Establishment of Microbial Limit Test Methods for Two Hospital Preparations

[Objectives] This study was conducted to establish microbial limit test methods for traditional Chinese medicine preparations Yunpi Granules and Bupi Qiangli Paste. [Methods] According to General Rules of Part IV of Chinese Pharmacopoeia, applicability tests were conducted on microbial limit test methods for the above two traditional Chinese medicine preparations by the plate method. [Results] The established methods showed recovery values in the range of 0.5-2.0 for both experimental strains, and the control bacteria could be detected in the experimental group, but not in the negative control group. [Conclusions] The microbial limit test methods were reliable for the two traditional Chinese medicine preparations and could be used for quality control.

Load Reduction Test Method of Similarity Theory and BP Neural Networks of Large Cranes

Static load tests are an important means of supervising and detecting a crane＇s lift capacity. Due to space restrictions, however, there are difficulties and potential danger when testing large bridge cranes. To solve the loading problems of large-tonnage cranes during testing, an equivalency test is proposed based on the similarity theory and BP neural networks. The maximum stress and displacement of a large bridge crane is tested in small loads, combined with the training neural network of a similar structure crane through stress and displacement data which is collected by a physics simulation progressively loaded to a static load test load within the material scope of work. The maximum stress and displacement of a crane under a static load test load can be predicted through the relationship of stress, displacement, and load. By measuring the stress and displacement of small tonnage weights, the stress and displacement of large loads can be predicted, such as the maximum load capacity, which is 1.25 times the rated capacity. Experimental study shows that the load reduction test method can reflect the lift capacity of large bridge cranes. The load shedding predictive analysis for Sanxia 1200 t bridge crane test data indicates that when the load is 1.25 times the rated lifting capacity, the predicted displacement and actual displacement error is zero. The method solves the problem that lifting capacities are difficult to obtain and testing accidents are easily possible when 1.25 times related weight loads are tested for large tonnage cranes.

A review of welding residual stress test methods

Due to local uneven heating during the welding process,the residual stress of the structure after welding affects the reliability of it.In order to ensure the reliability,it is of great significance to test the residual stress distribution of the welded joint.It has always been the focus to find a simple and feasible method for residual stress testing to quickly and accurately obtain the residual stress distribution of welded joints.The mechanical measurement method has high measurement accuracy,convenient and easy operation,but it will cause certain damage to the components.Physical measurement method can avoid damage to components,but its test cost is usually high,and its measurement accuracy can also be affected by the material microstructure characteristics of welded components.Based on the advantages and disadvantages of these two residual stress test methods,a modal test method is proposed.This method is a non-destructive measurement method.Based on the mathematical relationship between the residual stress of the welded structure and the natural frequency(mathematical model),the natural frequency is measured through the modal test to calculate the residual stress quickly.However,it is difficult to establish a mathematical model with this method,and it is not suitable for realization.

Running‑In Behavior of Wet Multi‑plate Clutches:Introduction of a New Test Method for Investigation and Characterization

Wet multi-plate clutches are relevant components of modern drivetrain applications,not only in terms of function but also safety and comfort.Especially at the beginning of their lifetime,distinct changes of the friction behavior may occur and make the actuation of the clutch challenging.This transcript describes the typical running-in behavior of wet multi-plate clutches and gives a general definition for running-in of clutches.Moreover,a new test method to systematically investigate the running-in behavior of clutches is introduced.This test method contains a test procedure to characterize the running-in behavior on different load levels.Furthermore,a multi-stage procedure to evaluate and characterize the running-in behavior of clutches with mathematical approaches and new characteristic values is given.The quality of the test method is demonstrated on the example of three different tribological systems from dual clutch transmissions(DCT)and automatic transmissions(AT)application using paper friction linings.

