Dynamic failure process of expanded polystyrene particle lightweight soil under cyclic loading using discrete element method

Expanded polystyrene(EPS)particle-based lightweight soil,which is a type of lightweight filler,is mainly used in road engineering.The stability of subgrades under dynamic loading is attracting increased research attention.The traditional method for studying the dynamic strength characteristics of soils is dynamic triaxial testing,and the discrete element simulation of lightweight soils under cyclic load has rarely been considered.To study the meso-mechanisms of the dynamic failure processes of EPS particle lightweight soils,a discrete element numerical model is established using the particle flow code(PFC)software.The contact force,displacement field,and velocity field of lightweight soil under different cumulative compressive strains are studied.The results show that the hysteresis curves of lightweight soil present characteristics of strain accumulation,which reflect the cyclic effects of the dynamic load.When the confining pressure increases,the contact force of the particles also increases.The confining pressure can restrain the motion of the particle system and increase the dynamic strength of the sample.When the confining pressure is held constant,an increase in compressive strain causes minimal change in the contact force between soil particles.However,the contact force between the EPS particles decreases,and their displacement direction points vertically toward the center of the sample.Under an increase in compressive strain,the velocity direction of the particle system changes from a random distribution and points vertically toward the center of the sample.When the compressive strain is 5%,the number of particles deflected in the particle velocity direction increases significantly,and the cumulative rate of deformation in the lightweight soil accelerates.Therefore,it is feasible to use 5%compressive strain as the dynamic strength standard for lightweight soil.Discrete element methods provide a new approach toward the dynamic performance evaluation of lightweight soil subgrades.

Load Reduction Test Method of Similarity Theory and BP Neural Networks of Large Cranes

Static load tests are an important means of supervising and detecting a crane＇s lift capacity. Due to space restrictions, however, there are difficulties and potential danger when testing large bridge cranes. To solve the loading problems of large-tonnage cranes during testing, an equivalency test is proposed based on the similarity theory and BP neural networks. The maximum stress and displacement of a large bridge crane is tested in small loads, combined with the training neural network of a similar structure crane through stress and displacement data which is collected by a physics simulation progressively loaded to a static load test load within the material scope of work. The maximum stress and displacement of a crane under a static load test load can be predicted through the relationship of stress, displacement, and load. By measuring the stress and displacement of small tonnage weights, the stress and displacement of large loads can be predicted, such as the maximum load capacity, which is 1.25 times the rated capacity. Experimental study shows that the load reduction test method can reflect the lift capacity of large bridge cranes. The load shedding predictive analysis for Sanxia 1200 t bridge crane test data indicates that when the load is 1.25 times the rated lifting capacity, the predicted displacement and actual displacement error is zero. The method solves the problem that lifting capacities are difficult to obtain and testing accidents are easily possible when 1.25 times related weight loads are tested for large tonnage cranes.

Simplified method for analyzing soil slope deformation under cyclic loading

Reasonable assessment of slope deformation under cyclic loading is of great significance for securing the safety of slopes. The observations of centrifuge model tests are analyzed on the slope deformation behavior under cyclic loading conditions. The potential slip surface is the key for slope failure and follows two rules:(i) the relative horizontal displacement along the potential slip surface is invariable at an elevation, and(ii) the soil along the slip surface exhibits the same degradation pattern. These rules are effective regardless of the location of the potential slip surface throughout the entire deformation process of a homogeneous slope, ranging from the initial deformation stage to the failure process and to the post-failure stage. A new, simplified method is proposed by deriving the displacement compatibility equation and unified degradation equation according to the fundamental rules. The method has few parameters that can be determined through traditional element tests. The predictions from the proposed method agree with the centrifuge test results with vertical loading and shaking table loading. This result confirms that the proposed method is effective in predicting the full deformation process of slopes under different cyclic loading conditions.

Discussion on pile axial load test methods and their applicability in cold regions

The measurement of pile axial load is of great significance to determining pile foundation design parameters such as skin friction and end bearing capacity and analyzing load transfer mechanisms.Affected by the temperature and ice content of frozen ground,the interface contact relationship between pile foundation and frozen soil is complicated,making pile axial load measurements more uncertain than that in non-frozen ground.Therefore,it is necessary to gain an in-depth understanding of the current pile axial load test methods.Four methods are systematically reviewed:vibrating wire sensors,strain gauges,sliding micrometers,and optical fiber strain sensors.At the same time,the applicability of the four test methods in frozen soil regions is discussed in detail.The first two methods are mature and commonly used.The sliding micrometer is only suitable for short-term measurement.While the Fiber Bragg grating(FBG)strain gauge meets the monitoring requirements,the Brillouin optical time-domain reflectometer(BOTDR)needs further verification.This paper aims to provide a technical reference for selecting and applying different methods in the pile axial load test for the stability study and bearing capacity assessment of pile foundations in cold regions.

