Strategies for Advancing Road Construction Slope Stability: Unveiling Innovative Techniques for Managing Unstable Terrain

This comprehensive review paper explores various aspects of geotechnical engineering, with a focus on the management of unstable terrains, numerical methods for solving complex soil and consolidation problems, rheological analysis of suspensions and muddy soils, and stability analysis of slopes. It begins by examining the unique physicochemical properties of cohesive sediments, including cohesion and specific surface area. The temporal evolution of deposit concentration and average bed concentration in unstable terrains is discussed, along with settling behavior of isolated particles and hindered settling using empirical equations. Key sedimentation theories, such as Kynch’s theory, and geotechnical consolidation theories, including Terzaghi’s consolidation equation and Gibson’s theory, are presented. The investigation interrelates these theories and principles to offer a holistic view of managing unstable terrains. It also addresses the challenges associated with experimental determination of constitutive relationships and presents alternative simplification methods proposed by researchers. Additionally, it delves into numerical methods for solving nonlinear partial differential equations governing soil behavior, emphasizing the need for numerical frameworks and discussing various techniques and associated challenges. The rheological analysis section covers material flow behavior, rheological behavior models, and the rheological properties of water and cohesive sediment mixtures. Fundamental geotechnical calculations, constitutive laws, and failure criteria are explained, highlighting their relevance in geotechnical engineering applications. This paper provides a multidimensional perspective on geotechnical engineering, offering valuable insights into soil properties, consolidation processes, numerical methods, rheological analysis, and slope stability assessment for professionals in the field.

The Effects of Terrain Slope and Orientation on Different Weather Processes in China under Different Model Resolutions

Currently, short horizontal surface wave radiation at the ground surface （GSW） is calculated under the assumption of a This method of estimating the GSW may lead to considerable errors when the model resolution becomes higher and the model terrain becomes steeper. In this paper, to improve the short wave solar radiation simulations, a terrain slope and orientation parameterization has been implemented into the non-hydrostatic mesoscale model GRAPES （Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System）. The effects of the terrain slope and orientation on different short range weather processes in China under different model resolutions are simulated and discussed. In the simulations, topography height is taken from NCEP （National Centers for Environmental Prediction） with a resolution of 1 km, and the slope and orientation of terrain are calculated using different staggering schemes and under different weather conditions. The results show that when the model resolution is low （30 and 60 km） and the slope of terrain is not large, the influence of the slope and orientation of terrain on the GSW is not evident; otherwise, however, it is not negligible. Under high model resolutions （3 and 6 km）, the increase （decrease） of simulated precipitation corresponds to the decrease （increase） of the GSW induced by the slope effect, and the variations of precipitation are usually ranged between -5 and 5 ram. Under the high resolution, the surface temperature and heat fluxes are strongly correlated to each other and the high correlation exists mostly in the complex terrain regions. The changes of the GSW, precipitation, surface temperature, and heat fluxes induced by the effects of the terrain slope and orientation are more obvious in mountainous regions, due to the alternations in the atmospheric circulation. It is found as well that under the weather condition of less cloud and less precipitation, the effects of the terrain slope and orientation can be more realistically seen. Therefore, the terrain slope and orientation can usually be neglected in numerical models when the horizontal model resolution is low and the slopes are moderate, but should be taken into account when the model resolution becomes high and the terrain is steep and undulating.

Parameterizations of the Daytime Friction Velocity, Temperature Scale, and Upslope Flow over Gently Inclined Terrain in Calm Synoptic Conditions

A set of new parameterizations for the friction velocity and temperature scale over gently sloped terrain and in calm synoptic conditions are theoretically derived. The friction velocity is found to be proportional to the product of the square root of the total accumulated heating in the boundary layer and the sinusoidal function of the slope angle, while the temperature scale is proportional to the product of the boundary layer depth, the sinusoidal function of the slope angle and the potential temperature gradient in the free atmosphere. Using the new friction velocity parameterization, together with a parameterization of eddy diffusivity and an initial potential temperature profile around sunrise, an improved parameterization for the thermally induced upslope flow profile is derived by solving the Prandtl equations. The upslope flow profile is found to be simply proportional to the friction velocity.