Key stress extraction and equivalent test method for hybrid DC circuit breaker

Firstly, relevant stress properties of millisecond level breaking process and microsecond level commutation process of hybrid HVDC circuit breaker are studied in detail on the basis of the analysis for the application environment and topological structure and operating principles of hybrid circuit breakers, and key stress parameters in transient state process of two time dimensions are extracted. The established digital simulation circuit for PSCAD/EMTDC device-level operation of the circuit breaker has verified the stress properties of millisecond level breaking process and microsecond level commutation process. Then, equivalent test method, circuits and parameters based on LC power supply are proposed on the basis of stress extraction. Finally, the results of implemented breaking tests for complete 200 kV circuit breaker, 100 kV and 50 kV circuit breaker units, as well as single power electronic module have verified the accuracy of the simulation circuit and mathematical analysis. The result of this paper can be a guide to electrical structure and test system design of hybrid HVDC circuit breaker.

Tire Dynamics Modeling Method Based on Rapid Test Method

Combined with the tire dynamics theoretical model,a rapid test method to obtain tire lateral and longitudinal both steady-state and transient characteristics only based on the tire quasi-steady-state test results is proposed.For steady state data extraction,the test time of the rapid test method is half that of the conventional test method.For transient tire characteristics the rapid test method omits the traditional tire test totally.At the mean time the accuracy of the two method is much closed.The rapid test method is explained theoretically and the test process is designed.The key parameters of tire are extracted and the comparison is made between rapid test and traditional test method.The result show that the identification accuracy based on the rapid test method is almost equal to the accuracy of the conventional one.Then,the heat generated during the rapid test method and that generated during the conventional test are calculated separately.The comparison shows that the heat generated during the rapid test is much smaller than the heat generated during the conventional test process.This benefits to the reduction of tire wear and the consistency of test results.Finally,it can be concluded that the fast test method can efficiently,accurately and energy-efficiently measure the steady-state and transient characteristics of the tire.

A Review of Test Methods for the Determination of the Permeability Coefficient of Gravelly Soils Used for Embankment Dams

The factors influencing the permeability coefficient of gravelly soils used for the development of embankment dams(core wall)are analyzed.Such factors include(but are not limited to)soil size,anisotropy,density and boundary effects.A review of the literature is conducted and new directions of research are proposed.In such a framework,it is shown that gravelly soil with controlled density and vertical stress should be used to optimize the measurement of the vertical and horizontal permeability coefficients,respectively.

TEST METHOD OF HIGH-SPEED ON-OFF VALVE DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS

According to the valve port features of high speed on-off valve and its actions, the valve port can be simplified into an a-type half bridge construction. A method that tests the dynamic characteristics of the high speed on-off valve by the output pressure signal of the a-type half bridge is proposed. Having analyzed the factors related to the dynamic characteristics of an a-type half bridge, a rule for designing the outlet chamber＇s volume is worked out. According to the rule, a test stand is built to test the self-developed high-speed on-off valve. From the test results, it can be seen that with the outlet chamber＇s volume controlled by the rule the rise time of the pressure signals driven by signals with different frequencies changes very little. The test results conform to the simulation results, which nroves the correctness of the method.

Round robin using the depth of penetration test method on an armour grade alumina

The depth of penetration(DOP)method is a well-known ballistic test method for characterisation and ranking of ceramic armour materials.The ceramic tile is bonded to a backing material of semi-infinite thickness,and the penetration depth of the projectile gives a measure of the performance of the ceramic.There is,however,an inherent variability in the results from this test method.In this work,the accuracy and the variability of the DOP method has been investigated in a round robin exercise.Six ballistic test centres took part in the exercise.A test protocol was developed,in which the threat type(projectile and impact conditions)and a procedure on how to prepare the targets were specified.The targets consisted of alumina tiles of two different thicknesses that were bonded to polycarbonate backing cubes.Two different 7.62 mm armour piercing projectiles were employed;one with a hard steel core and one with a tungsten carbide core.The projectiles and the other materials all came from single material batches in order to avoid batch-to-batch variations in material properties.These materials were distributed between the ballistic test centres.The test results of the different ballistic test facilities were collected and compared.There was not a lot of variation between the average DOP values obtained at each laboratory,but the variation in penetration depth between shots was high.The consequence of this variation may be less confidence in the test results,and a statistical method was used to evaluate the required number of tests that are sufficient to obtain an average result with high confidence.In most cases,the required number of tests is much higher than what is practically feasible.This work was conducted as part of the European Defence Agency-project CERAMBALL.

