Experimental study on the seismic behavior of high strength concrete fi lled double-tube columns

To study the seismic behavior of high strength concrete fi lled double-tube(CFDT) columns,each consisting of an external square steel tube and an internal circular steel tube,quasi-static tests on eight CFDT column specimens were conducted.The test variables included the width-to-thickness ratio(β1) and the area ratio(β2) of the square steel tube,the wall thickness of the circular steel tube,and the axial force(or the axial force ratio) applied to the CFDT columns.The test results indicate that for CFDT columns with a square steel tube with β1 of 50.1 and 24.5,local buckling of the specimen was found at a drift ratio of 1/150 and 1/50,respectively.The lateral force-displacement hysteretic loops of all specimens were plump and stable.Reducing the width-to-thickness ratio of the square steel tube,increasing its area ratio,or increasing the wall thickness of the internal circular steel tube,led to an increased fl exural strength and deformation capacity of the specimens.Increasing the design value of the axial force ratio from 0.8 to 1.0 may increase the fl exural strength of the specimens,while it may also decrease the ultimate deformation capacity of the specimen with β1 of 50.1.

Study of seismic behavior of PHC piles with partial normal-strength deformed bars

Nine PHC piles with partial normal-strength deformed bars were prepared in present study,and cyclic loading tests were implemented to evaluate these piles’seismic performance.The influence of the axial compression ratio and the amount of normal-strength deformed bars on failure modes,crack patterns,strength,stiffness,and ductility were examined.The test findings indicate that the change of axial compression ratio has a noticeable influence on the failure mode of PHC piles.A larger axial compression ratio results in a higher cracking bending resistance,ultimate bending resistance,and initial stiffness,but the propagation heights of flexural cracks decrease as the axial compression ratio increases.Furthermore,increasing the amount of normal-strength deformed bars causes a slight decrease in ductility.Finally,a calculation formula was proposed to predict the flexural capacity of PHC piles with partial normal-strength deformed bars.

Experimental study on seismic behavior of circular RC columns strengthened with pre-stressed FRP strips

Bonding fiber reinforced polymer （FRP） has been commonly used to improve the seismic behavior of circular reinforced concrete （RC） columns in engineering practice. However, FRP jackets have a significant stress hysteresis effect in this strengthening method, and pre-tensioning the FRP can overcome this problem. This paper presents test results of 25 circular RC columns strengthened with pre-stressed FRP strips under low cyclic loading. The pre-stressing of the FRP strips, types of FRP strips and longitudinal reinforcement, axial load ratio, pre-damage degree and surface treatments of the specimens are considered as the primary factors in the tests. According to the failure modes and hysteresis curves of the specimens, these factors are analyzed to investigate their effect on bearing capacity, ductility, hysteretic behavior, energy dissipation capacity and other important seismic behaviors. The results show that the initial lateral confined stress provided by pre-stressed FRP strips can effectively inhibit the emergence and development of diagonal shear cracks, and change the failure modes of specimens from brittle shear failure to bending or bending-shear failure with better ductility. As a result, the bearing capacity, ductility, energy dissipation capacity and deformation capacity of the strengthened specimens are all significantly improved.

Experimental Study on Seismic Behavior ofSeismic-damaged Lateral Joints in CompositeFrame Consisting of CFSST Columns and SteelBeams Strengthened with Enclosed ReinforcedConcrete

A new composite strengthening method of seismic-damaged lateral joints in composite frame consisting of Concrete-Filled SquareSteel Tubes （CFSST） columns and steel beams strengthened with enclosed Reinforced Concrete （RC） at the ends of columns andwelding steel plates at the ends of beams was presented. Based on the current design specifications, one half scaled models of 4lateral joints in composite frame consisting of CFSST columns and steel beams were designed and manufactured. One model wasoriginal control specimen, one was strengthened by enclosed RC, and the others were strengthened after pre-damage. The destructiontests under lateral cyclic load on the models were carried. The effectiveness of seismic-damaged joints strengthened with enclosedRC and the reinforcement effect on different levels of seismic damage were studied. The test results show that seismic- damagedjoints in composite frame consisting of CFSST columns and steel beams strengthened with enclosed RC meets the strongcolumn-weak beam joints requirement of seismic design, and the failure modes are of all joints are the bending failure of steel beam.The reinforcement with enclosed RC has a significant on increasing the ultimate capacity and the seismic behaviors of joints. Thestudy indicated the rehabilitated joints recover the level of their original seismic performances before seismic damage in a certainextent damage level. Based on the test data, namely the ultimate capacity, limit displacement, ductility, the energy consumptioncoefficient, limit displacementthe strengthening method of seismic-damaged joints by strengthened with enclosed RC is an effectivemethod for seismic strengthening.