山区公路有限空间施工安全评价方法

山区交通工程建设经常面临狭窄地形条件下斜坡、弃渣、桥桩相互影响带来的安全挑战,需要综合评价由此产生的工程稳定问题。为了研究山区公路施工安全评价方法,依托某山区公路斜坡路段,在广泛调研狭窄地形路段工程建设特点的基础上,提出狭窄地形公路工程建设面临的共性安全问题,构建此类工程施工安全评价方法及控制标准体系,并在实际工程中应用、检验及完善该方法及指标体系。主要结果为:提出包括地基承载安全、改变地形边坡稳定性和结构安全的山区公路有限空间施工安全评价方法和安全控制标准体系。在山区公路有限空间工程建设中,需要控制弃渣填筑高度,控制加载造成的竖向应力小于承载力安全标准,实现地基承载安全;通过填筑体内部滑移、填筑体与斜坡地形接触面滑移、填筑体与自然地形深大滑移等潜在风险复核,实现边坡稳定性的全面控制;通过对桩基内力复核,控制堆载造成的结构内力小于结构承载安全标准。

SLOPE法线生成算法的LOD技术在地形渲染中的应用

为了研究LOD地形渲染技术在使用法向量进行地形光照等渲染的时候遇到的困难,解决数据存储与动态计算法线向量的问题,在分析当前使用的地形渲染技术的基础上,针对三维地形渲染的常用方法,提出了一种新的计算法线向量的方式算法,简化了操作,并提高了渲染效率.

岛礁地形上斜坡堤前破碎波流场数值模拟研究

基于SPH方法建立波浪数值水槽,对岛礁地形上的波浪传播变形进行了数值模拟,分析了岛礁地形上波浪破碎过程的波高和水质点波动流速分布,并采用波浪水槽物理模型试验数据进行对比验证。结果表明,该模型可以较准确地模拟岛礁地形上波浪破碎引起的波高和波动流场沿程变化。在此基础上模拟了礁坪上建设斜坡堤后的波动流场,分析了斜坡堤对礁坪上流场形态、沿程波高、波动流速垂向分布及近底流速的影响。结果表明:在建设斜坡堤后,礁坪上波浪破碎更加猛烈,波浪破碎点前移;沿程波高与波动流速受反射波影响明显,沿程波高变化呈现为先增大、再减小、再增大,最后在防波堤堤脚处减小,近底流速变化趋势则与之相反;在堤前半倍波长范围内反向近底流速峰值较非岛礁地形上规范公式计算值增幅较大。

倾斜地面3D点云快速分割算法

依赖于平面拟合或局部几何特征区分地面障碍物的方法广泛应用于自动驾驶领域,但是在具有倾斜地形或稀疏数据的情况下,性能会降低。在倾斜地形场景中,利用激光雷达(LiDAR)提供的点云数据,通过地面点云的3D投影与直线拟合,利用栅格地图方法降低计算复杂度,实现地面点云的分割。针对非地面的点云集合,利用SLR聚类算法处理,通过设定强度特征阈值在垂直方向区分地面点与非地面点,并对扫描到的障碍物地面分类。通过实验分析,提出的算法较其他地面点云分割算法,一方面在倾斜地形上具有更好的建图效果,另一方面SLR聚类算法处理后的强度特征在X、Y、Z三个方向覆盖范围更精确,如在X方向相较于快速地面分割算法平均提高了44.0%,相较于添加了栅格地图的算法平均提高了40.1%。

Evaluation on Terrain-Climate Superiority Degree at County Level in Yunnan Province

Terrain slope and climate zone(heat zone)are important factors affecting land use zoning and agricultural production layout in mountainous areas.Using"weight grade method",a quantitative index of comprehensively evaluating terrain slope and climatic(thermal)conditions in mountainous areas was proposed:terrain-climate superiority degree(TCSD),and TCSD,terrain superiority degree(TSD),and climate superiority degree(CSD)in 129 counties(cities and districts)of Yunnan Province were measured and analyzed.The results showed that TCSD in 50.39%of counties of Yunnan Province was relatively better(levels I and II),and TCSD in 38.76%of counties was moderate(level III),while TCSD in 10.85%of counties was relatively poorer(levels IV and V).

