Can environmental sustainability be decoupled from economic growth? Empirical evidence from Eastern Europe using the common correlated effect mean group test

The European Union(EU) and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD) aim to develop long-term policies for their respective member countries. Having observed increasing dangers to the environment posed by rising economic growth, they are seeking pathways to enable policy action on economic growth and environmental sustainability. Given the facts in theoretical and empirical studies, this study assessed the validity of the decoupling hypothesis by investigating asymmetricity in the relationship between environmental sustainability and economic growth in nine Eastern European countries from 1998 to 2017 using the cross-section augmented Dickey-Fuller(CADF) unit root, panel corrected standard error(PCSE), common correlated effect mean group(CCEMG), and Dumitrescu Hurlin causality approaches. Both population growth and drinking water are used as controlled variables. The outcomes establish strong cointegration among all the variables of interest. According to the results of CCEMG test, economic growth exerts short-term environmental degradation but has long-term environmental benefits in Eastern Europe;and population growth and drinking water exert a positive effect on environmental sustainability in both the short-and long-run. The results of Dumitrescu Hurlin causality test indicate that environmental sustainability is unidirectionally affected by economic growth. Based on these outcomes, we suggest the following policies:(1) the EU and OECD should implement member-targeted policies on economic growth and fossil-fuel use towards regulating industrial pollution, water use, and population control;and(2) the EU and OECD member countries should invest in environmental technologies through green research and development(R&D) to transform their dirty industrial processes and ensure productive energy use.

Effects of “3414” Fertilization Effect Test on the Yield and Economic Benefit of Sagittaria sagittifolia

[Objective] To screen the optimal fertilizer formula, and to lay foundation for the research on special fertilizer for Sagittaria sagittifolia production. [Method] Based on the ＂3414＂ fertilization design, the yield of S. sagittifolia in each treatment was determined, and the effects of N, P and K treatments on the yield and eco- nomic benefit of S. sagittifolia were investigated, obtaining the optimal fertilizer appli- cation ratio. [Result] N, P and K had relatively good effects on the yield of S. sagittifolia. Treatment of N2P2K3 showed the optimal fertilizer application ratio, with the yield of 18 397.80 kg/hm2, yield increasing rate of 104.77%, and net income in- crease of 80 317.35 Yuan/hm2. N fertilizer had the greatest impacts on the yield of S. sagittifolia, followed with K fertilizer; while P fertilizer showed the poorest impacts. [Conclusion] To achieve the highest yield of S. sagittifolia, the fertilizer application was as follows： N of 446.70 kg/hm2, P20 of 568.10 kg/hm2, K2O of 534.90 kg/hm2, when the highest yield was 18 612.75 kg/hm2. Fertilizer application for the optimal economic benefit was N of 420.60 kg/hm2, P2O5 of 70.50 kg/hm2, K2O of 492.15 kg/hm2, when the optimal yield was 18 579.00 kg/hm2.

A Study on Washback Effect of CET-6 Translation Test Towards College English Teaching and Learning

CET-6 is a nationwide and standardized test to evaluate college students' English levels. Now more than 10 million college students take part in the exam every year. On August 14, 2013, the CET-4 and CET-6 examination committee reformed the structure of the CET-6 papers. After that the sentence translation was changed into paragraph translation,the scores of translation section also increased to 15 points which is more difficult and more important than before. There is no doubt that CET-6will exert a great impact on the teaching and learning of College English in China. This thesis focuses on the washback effect of CET-6 translation test towards college English teaching and learning.First of all, this paper introduces the CET-6 translation test requirements, and the score requirements of translation part. The author also illustrates some significant language testing research of both domestic and foreign scholars, and explains the concept of reliability and validity. Secondly, through the survey method of interviews and questionnaire the author study the characteristics of teaching in college classroom, the effect of translation teaching, and how do students to study translation. The author makes a further research on the interaction between the translation test and the teaching and learning based on the relevant theories. At last, the author finds that the negative washback effect of the CET-6 translation test is greater than the positive one. The author reflects on the current translation teaching and learning in China, and hopes to minimize the negative effects of CET-6 translation test.

test252 kV三相机械联动GIS用断路器的T100s合并试验

交流高压断路器标准GB/T 1984—2014中规定了中性点有效和非有效接地系统的合并试验,但是不涉及60Hz的工况,对应STL导则中针对IEC 62271-100有50/60Hz合并试验的描述,但是国内厂家50/60Hz通常是分开试验的。文章通过介绍252kV断路器T100s的多参数的合并试验,提供了一种可以多参数试验的试验方法,指出了多参数合并试验的利弊,对后续其他类似多参数合并试验提供了有效参考。

Laboratory Research on Effective Test Area of Short-Crested Waves Generated by Two-Sided Segmented Wavemakers

The size and shape of the effective test area are crucial to consider when short-crested waves are created by segmented wavemakers. The range of the effective test area of short-crested waves simulated by two-sided segmented wavemakers is analyzed in this paper. The experimental investigation on the wave field distribution of short-crested waves generated by two-sided segmented wavemakers is conducted by using an array of wave gauges. Wave spectra and directional spreading function are analyzed and the results show that when the main direction is at a certain angle with the normal line of wave generators, the wave field of 3D short-crested waves generated by two-sided segmented wavemakers has good spatial uniformity within the model test area. The effective test area can provide good wave environments for seakeeping model tests of various ocean engineering structures in the deep ocean engineering basin.