Investigation on the test method of rupture forces of thermal bonding seams in nonwovens shopping bags

超声波热黏合的非织造布接缝不同于普通机织物和针织物等的车缝接缝。运用正交试验设计方法，对纺粘法PP非织造布购物袋热黏合接缝断裂强力测试中的试样宽度、拉伸速率和隔距三个因素进行优化。试验结果表明，试样宽度对纺粘法PP非织造布热黏合接缝断裂强力的测试结果影响最大，并且接缝的断裂强力随着试样宽度的增加而增加。选用试样宽度为200mm、拉伸速率为50mm／min、隔距为100mm的组合所得出的测试结果能比较真实地反映实际的接缝断裂强力。

A New Test Method for Hot Abrasion Resistance on Refractories

Test methods for hot abrasion resistance of refractories in China and overseas were briefly introduced. A new test method for hot abrasion resistance was researched. The new method inherits test principle of cold abrasion resistance in Chinese standard totally, adopts compressed air pre-heating and electricity heating sam- ples, and is featured with complete structure, good con- trollability, simple operation, and small size. The characteristics and operating procedure of HAT-14A tester were introduced. The hot abrasion resistance of various refractories at different temperatures was tested.

Research of Test Method on Abrasion Resistance at Elevated Temperatures of Refractories

In this work,the factors and parameters of a test method on abrasion resistance at elevated temperatures were discussed and researched.First of all,the precision tests of the test method on abrasion resistance at elevated temperatures were conducted in 8 laboratories.The results such as the standard deviation and reproducibility show good repeatability and reliability.The relationship between the stability of refractory performance and the standard deviation of their wear value was analyzed.Then the impact of the heat treatment condition of unshaped refractories and oxidation of SiC sand as abrasive on the lost volume of the tested specimens was researched.

Discussion on pile axial load test methods and their applicability in cold regions

The measurement of pile axial load is of great significance to determining pile foundation design parameters such as skin friction and end bearing capacity and analyzing load transfer mechanisms.Affected by the temperature and ice content of frozen ground,the interface contact relationship between pile foundation and frozen soil is complicated,making pile axial load measurements more uncertain than that in non-frozen ground.Therefore,it is necessary to gain an in-depth understanding of the current pile axial load test methods.Four methods are systematically reviewed:vibrating wire sensors,strain gauges,sliding micrometers,and optical fiber strain sensors.At the same time,the applicability of the four test methods in frozen soil regions is discussed in detail.The first two methods are mature and commonly used.The sliding micrometer is only suitable for short-term measurement.While the Fiber Bragg grating(FBG)strain gauge meets the monitoring requirements,the Brillouin optical time-domain reflectometer(BOTDR)needs further verification.This paper aims to provide a technical reference for selecting and applying different methods in the pile axial load test for the stability study and bearing capacity assessment of pile foundations in cold regions.

Dynamic test methods for natural frequency of footbridge

Using environmental random vibration as the excitation,traditional accelerometer method,non-contact video method and non-contact laser method were employed to determine the natural frequency of Kunyu River footbridge.All the results of these three methods are close to 2.70 Hz,which are concordant with each other and hence credible.

Dense Shaped Refractory Products——Test Method of Linear Changes on Reheating

This Standard specifies methods for the determination of the linear changes on reheating of a dense shaped refractory product.

Test Method for Refractoriness Under Load of Refractory Products(Non-differential,with Rising Temperature)

This standard specifies the definitions, theory, apparatus, specimens, procedures, test results and disposal, test error and report of test method for refractoriness under load of refractory products （non-differential, with rising temperature）.

