Measurements and Visualization of the Fluid Field of the Plume from an Animal Housing Ventilation Fan

Various dispersion models have been developed to simulate the fate and transport of air emissions from animal housing systems to meet the increasing need for knowledge in this area. However, the accuracy of the models may be challenged due to the unknown plume rise and plume shape. This paper reports a combination of theoretical and field study of the plum rise and shape of air flow from a ventilation fan commonly used in mechanically ventilated animal houses. The theoretical modeling of the plume shape was conducted using a commercial Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) package named FloEFD;the field measurements of the plume field was conducted using five 3D ultrasonic anemometers to simultaneously measure the air flow in the plume at various locations (four heights and five downwind distances). The TECPLOT package was used to visualize the plume flow field based upon anemometer measurements. While the plume shapes were found to be left-shifted by the CFD model and TECPLOT visualization, the magnitudes of the 3D wind velocities from field measurement were found to be significantly larger than those from CFD model. The plume field measurements indicated that the plume of a 0.6 m (24-inch) ventilation fan had a depth about 9 m, a width about ±6 m, and a rise (lifting) beyond the highest measurement point, 4.88 m (16 ft).

Field Measurements and Pullout Tests of Reinforced Earth Retaining Wall

In this paper, field measurements and pullout tests of a new type of reinforced earth retaining wall, which is reinforced by trapezoid concrete blocks connected by steel bar, are described. Field measurements included settlements of the earth fill, tensile forces in the ties and earth pressures on the facing panels during the construction and at completion. Based on the measurements, the following statements can be made: (1) the tensile forces in the ties increased with the height of backfill above the tie and there is a tensile force crest in most ties; (2) at completion, the measured earth pressures along the wall face were between the values of the active earth pressures and the pressures at rest; (3) larger settlements occurred near the face of the wall where a zone of drainage sand and gravel was not compacted properly and smaller settlements occurred in the well-compacted backfill. The results of field pullout tests indicated that the magnitudes of pullout resistances as well as tensile forces induced in the ties were strongly influenced by the relative displacements between the ties and the backfill, and pullout resistances increased with the height of backfill above the ties and the length of ties.

Characterization of Reinforced Carbon Composites with Full Field Measurements: Long Gauge Length Compressive Apparatus

A new compressive testing apparatus is developed and used in this research. It has long gauge length to allow digital image correlation monitoring and anti buckling guides to prevent buckling. It allows the optical recording of strains and displacements. The novel setup is used to study the compressive response of tufted and untufted Carbon non crimp fabric composites with full field measurements. Experimental results show that the specimens are not bending in the apparatus under compression. Results also show reduced strain concentrations and a large strain field that provides a good environment for material compressive stiffness characterization. The test proves particularly successful for bias direction layup of [+45/-45] for which large damage mechanism occurs. However for [0/90] specimens a scatter in compressive ultimate strength was noticed which is due to the difficulty to prepare specimens with best minute accurate geometry. The compressive apparatus has shown to be a good alternative to existing setups and to provide significantly more information as well as having the possibility to be used in dynamics with a drop tower.

Speed Measurement Feasibility by Eddy Current Effect in the High-Speed MFL Testing

It is known that eddy current effect has a great influence on magnetic flux leakage testing(MFL).Usually,contacttype encoder wheels are used to measure MFL testing speed to evaluate the effect and further compensate testing signals.This speed measurement method is complicated,and inevitable abrasion and occasional slippage will reduce the measurement accuracy.In order to solve this problem,based on eddy current effect due to the relative movement,a speed measurement method is proposed,which is contactless and simple.In the high-speed MFL testing,eddy current induced in the specimen will cause an obvious modification to the applied field.This modified field,which is measured by Hall sensor,can be utilized to reflect the moving speed.Firstly,the measurement principle is illustrated based on Faraday’s law.Then,dynamic finite element simulations are conducted to investigate the modified magnetic field distribution.Finally,laboratory experiments are performed to validate the feasibility of the proposed method.The results show that Bmz(r1)and Bmx(r2)have a linear relation with moving speed,which could be used as an alternative measurement parameter.