Test Method for Refractoriness Under Load of Refractory Products(Non-differential,with Rising Temperature)

This standard specifies the definitions, theory, apparatus, specimens, procedures, test results and disposal, test error and report of test method for refractoriness under load of refractory products （non-differential, with rising temperature）.

Studying the mechanical properties of the soil-root interface using the pullout test method

It is important to quantify the effect of the root diameter, the embedment length of the root and load speed on the soil-root interface mechanical properties for studying the root anchorage. The soilroot interface mechanical properties can be obtained through the pullout force and root slippage curve(F-S curve). About 120 Pinus tabulaeformis single roots whose diameters ranged from 1 mm to 10 mm divided into 6 groups based on different root embedment length(50 mm, 100 mm and 150 mm) and different load velocity(10 mm·min^(-1), 50 mm·min^(-1), 100 mm·min^(-1) and 300 mm·min^(-1)) were investigated using the pullout method. This study aims to explore the mechanical properties of the soil-root interface in the real conditions using the pullout test method. The results showed two kinds of pullout test failure modes during the experimental process: breakage failure and pullout failure. The results showed that the roots were easier to be broken when the root diameter was smaller or the loading speed was larger. The relationship between the maximum anchorage force and root diameter was linear and the linearly dependent coefficient(R^2) was larger than 0.85. The anchorage force increased with the root embedment length. An increase of 10%^(-1)5% for the maximumanchorage force was found when load speed increased from 10 to 300 mm.min^(-1). The mean peak slippage of the root was from 13.81 to 35.79 mm when the load velocity varied from 10 to 300 mm.min^(-1). The study will be helpful for the design of slopes reinforced by vegetation and in predicting risk of uprooting of trees, and will have practical benefits for understanding the mechanism of landslide.

Cumulative Deformation of Soft Clay Under Cyclic Loading

Reconstituted specimens are prepared by means of vacuum preloading. Both static and cyclic triaxial tests are carried out, with the specimens consolidated under different principal stress ratios. A finite element method is put forward for calculating the cumulative deformation of soft clay under cyclic loading.

Behavior of ring footing resting on reinforced sand subjected to eccentric-inclined loading

Ring footings are suitable for the structures like tall transmission towers, chimneys, silos and oil storages.These types of structures are susceptible to horizontal loads(wind load) in addition to their dead weight.In the literature, very little or no effort has been made to study the effect of ring footing resting on reinforced sand when subjected to eccentric, inclined and/or eccentric-inclined loadings. This paper aims to study the behavior of ring footing resting on loose sand and/or compacted randomly distributed fiberreinforced sand(RDFS) when subjected to eccentric(0 B, 0.05 B and 0.1 B, where B is the outer diameter of ring footing), inclined(0°,5°,10°, 15°,-5°,-10° and-15°)and eccentric-inclined loadings by using a finite element(FE) software PLAXIS 3 D. The behavior of ring footing is studied by using a dimensionless factor called reduction factor(RF). The numerical model used in the PLAXIS 3 D has been validated by conducting model plate load tests. Moreover, an empirical expression using regression analysis has been presented which will be helpful in plotting a load-settlement curve for the ring footing.

新型钢管混凝土梁柱节点力学性能试验研究

为研究内加强环式圆钢管混凝土柱与矩形钢管混凝土梁这种新型连接节点的力学性能,设计了缩尺钢管混凝土梁柱节点试件,开展了相同梁柱节点试件的静力加载试验和低周往复加载试验。通过研究该节点试件的破坏模式、荷载-位移曲线以及拟静力加载试验的骨架曲线、核心区剪切变形等,分析了节点试件的承载能力、延性和耗能能力,全面考察了同一梁柱节点在静力加载和低周往复加载两种工况下的受力性能和破坏模式。结果表明:钢管混凝土梁柱节点试件核心区强度较强,破坏模式主要为梁端破坏,低周往复加载试验时试件梁柱连接处附近的梁端钢板发生拉裂破坏和钢板鼓曲,静力加载试验时试件梁端焊缝发生拉裂破坏;试件延性较好,加载过程中经历了弹性、弹塑性和塑性发展阶段。最后提出了该类钢管混凝土梁柱节点核心区的抗剪强度计算公式。