山地光伏支架安装技术

光伏电站的建设可充分利用太阳能等可再生能源,大大减少对环境的破坏,对改善大气环境有积极地作用。工程建设中光伏构件安装存在诸多不利的因素,因此工程建设中应采取合理的措施以减小工程建设的损失。依托永仁麦冲河125MW复合型光伏项目,阐述了山地陡坡地形如何精确、快速地安装光伏构件和注意措施,探讨光伏构件安装技术。

复杂地形条件下充填工艺研究及应用

在构建高效绿色环境友好型矿山指导思想下,全尾砂胶结充填采矿法因其具备处理尾砂及控制围岩变形、降低开采对地表环境影响的优点,成为了矿山安全、高效、绿色开采的关键支撑技术,得到了全面的推广应用。在矿山应用过程中,尾砂料浆多采用管道运输,而在以陡峭山谷为主的复杂地形条件下,特别是长距离、大落差、反坡输送过程中,极易出现堵管、爆管,甚至损坏输送泵等问题,成为了限制大规模充填的瓶颈问题。本文以武里蒂卡金矿为例,在开展系统性试验研究获取完整充填试验数据的基础上,结合矿山总图布置特点、地形条件及采空区空间相对区域位置等因素,进行尾砂输送方案对比优选,首次提出适应大落差山地条件的压滤尾砂缆车运输再造浆充填工艺方案,并在现场成功实施和运行。矿山生产运行情况表明:单套充填系统即可满足矿山3 000 t/d的生产需求,充填料浆似膏体态,系统运行稳定,配比参数精准,充填质量有保障。压滤尾砂缆车运输再造浆工艺方案具有流程短、占地少、效率高、运行经济可靠等优点,在大落差山地条件下该充填工艺能够实现充填物料高效运输、制备及低成本充填,具有较好的推广应用意义。

Simulation on slope uncertainty derived from DEMs at different resolution levels:a case study in the Loess Plateau

Slope is one of the crucial terrain variables in spatial analysis and land use planning, especially in the Loess Plateau area of China which is suffering from serious soil erosion. DEM based slope extracting method has been widely accepted and applied in practice. However slope accuracy derived from this method usually does not match with its popularity. A quantitative simulation to slope data uncertainty is important not only theoretically but also necessarily to applications. This paper focuses on how resolution and terrain complexity impact on the accuracy of mean slope extracted from DEMs of different resolutions in the Loess Plateau of China. Six typical geomorphologic areas are selected as test areas, representing different terrain types from smooth to rough. Their DEMs are produced from digitizing contours of 1:10,000 scale topographic maps. Field survey results show that 5 m should be the most suitable grid size for representing slope in the Loess Plateau area. Comparative and math-simulation methodology was employed for data processing and analysis. A linear correlativity between mean slope and DEM resolution was found at all test areas, but their regression coefficients related closely with the terrain complexity of the test areas. If taking stream channel density to represent terrain complexity, mean slope error could be regressed against DEM resolution (X) and stream channel density (S) at 8 resolution levels and expressed as (0.00158+0.031S-0.0325)X-0.0045S2-0.155S+0.1625, with a R2 value of over 0.98. Practical tests also show an effective result of this model in applications. The new development methodology applied in this study should be helpful to similar researches in spatial data uncertainty investigation.