Preliminary experimental study on applicability of Lorentz force velocimetry in an external magnetic field

Lorentz force velocimetry(LFV) is a noncontact technique for measuring electrically conducting fluids based on the principle of electromagnetic induction. This work aims to answer the open and essential question of whether LFV can work properly under a surrounding external magnetic field(ExMF). Two types of Ex MFs with different magnetic intensities were examined: a magnetic field with a typical order of 0.4 T generated by a permanent magnet(PM) and another generated by an electromagnet(EM) on the order of 2 T. Two forces, including the magnetostatic force between the Ex MF and PM in the LFV, and the Lorentz force generated by the PM in LFV were measured and analyzed in the experiment. In addition,Ex MFs of varying strengths were added to the LFV, and the location of the LFV device in the iron cores of the EM was considered. The experimental outcomes demonstrate that it is possible for a LFV device to operate normally under a moderate Ex MF. However, the magnetostatic force will account for a high proportion of the measured force,thus inhibiting the normal LFV operation, if the Ex MF is too high.

Data-driven methods for predicting the representative temperature of bridge cable based on limited measured data

Cable-stayed bridges have been widely used in high-speed railway infrastructure.The accurate determination of cable’s representative temperatures is vital during the intricate processes of design,construction,and maintenance of cable-stayed bridges.However,the representative temperatures of stayed cables are not specified in the existing design codes.To address this issue,this study investigates the distribution of the cable temperature and determinates its representative temperature.First,an experimental investigation,spanning over a period of one year,was carried out near the bridge site to obtain the temperature data.According to the statistical analysis of the measured data,it reveals that the temperature distribution is generally uniform along the cable cross-section without significant temperature gradient.Then,based on the limited data,the Monte Carlo,the gradient boosted regression trees(GBRT),and univariate linear regression(ULR)methods are employed to predict the cable’s representative temperature throughout the service life.These methods effectively overcome the limitations of insufficient monitoring data and accurately predict the representative temperature of the cables.However,each method has its own advantages and limitations in terms of applicability and accuracy.A comprehensive evaluation of the performance of these methods is conducted,and practical recommendations are provided for their application.The proposed methods and representative temperatures provide a good basis for the operation and maintenance of in-service long-span cable-stayed bridges.

核电站乏燃料水池水下ACFM焊缝缺陷检测系统研究

目的针对核电站乏燃料水池钢覆面焊缝缺陷的水下检测需求,开发一种基于交流电磁场检测(ACFM)技术的水下缺陷检测系统,以检测和识别焊缝中的微小漏点,进而确保乏燃料水池的结构完整性和运行安全。方法采用有限元模拟结合实验验证的研究方法。首先,采用三代核电乏燃料水池钢覆面的主要材料S32101双向不锈钢作为研究对象,利用COMSOL Multiphysics软件建立ACFM的缺陷检测模型,并对激励频率、激励电流进行优化分析。其次,研制了适用于核电水下环境的ACFM缺陷检测设备,并通过水压、电磁干扰、辐照试验来验证设备的可靠性。结果当激励频率为1~5 kHz并采用较大的激励电流时,可以获得最佳的检测效果;试验结果表明,系统在辐照水下环境中具有良好的适用性,能够有效检测并识别出直径为0.1 mm的微孔贯穿缺陷及3 mm×0.2 mm×0.5 mm的浅表缺陷。结论综合仿真分析、设备研制和实验验证的结果可知,所开发的水下ACFM缺陷检测系统能够满足核电站乏燃料水池钢覆面焊缝缺陷的水下检测需求,为核设施水下缺陷的早期预警和漏点判定提供了有效的技术手段。