Study of Low-intensity 2450-MHz Microwave Exposure Enhancing the Genotoxic Effects of Mitomycin C Using Micronucleus Test and Comet Assay in vitro

Objective To determine the interaction between 2450-MHz microwaves (MW) radiation and mitomycin C (MMC). Methods The synergistic genotoxic effects of low-intensity 2450-MHz microwave and MMC on human lymphocytes were studied using single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) assay (comet assay) and cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus (CBMN) test in vitro. The whole blood cells from a male donor and a female donor were either only exposed to 2450-MHz microwaves (5.0 mW/cm2) for 2 h or only exposed to MMC (0.0125 μ/mL, 0.025 μg/mL, 0.05μg/mL and 0.1 μg/mL) for 24 h; and the samples were exposed to MMC for 24 h after exposure to MW for 2 h. Results In the comet assay, the comet lengths ( 29.1 μm and 25.9 μm) of MW were not significantly longer than those (26.3 μrn and 24.1 μm) of controls (P>0.05). The comet lengths (57.4 μm, 68.9 μm, 91.4 μm, 150.6μm and 50.6 μm, 71.7μm, 100.1 μm, 145.1 μm) of 4 MMC groups were significantly longer than those of controls (P<0.01). The comet lengths (59.1 μm, 92.3 μm, 124.5 μm, 182.7 μm and 57.4 μm, 85.5 μm, 137.5 μm, 178.3 μm) of 4 MW plus MMC groups were significantly longer than those of controls too (P<0.01). The comet lengths of MW plus MMC groups were significantly longer than those of the corresponding MMC doses (P<0.05 or P<0.01) when the doses of MMC were ≥50.025 μg/mL. In the CBMN, the micronucleated cell (MNC) rates of MW were 5% and 6%, which showed no difference compared with those (4‰ and 4‰) of controls (P>0.05). The MNC rates of 4 MMC groups were 8‰, 9‰, 14‰, 23‰ and 8‰, 8‰, 16‰, 30‰ respectively. When the doses of MMC were 3≥0.05 μg/mL, MNC rates of MMC were higher than those of controls (P<0.05). MNC rates of 4 MW plus MMC groups were 12‰, 13‰, 20‰, 32‰ and 8‰, 9‰, 23‰, 40‰. When the doses of MMC were 5≥0.05 μg/mL, MNC rates of MW plus MMC groups were much higher than those of controls (P<0.01). MNC rates of 4 MW plus MMC groups were not significantly higher than those of the corresponding MMC doses. Conclusion The low-intensity 2450-MHz microwave radiation can not induce DNA and chromosome damage, but can increase DNA damage effect induced by MMC in comet assay.

Influence of Tilted Angle on Effective Linear Energy Transfer in Single Event Effect Tests for Integrated Circuits at 130 nm Technology Node

A heavy-ion irradiation experiment is studied in digital storage cells with different design approaches in 130？nm CMOS bulk Si and silicon-on-insulator （SOI） technologies. The effectiveness of linear energy transfer （LET） with a tilted ion beam at the 130？nm technology node is obtained. Tests of tilted angles θ=0 ° , 30 ° and 60 ° with respect to the normal direction are performed under heavy-ion Kr with certain power whose LET is about 40？MeVcm 2 /mg at normal incidence. Error numbers in D flip-flop chains are used to determine their upset sensitivity at different incidence angles. It is indicated that the effective LETs for SOI and bulk Si are not exactly in inverse proportion to cosθ , furthermore the effective LET for SOI is more closely in inverse proportion to cosθ compared to bulk Si, which are also the well known behavior. It is interesting that, if we design the sample in the dual interlocked storage cell approach, the effective LET in bulk Si will look like inversely proportional to cosθ very well, which is also specifically explained.

EMPIRICAL BAYES TEST PROBLEMS OF VARIANCE COMPONENTS IN RANDOM EFFECTS MODEL

Bayes decision rule of variance components for one-way random effects model is derived and empirical Bayes (EB) decision rules are constructed by kernel estimation method. Under suitable conditions, it is shown that the proposed EB decision rules are asymptotically optimal with convergence rates near O(n-1/2). Finally, an example concerning the main result is given.