New Method for Estimating Daily Global Solar Radiation over Sloped Topography in China

A new scheme for the estimation of daily global solar radiation over sloped topography in China is developed based on the Iqbal model C and MODIS cloud fraction. The effects of topography are determined using a digital elevation model. The scheme is tested using observations of solar radiation at 98 stations in China, and the results show that the mean absolute bias error is 1.51 MJ m-2 d-1 and the mean relative absolute bias error is 10.57%. Based on calculations using this scheme, the distribution of daily global solar radiation over slopes in China on four days in the middle of each season （15 January, 15 April, 15 July and 15 October 2003） at a spatial resolution of 1 km×1 km are analyzed. To investigate the effects of topography on global solar radiation, the results determined in four mountains areas （Tianshan, Kunlun Mountains, Qinling, and Nanling） are discussed, and the typical characteristics of solar radiation over sloped surfaces revealed. In general, the new scheme can produce reasonable characteristics of solar radiation distribution at a high spatial resolution in mountain areas, which will be useful in analyses of mountain climate and planning for agricultural production.

Radiation and energy balance on a hillslope forest: horizontal versus slope-parallel installation of radiometer

Radiation is a major driver to the carbon,water, and energy exchanges of an ecosystem. For local radiation balance measurements, one essential question is whether the measurement systems should be installed horizontally or parallel to inclined slope surface. With a case study over a temperate deciduous forest on a moderate inclined(9°) northwest-facing slope, we quantified the slope effect on net radiation(Rn) and its components and the energy balance closure measured by an eddy covariance(EC) system.Compared with the slope-parallel radiometer, the horizontal sensor overestimated the incident solar radiation(SR) by 7%, the incoming photosynthetically active radiation(PAR) by 1.5%, and the incoming near-infrared radiation(NIR) by 10%;while underestimated the reflected shortwave radiation(SR)by 4% and NIR by 5%. The influence of radiometerorientation on incoming longwave radiation(LR) was about 3%, while that on outgoing LR was negligible.Summing all these components, horizontal sensor overestimated the Rn by 9%. Converting the horizontally-measured incident radiation to slopesurface reduced a half of the biases on incoming SR and Rn. Measuring the Rn with slope-parallel radiometer and correcting the slope-effect on horizontally-measured incident SR improved the energy balance ratio(EBR) by 8% and 5%,respectively. A mini-review indicated that, the horizontal sensor underestimated(overestimated) the EBR on north-facing(south-facing) slopes in temperate zone in the Northern Hemisphere, with an inclination angular sensitivity of EBR as high as 1.17%per degree of inclination angle. We recommend measuring radiations on inclined terrains with slopeparallel radiometers, or correcting at least for the incident SR in energy balance studies.

Effects of gully terrain on stress field distribution and ground pressure behavior in shallow seam mining

This study proposes a novel approach to study stress field distribution and overlying ground pressure behavior in shallow seam mining in gully terrain.This approach combines numerical simulations and field tests based on the conditions of gully terrain in the Chuancao Gedan Mine.The effects of gully terrain on the in situ stress field of coal beds can be identified by the ratio of self-weight stress to vertical stress(η) at the location corresponding to the maximum vertical stress.Based on the function η =j(h),the effect of gully terrain on the stress field of overlying strata of the entire field can be characterized as a significantly affected area,moderately affected area,or non-affected area.Working face 6106 in the Chuancao Gedan Mine had a coal bed Jepth <80 m and was located in what was identified as a significantly affected area.Hence,mining may cause sliding of the gully slope and increased loading(including significant dynamic loading) on the roof strata.Field tests suggest that significant dynamic pressures were observed at the body and foot of the gully slope,and that dynamic loadings were observed upslope of the working face expansion,provided that the expanding direction of the working face is parallel to the gully.

Uncertainty of Slope Length Derived from Digital Elevation Models of the Loess Plateau, China

Although many studies have investigated slope gradient uncertainty derived from Digital Elevation Models(DEMs), the research concerning slope length uncertainty is far from mature. This discrepancy affects the availability and accuracy of soil erosion as well as hydrological modeling. This study investigates the formation and distribution of existing errors and uncertainties in slope length derivation based on 5-m resolution DEMs of the Loess Plateau in the middle of China. The slope length accuracy in three different landform areas is examined to analyse algorithm effects. The experiments indicate that the accuracy of the flat test area is lower than that of the rougher areas. The value from the specific contributing area(SCA) method is greater than the cumulative slope length(CSL), and the differences between these two methods arise from the shape of the upslope area. The variation of mean slope length derived from various DEM resolutions and landforms. The slope length accuracy decreases with increasing grid size and terrain complexity at the six test sites. A regression model is built to express the relationship of mean slope length with DEM resolution less than 85 m and terrain complexity represented by gully density. The results support the understanding of the slope length accuracy, thereby aiding in the effective evaluation of the modeling effect of surface process.

