-NE in comparison to LO alone with lower IC50 values. The release kinetics statistical data showed that LO-NE had a sustained release and followed the Higuchi’s model in comparison to burst release of LO alone. Lastly, the stability analysis of the optimised formulation (LO-NE) and LO was estimated through antioxidant assay and subjecting them for thermodynamic stability after 6 months. The results attained, showed higher stability and anti-oxidant capability of LO-NE than LO alone. The study suggested that formulated nanoemulsion can be effectively used as a highly efficacious biologically active alternative nanoformulation against many transdermal disorders.

A projective ternary phase diagram of stationary non-equilibrium states for low-pressure diamond growth

SINCE 1980,activated low-pressure diamond growth by chemical vapor deposition(CVD)pro-cess has been one of the worldwide interesting projects.However,in the last decades severalthermodynamic explanations were unsatisfactory.Bachmann et al.summarized a lot ofpublished experimental data into an empirical ternary carbon-hydrogen-oxygen(C-H-O)

Isothermal section of Gd-Sm-Co ternary system at 773K

The isothermal section of the phase diagram of the Gd-Sm-Co ternary system at 773 K was investigated by X-ray powder diffraction （XRD）, differential thermal analysis （DTA）, optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy （SEM） techniques. The result shows that the isothermal section consists of 12 single-phase regions, 16 two-phase regions and 5 three-phase regions. Five pairs of corresponding compounds of Gd-Co and Sin-Co systems, i.e., Gd2Co17 and Sm2Co^7, Gd2Co7 and Sm2Co7, GdCo3 and SmC03, GdCo： and SmCo：, Gd3Co and Sm3Co form continuous series of solid solutions. The maximum solid solubility of Sm in Gd4Co3 arid Gdl2Co7 were about 7.2 at.% and 47.8 at.% Sm, respectively. The maximum solid solubility of Gd in Sm5Col9 and SmsCo2 were about 4.7 at.% and 7.6 at.% Gd, respectively. The binary compounds Sm9Co4, GdCos and SmCo5 were not observed at 773 K. No ternary compound was found.

Urban constructed wetlands: Assessing ecosystem services and disservices for safe, resilient, and sustainable cities

Climate change and rapid urbanization are pressing environmental and social concerns, with approximately 56% of the global population living in urban areas. This number is expected to rise to 68% by 2050, leading to the expansion of cities and encroachment upon natural areas, including wetlands, causing their degradation and fragmentation. To mitigate these challenges, green and blue infrastructures (GBIs), such as constructed wetlands, have been proposed to emulate and replace the functions of natural wetlands. This study evaluates the potential of eight constructed wetlands near Beijing, China, focusing on their ecosystem services (ESs), cost savings related to human health, growing/maintenance expenses, and disservices using an emergy-based assessment procedure. The results indicate that all constructed wetlands effectively purify wastewater, reducing nutrient concentrations (e.g., total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total suspended solids). Among the studied wetlands, the integrated vertical subsurface flow constructed wetland (CW-4) demonstrates the highest wastewater purification capability (1.63E+14 sej/m^(2)/yr) compared to other types (6.78E+13 and 2.08E+13 sej/m^(2)/yr). Additionally, constructed wetlands contribute to flood mitigation, groundwater recharge, wildlife habitat protection, and carbon sequestration, resembling the functions of natural wetlands. However, the implementation of constructed wetlands in cities is not without challenges, including greenhouse gas emissions, green waste management, mosquito issues, and disturbances in the surrounding urban areas, negatively impacting residents. The ternary phase diagram reveals that all constructed wetlands provide more benefits than costs and impacts. CW-4 shows the highest benefit-cost ratio, reaching 50%, while free water surface constructed wetland (CW-3) exhibits the lowest benefits (approximately 38%), higher impacts (approximately 25%), and lower costs (approximately 37%) compared to other wetlands. The study advocates the use of an emergy approach as a reliable method to assess the quality of constructed wetlands, providing valuable insights for policymakers in selecting suitable constructed wetlands for effective urban ecological management.

Emergy Based Sustainability Scenario Analysis of Oasis Agricultural Systems: A Case Study from Xinjiang, China

How to coordinate arid eco-environmental protection and oasis agricultural development and avoid desertification is a key problem in achieving the sustainable development of oasis human- earth systems. We analyzed the temporal characteristics and overall tendency of an arid oasis agricultural production system in Yining County, China by means of emergy methods and ternary diagrams theory. From 1989–2008, total emergy input and output of the oasis agricultural system in Yining County had a trend of sustainable development. According to the sustainability analysis with emergy indices, the agricultural production systems in Yining County were still at a sustainable status. However, the emergy-based sustainability index （ESI） followed a decreasing trend. Scenario analysis of the sustainability lines based on ternary diagrams showed that both the F （input from economic component） and N （input from nonrenewable resource） leading modes had limitations in the study case. The agricultural production of Yining County should adopt the R leading mode, in which the percentage of non-renewable resources in the local system will be kept roughly unchanged, while the fraction of purchased inputs and renewable resources will be decreased in synchronism. In this way, the contribution from local renewable resources to agricultural production will be increased, and sustainable development ensured.