Ion Photon Emission Microscope for Single Event Effect Testing in CIAE

Ion photon emission microscopy （IPEM） is a new ion-induced emission microscopy. It employs a broad ion beam with high energy and low fluence rate impinging on a sample. The position of a single ion is detected by an optical system with objective lens, prism, microscope tube and charge coupled device （CCD）. A thin ZnS film doped with Ag ions is used as a luminescent material. Generation efficiency and transmission efficiency of photons in the ZnS（Ag） film created by irradiated Cl ions are calculated. A single Cl ion optical microscopic image is observed by high quantum efficiency CCD. The resolution of a single Cl ion given in this IPEM system is 6μm. Several factors influencing the resolution are discussed. A silicon diode is used to collect the electrical signals caused by the incident ions. Effective and accidental coincidence of optical images and electronic signals are illustrated. A two-dimensional map of single event effect is drawn out according to the data of effective coincidence.

ANALYSIS OF SIZE EFFECT,SHEAR DEFORMATION AND DILATION IN DIRECT SHEAR TEST BASED ON GRADIENT- DEPENDENT PLASTICITY

The paper concerns the issue of size law,localized deformation and dilation or compaction due to shear localization. It is assumed that the shear localization initiates at the peak shear stress in the form of single shear band,and based on gradient-dependent plasticity,an analytical solution on size effect or snap-back is obtained. The results show that the post peak response becomes steeper and even exhibits snap-back with increasing of length. For small specimen,the relative shear displacement when specimen failure occurs is lower than that of larger specimen and the shear stress-relative displacement curve becomes steeper. The theoretical solution on non-uniformity of strains in shear band is obtained and evolution of the relative shear displacement is represented. By resorting to the linear relation between local plastic shear strain and local plastic volumetric strain,the dilation and compaction within shear band are analyzed. Relation between apparent shear strain and apparent normal strain and relation between shear displacement and vertical displacement are established.

Effect of gravity gradient in weak equivalence principle test

A high accuracy test of the weak equivalence principle（WEP） is of great scientific significance no matter whether its result is positive. We analyze the gravity gradient effect which is a main systematic error source in the test of WEP.The result shows that the uncompensated gravity gradient effect from the coupling term of the dominated gravity gradient multipole moment component q_（21） and the relative multipole field component Q_（21） contributes to an uncertainty of 1×10^（-11） on the E otv os parameter. We make a Q_（21） compensation to reduce the effect by about 20 times, and the limit of the test precision due to this coupling is improved to a level of a part in 10^（13）.

Behaviour of layered sandstone under Brazilian test conditions:Layer orientation and shape effects

The experimental study in this paper focuses on the effects of the layer orientation and sample shape on failure strength and fracture pattern of samples tested under Brazilian test conditions(i.e.diametrical loading of cylindrical discs)for one particular layered sandstone which is from Modave in the south of Belgium.The variations of the strength in combination with the failure patterns are examined as a function of the inclination angle between the layer plane and the loading direction.The experimental,results clearly show that the induced fracture patterns are a combination of tensile and/or shear fractures.In shape effect experiments the layer thickness and the number of layer boundaries are investigated.Different blocks of Modave sandstone are used to prepare samples.The layer thickness is different among the various blocks,but the layer thickness in each studied rock block can be considered to be constant;hence,the number of layer boundaries changes according to the sample diameter for samples of the same block.The experimental study shows that the layer thickness plays a more important role than the number of layer boundaries per sample.

Effects of reservoirs on seasonal discharge of Irtysh River measured by Lepage test

The Irtysh River is an intemational river partially joining the territories of China, Kazakhstan, and Russia. Cascade reservoirs have been constructed in the upper reaches of the river and their effects on the seasonal discharge of the middle and lower reaches were analyzed considering the mean and dispersion of the seasonal discharge. The Lepage test, which is a nonparametric, two-sample test for detecting location and dispersion, was used to measure the significance of difference between the pre-dam and post-dam seasonal discharge. The results show that the reservoirs＇ effects on the seasonal discharge varied with the season. In the middle reaches of the river, the summer and autumn discharge decreased significantly and their inter-annual variabilities also decreased significantly. The summer and autumn precipitation over the Irtysh River Basin changed little before and after the operation of the reservoir, which indicates that the discharge changes mainly due to water storage of the reservoirs. The reservoirs store water in summer and autumn and store more water in a wet year, which leads to the reduction of the mean and dispersion of the summer and autumn discharge. The winter discharge increased significantly because the reservoirs released water for power generation. The spring discharge changed slightly. In the lower reaches, only the winter discharge increased significantly, and the other seasonal discharge changed slightly. The reservoirs＇ effects on the seasonal discharge are more significant in the middle reaches than in the lower reaches.