露天矿区生态地质层修复中地形重塑层的构建技术及应用

露天地区矿山开采容易形成不规则采坑、高陡边坡和渣山、原始土壤破损、采坑积水等一系列地貌形态的改变,造成与周边环境的不协调。不仅影响地表生态环境,还会对地下浅层水渗流场、冻土层等带来不同程度的影响和破坏,且存在滑坡、垮塌等地质隐患和灾害。针对这些问题,从地质角度提出通过构建地形重塑层实现开采后矿山地形地貌重塑的思路与方法,应用形成的地形重塑层修复关键技术,在青海木里高原高寒露天矿区生态环境治理与修复中取得显著效果。首先定义地形重塑层,即是对地貌起伏形态、采坑和渣山边坡等的稳定性和安全性起控制作用的复杂成形曲面。地形重塑层是一个复杂不规则且动态变化的重构层,是生态地质层修复的一种情况。提出地形重塑层的构建思路与方法:(1)通过空-天-地一体的地质勘查与监测手段,对矿山开采后的采坑、采坑边坡和渣山等情况进行系统的勘查、监测和评估。(2)根据治理对象的不同,对修复的目标地质体进行分类,本次依据边坡坡体岩性变化和岩层倾向与坡向的关系,将岩质边坡分为4类13型。(3)通过理论计算结合现场勘查测量,确定不同修复地质体的地形重塑层形态与产状。(4)通过覆土复绿,实现采坑、渣山依形就势的综合治理和矿山地形地貌的修复。以青海木里矿区为例,系统论述了地形重塑层构建与修复技术:对采坑坑底的修复,考虑挖损采坑深度和地形现状,设计合理的坑底样式,防止出现二次滑坡或坍塌等地质灾害;对边坡治理与修复,通过理论计算和野外现场观测,确定木里矿区边坡稳定的合理坡角应小于26°,治理时根据不同岩质边坡类型,采用清坡处理、修筑台阶状边坡等方法,保证采坑边坡稳定和后期植被复绿;对于特殊的渣山边坡治理,需要通过构建坚硬的地形重塑层,形成类似鸡蛋壳一样的渣山外壳,以起到稳定地形地貌、防止水土流失和涵养水源的作用。利用遥感影像数据对比治理效果,治理前矿区地形杂乱,边坡坡角大且不稳定,植被退化,经地形地貌重塑治理后,矿区边坡的坡角基本都处于26°以下,植被长势良好,治理效果显著。提出的地形重塑层构建方法和修复技术为高原高寒矿区生态治理和矿山地形地貌的修复提供了新的治理思路与方法。

降雨过程中黄土坡面微地形因子与侵蚀关系研究

以断续降雨过程中不同阶段的黄土坡面栅格单元地形信息为研究对象,通过12段30 min、60 mm/h雨强的降雨进行模拟降雨试验,对微坡度、微坡向与黄土坡面侵蚀过程、细沟形态演变的相互影响进行研究。研究结果表明:坡面微坡度与微坡向的变化主要集中在降雨初始阶段(0~30 min),后续阶段(30~360 min)变化幅度较小,微坡度和微坡向变化与坡面时段侵蚀量显著正相关。细沟网络形成后,微坡度<15°区间和45°以上区间栅格占比缓慢上升,且主要产生于细沟内部,细沟内部在发育过程中会产生泥沙堆积的平台和坡度较大的陡坎。细沟的发育过程是细沟内径流的剥蚀和边壁不稳定土体的坍塌共同作用的非均匀发育过程,径流的剥蚀和土体的坍塌互相促进,加速了细沟的发育过程,从而造成了侵蚀量的波动。细沟侵蚀过程中坡面微坡向以坡面坡向为主导,坡面坡向栅格占比在30 min后保持不变,而细沟总表面积逐渐增加,说明微坡向与坡面同向的细沟栅格数增加。细沟会产生有一定宽度的沟底,沟道的横截面由“V”形向“U”形过渡。除北向外,其余微坡向栅格数变化与细沟密度、细沟割裂度、细沟复杂度、细沟累计长度和细沟平均宽度显著相关,微坡向栅格数能够较好地反映坡面细沟形态变化。

