Photovoltaic (PV) modules have emerged as an ideal technology of choice for <span>harvesting vastly available renewable energy resources. However, the effi</span>ciency <span>of PV modules remains si...Photovoltaic (PV) modules have emerged as an ideal technology of choice for <span>harvesting vastly available renewable energy resources. However, the effi</span>ciency <span>of PV modules remains significantly lower than that of other renewable</span> energy sources such as wind and hydro. One of the critical elements affecting a photovoltaic module’s efficiency is the variety of external climatic conditions under which it is installed. In this work, the effect of simulated snow loads was evaluated on the performance of PV modules with different <span>types of cells and numbers of busbars. According to ASTM-1830 and IEC-1215</span> standards, a load of 5400 Pa was applied to the surface of PV modules for 3 hours. An indigenously developed pneumatic airbag test setup was used for the uniform application of this load throughout the test, which was validated by load cell and pressure gauge. Electroluminescence (EL) imaging and solar flash tests were performed before and after the application of load to characterize the performance and effect of load on PV modules. Based on these tests, the maxi<span>mum power output, efficiency, fill factor and series resistance were deter</span>mined. The results show that polycrystalline modules are the most likely to withstand the snow loads as compared to monocrystalline PV modules. A maximum drop of 32.13% in the power output and a 17.6% increase in series resistance were observed in the modules having more cracks. These findings demonstrated the efficacy of the newly established test setup and the potential of snow loads for reducing the overall performance of PV module.展开更多
给出 MIL-STD-461F 中拉杆天线试验布置的变化,然后选取有代表性的4个样品进行试验来分析拉杆天线试验布置的变化对测量结果的影响。测量结果表明,在大约5 MHz 以上频段的多个频点,依据 F 版的测量布置得到的测量结果明显小于依据 D 版...给出 MIL-STD-461F 中拉杆天线试验布置的变化,然后选取有代表性的4个样品进行试验来分析拉杆天线试验布置的变化对测量结果的影响。测量结果表明,在大约5 MHz 以上频段的多个频点,依据 F 版的测量布置得到的测量结果明显小于依据 D 版和 E 版的测量布置得到的结果。而对于5MHz 以下的频段,在某些频点上,依据 F 版的测量布置得到的测量结果明显大于依据 D 版和 E 版的测量布置得到的结果。展开更多
文摘Photovoltaic (PV) modules have emerged as an ideal technology of choice for <span>harvesting vastly available renewable energy resources. However, the effi</span>ciency <span>of PV modules remains significantly lower than that of other renewable</span> energy sources such as wind and hydro. One of the critical elements affecting a photovoltaic module’s efficiency is the variety of external climatic conditions under which it is installed. In this work, the effect of simulated snow loads was evaluated on the performance of PV modules with different <span>types of cells and numbers of busbars. According to ASTM-1830 and IEC-1215</span> standards, a load of 5400 Pa was applied to the surface of PV modules for 3 hours. An indigenously developed pneumatic airbag test setup was used for the uniform application of this load throughout the test, which was validated by load cell and pressure gauge. Electroluminescence (EL) imaging and solar flash tests were performed before and after the application of load to characterize the performance and effect of load on PV modules. Based on these tests, the maxi<span>mum power output, efficiency, fill factor and series resistance were deter</span>mined. The results show that polycrystalline modules are the most likely to withstand the snow loads as compared to monocrystalline PV modules. A maximum drop of 32.13% in the power output and a 17.6% increase in series resistance were observed in the modules having more cracks. These findings demonstrated the efficacy of the newly established test setup and the potential of snow loads for reducing the overall performance of PV module.
文摘给出 MIL-STD-461F 中拉杆天线试验布置的变化,然后选取有代表性的4个样品进行试验来分析拉杆天线试验布置的变化对测量结果的影响。测量结果表明,在大约5 MHz 以上频段的多个频点,依据 F 版的测量布置得到的测量结果明显小于依据 D 版和 E 版的测量布置得到的结果。而对于5MHz 以下的频段,在某些频点上,依据 F 版的测量布置得到的测量结果明显大于依据 D 版和 E 版的测量布置得到的结果。