Flow Field Characteristics for Parachute-projectile System

In the current research for parachute flow field nowadays,the size of parachutes in previous research are so large compared with their carriers that the effects of the carriers wake flow to parachute are always neglected.Different from such large parachutes,the parachute size in this paper is on the same magnitude with the carrier,thus,the carrier can obviously affect the parachute flow field.In this paper,flow field characteristics of small parachute for projectile decelerating are researched through two approaches,namely,computational fluid dynamics（CFD） simulation and wind tunnel tests.Three parachutes with various sizes are chosen for study.Firstly,the CFD simulation of flow field around these parachutes is carried out,and then the CFD simulation of parachute-projectile systems is executed.According to the simulation results,the phenomenon is observed that in the simulations of parachutes there are two vortex-rings at the wind shadow of parachutes,however,in the second simulations of parachute-projectile systems,two additional vortex-rings emerge inside the parachutes.Due to these two inner vortex-rings,the pressure inside parachutes decreases.As a result,the drag of parachute in simulation of parachute-projectile systems is about 20% smaller compared with the prior one.In order to verify the numerical results of CFD simulations,wind tunnel tests are employed.In terms of the data of the wind tunnel tests,the CFD simulation for flow field characteristics is reasonable and feasible.The results of both CFD simulation and wind tunnel tests demonstrated the influence of projectile wake flow to parachute drag can not be neglected if the parachute size is on the same magnitude with projectile.The influence to parachute drag from the ratio of projectile diameter to parachute diameter is also analyzed both in CFD simulations and wind tunnel tests.The approach combined CFD simulation and wind tunnel tests proposed can be used to guide the design of such parachute whose size is on the same magnitude with carrier.

Numerical Simulation of Air Distribution for Tianjin Subway Station

In rebuilding Tianjin Metro, numerical simulations are performed to evaluate the original design of the ventilation system of Southwest Station and a new system is given to optimize the velocity and temperature fields at the station. Field measurements are conducted to validate the turbulence model and acquire boundary conditions. The simulation result tallies with testing data on the sport that is found that two-equation turbulence model is acceptable in simulating complex flow at the station. A method of simplifying the simulation of the transient flow at the station into steady flow is used and the validation criterion for this simulation is also given.

Centrifuge model test and field measurement analysis for foundation pit with confined water

The similarity law of centrifuge test was developed for the seepage field and stress field of a foundation pit with confined water by analyzing control equations,and a similarity index and a similarity coefficient of centrifuge test were obtained.Based on the deep foundation pit of the Huangxing Road Station of the Shanghai metro line M8,the deformation stability of the pit was tested.Finally,a comparative study was conducted on the test results of the pit deformation and the field measurement results.Comparison results show that the pit deformation regularity of the test is basically identical with that of the field measurement,and the difference in pit deformation between the test and the field measurement is within 50%.The centrifuge model test can effectively simulate the displacement response of the ground and retaining structure during dewatering and excavation for the pit with confined water,which provides a reliable basis for the design and construction of the pit with confined water.

大跨度公铁双层斜拉桥主梁涡激共振机理与控制

以拟建的某主跨808 m公铁双层斜拉桥为工程依托,采用节段模型风洞试验研究不同攻角下双层桁架梁断面的涡振性能及5种气动控制措施的抑振效果,结合计算流体动力学(CFD)静态绕流模拟,对比分析双层桁架梁断面的涡振机理及控制方法.研究表明:主梁断面原设计方案在+3°和0°风攻角下存在明显的竖向和扭转涡振现象,且振幅超过规范允许值;间隔封闭上层桥面栏杆或增设抑流板可有效抑制主梁扭转涡振,但竖向涡振振幅仍不满足规范要求;上弦杆外侧增设风嘴可有效抑制主梁竖向和扭转涡振,而下弦杆外侧增设风嘴对主梁涡振抑振效果有限.气流经主梁原设计断面上层桥面分离后,在其上下表面形成周期性脱落的大尺度旋涡,并在上层桥面后部再附,这是主梁发生竖向涡振的主要诱因;上弦杆外侧增设风嘴可引导气流平稳通过上层桥面,消除了周期性的旋涡脱落,并在其上表面形成一段狭长“回流区”,从而有效抑制了涡振的发生.