Characteristics of pressure gradient force errors in a terrain-following coordinate

"地形追随坐标系中气压梯度力误差的特征分析"一文通过几何分析和理想实验,对比了地形追随坐标系两种方案(经典方案和协变方案)中气压梯度力(PGF)误差的特征。结果表明:(1)经典方案的PGF误差受"垂直气压梯度","气压梯度的方向(α)","垂直层的坡度(φ)"三者影响,垂直气压梯度越大,气压梯度与水平方向的夹角越大,垂直层坡度越大,误差越大;(2)协变方案的PGF误差不受上述三因子影响。此外,通过定义参数TT(TT=tanφ·tanα)能定量分析经典方案的PGF误差。

冬奥张家口赛区一次冷池过程的观测分析

利用冬奥张家口赛区系留汽艇探空、激光雷达和加密冬奥地面观测等新资料,以及ERA5再分析资料,对2020年1月15—16日的冷池(CAP)过程进行了场外观测,分析了冷池的温度、湿度、风场三维结构,构建了冷池建立、发展、维持、消散过程的概念模型。结果表明:此次冷池过程发生在弱高压脊控制、中层增暖、高空风速明显减小、天空少云、近地层微风的静稳天气背景下。冷池自傍晚日落开始逐渐建立,此时大气层结为中性,山谷东西两侧山坡形成较强下坡风携带冷空气在谷底堆积辐合产生上升气流,取代谷底原来的暖空气并将其抬升,逆温形成并快速向上发展,半夜前后,即日落约4~5 h后,冷池发展到300 m左右的高度,即山谷高度3/5处,其上300 m为等温层,即暖带。冷池在发展过程中,在逆温层下出现明显的东西风切变层,随着逆温层顶的不断升高,风切变层也逐渐抬高。午夜到日出前,冷池进入稳定维持期,逆温层顶高度和温度变化不大,冷池底部温度继续缓慢下降,此阶段下坡风和下谷风已不能渗透到谷底,降温主要是长波辐射降温。日出后4 h左右冷池消散,首先太阳加热山谷西坡,导致山谷中高层快速升温,之后随着太阳高度角升高,山谷东西侧山坡出现上坡风及上谷风,将谷底冷空气向东西两侧坡面及谷外输送,山谷中高层暖空气下沉,对流边界层下降,逆温自上而下消散,这和平原地区逆温自下而上消失有明显的差别。

雨强和坡度对地表冰碛物径流分选特性研究

降雨强度和地形坡度是地表冰碛层地区产生径流分选特性的两个重要动力因素。以香格里拉普朗铜矿矿区地表冰碛物颗粒为研究对象,采用室内人工模拟降雨试验方法,开展不同降雨强度(200、400、600 mL/(min·m^(2)))和坡度(10°、21°、32°)工况条件下的冰碛物径流分选特性变化规律研究。结果表明:冰碛物颗粒在不同雨强和坡度径流冲刷过程中具有显著的分选效应;不同雨强和坡度工况条件下,冲刷分选的冰碛物颗粒粒径具有选择性,优先分选粒径较小颗粒,且雨强和坡度越小径流分选的颗粒粒径越细;径流分选颗粒质量占比随坡度增加呈现出先增大后减小的变化规律,显示径流分选颗粒粒径的变化存在着临界坡度。研究成果可为冰碛物颗粒径流分选的防治制定有效措施,避免径流分选后的细粒冰碛物颗粒进入开采活动范围内,对矿山井下泥石流灾害事故的防控具有重要的意义。