Validation of Microbial Limit Test Methods of Tongmai Tangyanming Capsule

[ Objectives] This study was conducted to establish a method for microbial limit test of Tongmai Tangyanming Capsule. [ Methods] According to the Chinese Pharmacopoei 2015 edition of the four general rules, the microbiological limits of non-sterile products were verified. [ Results] Tongmai Tangyanming Capsule has a strong inhibitory effect on Bacillus subtilis and Candida albicans. The antimicrobial activity was significantly eliminated after increasing the diluent （ 1 ： 20） ; and the recoveries were in the range of 0.5 -2 when the total quantities of aerobic microbes were determined by dilution method （1：20）. When the total quantities of mould and yeast were determined by dilution method （1：20）, the recoveries were from 0.5 to 2, and Escherichia coli, cholate-tolerant Gram-negative bacteria and Salmonella can be detected by the test solution dilution method. [ Condusions] With the plate method, the total quantities of aerobic bacteria and the quantities of mould and yeast were examined by increasing diluent, and conventional method was used for examination of control bacteria including E. coli, cholatetolerant Gram-negative bacteria and Salmonella. This method has been proved effective for microbial limit test of Tongmai Tangyanming Capsule, and can effectively control the quality of the preparation. The method is accurate and reliable.

Validation of Microbial Limit Test Methods of Compound Gangbangui Capsule

[Objectives] This study was conducted to establish a method for microbial limit test of Compound Gangbangui Capsule. [Methods] According to the Chinese Pharmacopoei 2015 edition of the four general rules,the microbiological limits of non-sterile products were verified. [Results]Compound Gangbangui Capsule has a strong inhibitory effect on S. aureus,and the antimicrobial activity was significantly eliminated after increasing the diluent（ 1∶ 20）; and the recoveries were in the range of 0. 5-2. 0 when the total quantities of aerobic microbes were determined by dilution method（ 1∶ 20）. When the total quantities of mould and yeast were determined by conventional method（ 1∶ 20）,the recoveries were from 0. 5 to 2. 0,and Escherichia coli can be detected in experimental groups by the test solution dilution method. [Conclusions]With the plate method,the total quantities of aerobic bacteria and the quantities of mould and yeast were examined by increasing diluent and conventional method,respectively,and control bacteria,E. coli was examined by conventional method. This method has been proved effective for microbial limit test of Compound Gangbangui Capsule,and can effectively control the quality of the preparation. The method is accurate and reliable.

Studying the mechanical properties of the soil-root interface using the pullout test method

It is important to quantify the effect of the root diameter, the embedment length of the root and load speed on the soil-root interface mechanical properties for studying the root anchorage. The soilroot interface mechanical properties can be obtained through the pullout force and root slippage curve(F-S curve). About 120 Pinus tabulaeformis single roots whose diameters ranged from 1 mm to 10 mm divided into 6 groups based on different root embedment length(50 mm, 100 mm and 150 mm) and different load velocity(10 mm·min^(-1), 50 mm·min^(-1), 100 mm·min^(-1) and 300 mm·min^(-1)) were investigated using the pullout method. This study aims to explore the mechanical properties of the soil-root interface in the real conditions using the pullout test method. The results showed two kinds of pullout test failure modes during the experimental process: breakage failure and pullout failure. The results showed that the roots were easier to be broken when the root diameter was smaller or the loading speed was larger. The relationship between the maximum anchorage force and root diameter was linear and the linearly dependent coefficient(R^2) was larger than 0.85. The anchorage force increased with the root embedment length. An increase of 10%^(-1)5% for the maximumanchorage force was found when load speed increased from 10 to 300 mm.min^(-1). The mean peak slippage of the root was from 13.81 to 35.79 mm when the load velocity varied from 10 to 300 mm.min^(-1). The study will be helpful for the design of slopes reinforced by vegetation and in predicting risk of uprooting of trees, and will have practical benefits for understanding the mechanism of landslide.

An Operational Test Method for VSC-HVDC Valves Based on Modular Multi-level Converters

为给基于模块化多电平换流器（modular multi-levelconverter,MMC）的电压源换流器高压直流输电（voltagesourced converter HVDC,VSC-HVDC）换流阀提供有效的检验手段,以验证其设计的正确性及其运行可靠性,对换流阀的运行特性和关键应力进行分析,提出基于原理等效的MMC阀运行试验方法,设计试验电路并阐明其运行机理。搭建的PSCAD电磁暂态仿真模型和实际的试验验证证明了试验方法的正确性和有效性。