常泰长江大桥组合索塔锚固结构钢-混传剪构造足尺模型试验研究

常泰长江大桥索塔锚固结构采用钢箱-核芯混凝土组合结构,为研究该新型组合索塔锚固结构钢-混传剪构造的受力特性,进行钢-混传剪构造足尺模型试验研究。制作2个锚固结构足尺节段试验模型,通过压剪试验研究锚固结构的荷载~滑移曲线及应力、应变分布等受力特性,并通过有限元模型分析锚固结构的传力机理和各组件的内力分配比例,推导剪力钉剪力计算方法。结果表明:在2.14倍单索最大索力荷载作用下,锚固结构保持弹性状态,钢壁板未产生明显滑移,钢-混界面最大滑移不超过0.25 mm,该锚固结构中钢-混传剪构造至少具有2.14倍的安全系数;荷载作用下,剪力钉剪力从上至下逐渐增大,锚腹板附近底部3排剪力钉剪力较大,钢-混传剪构造至少存在剪力钉和界面摩擦力2种传剪机制,钢-混传剪构造的承载能力显著提高;钢-混传剪构造受力过程分为粘结力传力阶段和局部滑移阶段,剪力钉剪力分布不仅与沿剪切方向长度分布有关,也与荷载的大小线性相关。

考虑节点刚度随机性的焊接钢筋部品变形计算方法研究

为量化钢筋部品刚度,从受力机理角度出发,基于试验和理论分析,提出考虑刚度随机性的焊接钢筋部品变形计算方法。从受力机理的角度提出三向转动刚度独立力学求解模型,考虑钢筋直径的影响,设计了105组T形焊接钢筋试件及两类加载固定试验装置,开展分级加载试验;在此基础上,考虑焊接节点转动刚度随机性,提出基于蒙特卡洛随机抽样的焊接钢筋部品变形计算方法,并分别开展了6个焊接钢筋网片和6个钢筋块体试验进行验证。结果表明:钢筋焊接节点刚度与钢筋直径有关,当焊接条件相同时,钢筋直径越大,焊接节点刚度越大;同一钢筋直径组合的焊接节点转动刚度基本符合正态分布,3个方向的转动刚度R x>R z>R y;钢筋焊接节点刚度与焊接节点断面面积基本呈线性关系;竖筋和横筋连接节点刚度对钢筋部品变形影响显著,所采用的节点刚度取值方法计算的焊接钢筋部品变形偏差均在10%以内,与传统刚接和铰接方法相比,变形计算精度大幅提高,变形计算方法合理。

主减速器台架疲劳试验等效方法研究

为了提高主减速器台架疲劳试验的准确性和效率,提出了基于实际行驶载荷谱的台架疲劳试验等效方法。在采集用户和试验场实际行驶载荷谱基础上,基于雨流计数和精英策略非支配排序遗传算法关联用户路面,等效重构试验场道路工况和道路载荷谱。为验证等效方法的有效性,建立主减速器有限元模型并进行静强度分析,验证了网格无关性和模型有效性。结合瞬态动力学模型研究了不同转矩、转速与齿轮应力之间的关系,得到程序载荷谱幅值所对应的频次等效关系;结合转速与齿轮应力之间的关系和各转矩区间的转速概率密度分析,确定了各个等级载荷谱对应的转速,编制了旋转弯曲疲劳试验程序载荷谱;结合有限元模型,验证了编制载荷谱与原始载荷谱的等效关系。结果表明,齿轮在等效载荷谱的作用下与原始载荷谱的损伤部位一致,损伤值最大误差为0.15%,并且加速了4.7倍。

复杂受荷下盾构隧道原型结构试验平台的研发与实证

盾构隧道结构在全寿命周期中往往将面临诸多复杂荷载状态,如注浆、偏载、偏转等非对称偏不利工况。为验证结构在这些复杂荷载状态下的适用性,探究结构力学性能,开展足尺原型结构试验研究往往是最为直接而有效的手段。既有原型试验主要关注隧道结构在简单对称荷载条件下的力学性能,鲜有关注复杂非对称荷载状态。为拓展原型试验的适用范围,提出了适用于不同断面盾构隧道结构的原型试验平台和用于模拟复杂荷载状态的试验荷载设计方法。该方法适用于任意加载点布置和液压站分组的试验系统,可对注浆、偏载、偏转等复杂荷载状态下结构响应进行精确模拟。通过类矩形盾构隧道、双圆隧道和圆形隧道的偏载原型结构试验研究,验证了试验平台和试验荷载设计方法的适用性。进一步针对试验关键参数的分析表明,控制目标权重系数的调整能有效满足不同的试验模拟要求;基于试验荷载设计方法优化的迭代算法能有效考虑计算模型或边界支承条件的非线性;环箍钢绞线和千斤顶的组合加载模式能将拟合误差水平降低至千斤顶加载模式的1/5,但需要删去部分加载点使试验荷载合理且适用;对于越复杂的结构和荷载,精确模拟结构状态需要的试验系统独立荷载组数越高,对试验平台的要求也越高。