一种新型引磁式磁流变阻尼器研究

针对特定结构限制下磁流变阻尼器工作性能的优化问题,在传统磁流变阻尼器的基础上设计了一种新型引磁式磁流变阻尼器,建立了磁场与流场耦合动力学模型;以输出阻尼力和动态可调系数为优目标函数,基于多目标遗传算法对该型磁流变阻尼器内部活塞进行了优化;建立了多物理场耦合模型并进行了仿真和冲击试验。仿真结果表明:在相同外形尺寸条件下,新型磁流变阻尼器的有效阻尼通道长度为64 mm,相比普通磁流变阻尼器提高了60%;新型磁流变阻尼器的力学特性与动态可调性更加优越,当施加2.0 A电流、活塞运动速度为0.09 m/s时,新型磁流变阻尼器的输出阻尼力为55.9 kN,相比普通磁流变阻尼器(32.4 kN)提高了72.5%;施加不同大小电流时新型磁流变阻尼器的峰值压力与吸能容量均明显高于普通磁流变阻尼器。冲击试验结果表明:当施加2.0 A的电流、冲击速度为2.45 m/s时,相比普通磁流变阻尼器,其峰值压力达到11.64 MPa、峰值压力提高约41%。峰值压力试验结果与仿真结果对比表明:仿真结果和试验结果的趋势是一致的,其相对误差在0.1之内,表明了仿真模型的有效性。

光纤磁场传感器研究进展与发展趋势

磁场传感器在资源勘探、工业生产及地磁检测等多个领域有着广泛的应用。传统电类磁场传感器稳定性好,但存在易受化学腐蚀、成本高、体积大,以及抗干扰能力差等缺点;相比之下,光纤磁场传感器具有结构紧凑、高精度、体积小和抗电磁干扰能力强等优点。现有的光纤磁场传感器根据基本原理主要包括以下4类:基于磁致伸缩材料、基于磁流体材料、基于法拉第效应、基于光纤激光器。特别是基于磁致伸缩效应的光纤磁场传感器,在制造工艺和应用方面具有更多优势。本文介绍了用于磁场测量的光纤传感技术的发展,分析了4种不同类型传感器的原理、优缺点及研究现状。同时,还介绍了光纤磁场传感器在地磁监测方面的应用。最后,分析了光纤磁场传感器面临的挑战和未来发展趋势。

门式起重机巡检机器人强风作业稳定性分析

磁吸附爬壁机器人在代替人工完成造船门式起重机表面缺陷检查过程中,风载荷对机器人的影响不能忽视。以造船门式起重机和爬壁机器人为对象,对突发强阵风下门式起重机的风场特性、爬壁机器人风载稳定性进行了研究。采用计算流体力学(Computational Fluid Dynamics,CFD)及流固耦合分析方法,结合现场实测数据,分析近海风场环境下门式起重机的风压风速分布特征并计算瞬态动力响应;之后,构建爬壁机器人力学稳定性分析模型,得到极限风载条件下的机器人最小磁吸附力阈值条件;最后,开展门式起重机-爬壁机器人风振稳定性分析。结果表明,该爬壁机器人在7级风及以下能够安全作业,并为未来同类型机器人提供吸附安全性设计依据。

基于交流电磁场的高铁钢轨表面裂纹无损检测研究及展望

针对高铁钢轨表面产生滚动接触疲劳(RCF)裂纹导致对钢轨带来危害的问题,本文分析了钢轨表面滚动接触疲劳裂纹的形成机理及扩展规律,系统归纳了高铁裂纹的无损检测与表征方法。聚焦于交流电磁场检测(ACFM)技术,重点研究了ACFM技术发展及研究现状、理论研究成果以及存在的问题,综述了ACFM技术的特点及应用,通过与其他无损检测方法进行分析比较,阐述了ACFM测量法对钢轨表面裂纹的精准量化表征的优势。结果表明:ACFM探针传感器沿45°方向扫描,通过结合ACFM信号补偿量算法可将非均匀裂纹口袋深度误差降到5.5%,垂直深度误差降到7.1%,裂纹簇误差减小到7.1%;经过人工神经网络训练对钢轨RCF裂纹尺寸进行精准表征,最终计算的误差在10%以内。进一步讨论了融合人工智能技术的钢轨表面裂纹无损检测技术的发展趋势,为后续ACFM技术对钢轨表面RCF裂纹的检测和表征研究提出相关建议和展望。