TESTING FOR VARYING DISPERSION OF LONGITUDINAL BINOMIAL DATA IN NONLINEAR LOGISTIC MODELS WITH RANDOM EFFECTS

In this paper, it is discussed that two tests for varying dispersion of binomial data in the framework of nonlinear logistic models with random effects, which are widely used in analyzing longitudinal binomial data. One is the individual test and power calculation for varying dispersion through testing the randomness of cluster effects, which is extensions of Dean(1992) and Commenges et al (1994). The second test is the composite test for varying dispersion through simultaneously testing the randomness of cluster effects and the equality of random-effect means. The score test statistics are constructed and expressed in simple, easy to use, matrix formulas. The authors illustrate their test methods using the insecticide data (Giltinan, Capizzi & Malani (1988)).

Development of Contactless Method of the DUT Heating during Single-Event Effect Tests

This paper presents two approaches to perform the electronic device heating during radiation hardness assurance tests.Commonly used conductive heating approach is compared with contactless laser-based approach,characteristics and limitations of these methods are described.Experimental results for temperature dependence of single-event latchup(SEL)cross-section during heavy ion irradiation along with some aspects of physics-based numerical simulation of heat transfer processes are presented.

A Proposed New Laboratory Protocol for Dispersant Effectiveness Testing Adapted for Subsea Dispersant Injection

The main objective of this study is to develop a new protocol for bench-scale dispersant effectiveness testing adapted for subsea dispersants injection (SSDI). The new approach includes turbulence conditions, dispersant injection techniques and quantification of effectiveness, more representative for a SSDI operation. Results from the new system are compared to dispersant effectiveness measured with established laboratory methods, used for screening dispersants for surface application. The most significant result is that the dispersant ranking obtained with the new test relevant for subsea releases was very different compared to the ranking obtained by screening methods used for surface application of dispersants. This strongly indicates that existing standard methods for dispersant effectiveness testing designed for simulating conditions relevant for surface application of dispersants, are less relevant for SSDI effectiveness testing and justify the need for a more relevant method. Such a Dispersant Injection Effectiveness Test (DIET) is suggested and documented in this study.

Effect testing of the chemicals for controlling pine needle bright

The indoor toxicity determination for several chemicals were carried out on Septoria pini-putmlae andDothistroma pini. The resutts showed that Carbendazol, Zineb and Thiophanate-methyl had better effect of killingthe fungi. The field experiment indicated that Zineb wettable powder with concentrations of 1:200, 1:300 and 1:500had 79.2%, 67.2% and 59.7% control results respectively. The control results of 1:200 Carbendazol wettable powder and 1:200 Thiophahate-methyl wettable powder were 67.7% and 67% respectively.

Temperature effects on the mechanical properties of slates in triaxial compression test

High geothermal temperatures appear to be unfavorable for the construction of tunnels in slate rocks with high overburden. To investigate the mechanical characteristics of slates at various levels of geothermal temperature, conventional triaxial compression tests at different levels of confining stress were carried out at 4 different temperatures from 20℃ to 120℃. The obtained results show high confining pressures weaken the thermal effects on rock mechanical characteristics while higher temperatures enhance the effect of confining pressure.At higher levels of confining stress the thermal effects on the rock strength characteristics decrease. The higher the temperature, the larger is the effect of confining pressure on the mechanical characteristics of the slate. Increase of temperature leads to a decrease of the peak strength but increases the deformability and ductility of the slate, the thermo effect on the peak strength and Poisson's ratio is larger than on the elastic modulus. Higher temperatures reduce the shear strength of slate, the decrease is mainly caused by a decrease of the cohesion. In general, the slate samples fail in shear failure.

The Chromosomal Effect of Birchen Dust as Determined by the Micronucleus Test

In a wood processing factory, the measured air concentration of birchen dust was 1. 26 ±0. 41 mg/m3, and the micronucleus frequency of peripheral blood lymphocytes in 83 workersexposed to wood dust was 1. 13 ± 2. 83%, which was significantly higher (P < 0.01 ) thanthat of control group (0. 51 ± 1. 41% ). The number of exposed workers with positive mi-cronucleus test was 9. 6 %, which was higher than that of control group (4. 5 % ), but thedifference was not significant (P >0. 05 ). The micronucleus test in mice treated with waterextracts of unsteamed and unbaked birchen dust showed that the micronucleus frequencies inall treated groups were significantly higher than that of contro group (P < 0. 01 ) and therewas also a doseresponse correlation (r = 0. 96, P < 0. 0005 ). The results of steamed andbaked birchen dust extracts were significantly lower than those of the unsteamed and unbakedones at the same doses (P< 0. 001 ). This suggests that when the birchen dust is steamed atthe temperature of 100℃ for 24h or baked at the temperature of 80℃, its inducing effect inmicronucleus test could be lowered