圆钢管型钢再生混凝土组合柱水平承载力计算方法研究

通过对11个圆钢管型钢再生混凝土组合柱进行低周反复荷载试验,分析再生粗骨料取代率、型钢截面形式、轴压比、型钢配钢率及圆钢管壁厚参数对组合柱水平承载力的影响规律;观察了组合柱的破坏形态及特征,研究了圆钢管、型钢翼缘及腹板应变的发展规律,分析了组合柱的地震破坏特征。研究表明,在水平地震作用下组合柱发生典型的压弯塑性铰破坏。在此基础上,结合现有规范提出了基于叠加原理的圆钢管型钢再生混凝土组合柱水平承载力计算方法。计算结果表明,其水平承载力计算值与试验值吻合度较好,能较为准确地预测组合柱的水平承载力。

基于损伤等效的直立锁边屋面板动态抗风揭试验方法

围护结构在台风等极端风下的抗风性能需要依靠动态试验测定,试验周期长导致成本高且模拟研究受限。基于直立锁边屋面板材料的损伤本构模型,通过疲劳分析研究荷载幅值对材料损伤影响,提出简化荷载序列组合。借助雨流计数法统计测点风压时程得到基于损伤等效的简化荷载循环,提出动态抗风揭试验方法。参照不同试验方法开展抗风揭试验,通过对比发现,试验方法对屋面板风揭破坏过程影响不明显。除永久塑性变形外,该文试验方法与现有试验方法下屋面板损坏现象基本一致,屋面板均为撕裂破坏。不同试验方法下屋面板承载力差异在10%~20%间。该文试验方法加载周期小于1h,现有试验方法加载周期则大于20h。在屋面板风揭破坏过程、承载力等抗风揭性能差异不大情况下,该文试验方法可大幅降低试验周期,为开展模拟研究奠定基础。

后植筋组合梁锚固法静载荷试验技术研究

以山西首例素混凝土桩后植筋组合梁锚固法静载荷试验为背景,介绍了后植筋组合梁锚固法静载荷试验基本原理、检测工序等,着重阐述了其计算方法和技术要点。对检测方案的设计计算、控制因素和检测结果进行了分析总结,为今后该方法在本地区的应用提供参考,同时也为该检测方法在本地区的推广提供依据。

舰载飞机着舰撞击载荷实测技术研究

针对国内飞机起落架载荷测量中普遍存在的静标动测问题,从理论和机理上分析了静标定的应变法实测动态载荷存在问题的原因。同时,考虑到舰载飞机因定点着舰方式遭受严重的动态载荷,重点研究了舰载飞机着舰撞击载荷的静标动测问题。通过动态落震试验模拟飞机着舰过程,根据测力平台的实测载荷分析,获取了应变法实测载荷精度受动态影响的程度,提出一种改进的惯性修正方法,即:通过落震试验数据辨识质量矩阵,通过辨识的质量矩阵和实测加速度修正应变法的实测载荷。试验结果表明,改进的惯性修正方法进一步提高了垂向载荷的测量精度,显著提高了航向和侧向载荷的实测精度。

功能对等理论视角下中国文化负载词的翻译研究——以2017~2022年大学英语四级段落翻译为例

自十八大报告提出“增强文化自信”以来,中国传统文化受到了高度关注。四级英语考试中大量中国文化负载词的出现体现了这一时代的发展和要求。文章基于功能对等理论,以2017年6月到2022年12月的四级翻译真题为研究文本,根据分类采用音译、直译、意译等方法翻译出其文化内涵和意义,从而提高大学生英语四级考试汉译英的能力,实现文化的有效传播,提高民族文化自信。

矿用自动液压锚杆钻机可靠性分配研究

针对自动液压锚杆钻机可靠性数据缺乏、结构复杂、工作环境恶劣的问题,优选了代数分配法作为其可靠性分配方法。通过结构功能分析,将钻机划分为8个组元并建立了可靠性分析模型。依据MT/T 688-1997《煤矿用锚杆钻机通用技术条件》计算了钻机故障率。运用代数分配法完成了钻机可靠性分配,研究结果表明控制系统等4个组元为薄弱环节。从提升关键部件可靠性和钻机加载试验两方面提出了钻机可靠性提升建议,对于自动液压锚杆钻机研发具有参考价值。