南海天然气水合物试采储层热流耦合与温度场调控研究进展

中国南海天然气水合物储层类型以泥质粉砂为主,与其他国家和地区的砂质储层相比开采难度大。本文针对南海北部泥质粉砂天然气水合物降压开采涉及的相变习性演化、有效渗透率变化、热流耦合模式、试采系统温度场调控与矿场尺度增温防冰等关键问题,综述了笔者团队近年来取得的最新研究成果。研究表明,泥质粉砂型水合物相变始终处于动态平衡状态,储层因富含黏土水合物相变滞后效应明显;试采井壁处节流膨胀效应强烈,“温度漏斗”斜率最大,一旦形成“水锁”与生成二次水合物,气相渗流能力将明显降低;在无外部热源补给情况下,较高的产气速率,易造成水合物分解速率减缓直至停止分解,中国南海泥质粉砂水合物分解主要受传热控制模式影响,亟需建立有效的“储层-井筒”试采系统多元温压调控与安全流动机制,提高产气效率;依托自然资源部青海木里天然气水合物与冻土环境野外科学观测研究站,利用原位补热降压充填的水合物开采方法,成功完成矿场尺度水合物试采系统温度场改造试验,进一步优化提高了储层渗流能力,实现了增渗扩产目的。

台风作用下深圳新世界中心风致响应实测与风洞试验研究

依据近10年来监测到的5次强台风过境期间深圳新世界中心的实测响应数据,分析了该建筑结构在台风影响下的响应特点和模态参数变化特性,并将实测结果与粗糙度指数α分别为0.22,0.30和0.35地形下的风洞试验结果进行了比较。结果表明:历次台风影响下实测建筑达到最大振幅附近时均表现为明显的横风向振动,且最大振动方向均为南北方向;实测最大峰值加速度为17.28 cm/s^(2),满足舒适度要求;台风过境时,建筑结构模态频率表现出明显的振幅依赖性和时变特性,采用“时变”方式描述更加合理,几次台风过程的结构模态频率均是随时间先减小,在最大风速时达到最小值,然后增大并恢复到常态值;结构模态阻尼比在中低振幅区域分布较为离散,随着振幅的增加,阻尼比有所增大,顺风向和横风向的阻尼比最大分别为1.9%和1.2%;实测结果更接近于α为0.35地貌的风洞试验结果,显示C类地貌的风洞试验结果偏于保守。

风电机组高塔一阶涡激振动特性研究

针对风力发电机组钢制高塔的涡激振动问题,采用固体-流体相结合的仿真方法对停机状态的塔架一阶涡激振动特性进行研究。首先以某2.5 MW、140 m高塔机组为研究对象,建立塔架-叶片耦合结构仿真模型,利用模态和CFD仿真分析塔架一阶涡激振动的共振频率和共振风速范围,表明该风电机组塔架存在发生一阶涡激振动的风险;然后提出一种基于固体-流体迭代快速仿真一阶涡激振动最大位移计算方法,考虑叶片对塔架涡激振动的耦合作用,得到最大振动位移。现场测试表明实测最大一阶涡激振动位移与仿真结果基本相符,验证了该仿真方法的准确性。

基于城市中心区实测风场的高层建筑风荷载特性

风剖面是影响高层建筑风荷载特性的主要因素。为了探究城市中心区风场下高层建筑的风荷载特性,选取了北京气象塔2013年−2017年连续观测的实测风速数据,采用指数率模型并结合城市边界层分层结构对实测风场风剖面进行了拟合。通过刚性模型风洞测压试验得到了宽厚比D/B=1,2,4三种超高层建筑在实测风场下的风荷载,并将试验结果同规范中的B、D类风场进行了对比。研究表明:基于分层结构,采用指数率模型拟合得到的实测风场幂指数为0.35,其平均风速剖面同D类风场相似,湍流度剖面则大于D类风场;与B、D类风场下的风荷载相比,实测风场对超高层建筑的平均风荷载影响较小,对脉动风荷载的影响较大,且建筑宽厚比增大后,其在实测风场下的脉动风效应显著增强;建筑基底横风向和扭转向力矩系数间具有较强的相关性,且存在极值相关性,特别是90°风向角时的D/B=4建筑,两种相关性在实测风场下均显著增强。