Influence factors on the seismic behavior and deformation modes of gravity retaining walls

This study investigated the influence factors on the seismic response and deformation modes of retaining walls using large-scale model shaking table tests. Experimental results showed that the distribution of peak seismic earth pressures along the height of a wall was a single peak value curve. The seismic earth pressures on a gravel soil retaining wall were larger than the pressures on the weathered granite and quartz retaining walls. Also, the peak seismic earth pressure increased with increases in the peak ground acceleration and the wall height. The measured seismic active earth pressures on a rock foundation retaining wall were larger than the calculated values, and the action position of resultant seismic pressure was higher than 0.33 H. In the soil foundation retaining wall, the measured seismic earth pressures were much smaller than the calculated values, while the action position was slightly higher than 0.33 H. The soil foundation retaining wall suffered base sliding and overturning under earthquake conditions, while overturning was the main failure mode for the rock foundation retaining walls.

Analysis of the stability and seismic behavior of the geosynthetic-reinforced embankments under earthquake

The stability and seismic behavior of geosynthetic-reinforced embankments during the earthquake is not well known.In this paper,the damage types of embankments were summarized,and the seismic stability of reinforced embankment were analyzed through an earthquake damage investigation in the Wenchuan earthquake region.Then,large-scale shaking table model tests were performed on the geosynthetic-reinforced embankment.The results show that the damage level of the reinforced embankment was almost less than that of the unreinforced embankment.The peak seismic earth pressure was nonlinear along the height of the embankment,the largest peak seismic earth pressure was roughly in the middle of the embankment slope.The peak ground accelerations(PGA)amplification factor first showed an increasing pattern and then a decreasing pattern with the increase of elevation,but there was a final increasing trend along the height of the reinforced embankment.The results can help to establish the proper design of the reinforcement embankments under earthquake conditions.

Effects of timber infill walls on the seismic behavior of traditional Chinese timber frames

This study investigates the enhanced effect of timber infill walls on the seismic behavior of traditional Chinese timber frames.Two 1/2 scaled traditional Chinese timber infill walls(TIWs),two 1/2 scaled timber frames with timber infill walls(TFTIWs)and one 1/2 scaled timber frame(TF)were fabricated and tested under low-cyclic reversed loading.The failure modes,strength,stiffness,and energy consumption capacity of the TIWs and the TFTIWs were obtained,and the effects of the TIWs on the seismic performance of the TFTIWs were investigated.The results showed that the TIWs can increase the stiffness and ultimate bearing capacity of the TF,up to 60%and 80%,respectively.The strength degradation coefficient of the TFTIWs was slightly higher than that of the TF when the inter-story drift ratio exceeded 0.02 rad,and the TIWs helped to mitigate the strength degradation of the TFTIWs.It was also found that the TFTIWs had a higher cumulative energy dissipation when compared with the TF(up to a 60%increase),indicating the TIWs had reasonably good energy dissipation capacity.When the TIWs generated a solid contribution to the carrying capacity and energy dissipation of the TF,the lateral drift thresholds were 1/100 and 1/43 of the column height,respectively.Furthermore,the TIWs and TFTIWs presented a good ductility,and the TIW could effectively reduce the pull-out amount of the tenon from the mortise of the TF;however,the TIWs had little influence on the stiffness degradation level or improvement of the ductility of the TF.

Investigation of the seismic behavior of grouted sandy gravel foundations using shaking table tests

Sandy gravel foundations exhibit non-linear dynamic behavior when subjected to strong ground motions,which can have amplification effects on superstructures and can reveal insufficient lateral resistance of foundations.Grouting methods can be used to improve the seismic performance of natural sandy gravel foundations.The strength and stiffness of grouted sandy gravel foundations are different from those of natural foundations,which have unknown earthquake resistance.Few studies have investigated the seismic behavior of sandy gravel foundations before and after grouting.In this study,two shaking table tests were performed to evaluate the effect of grouting reinforcement on seismic performance.The natural frequency,acceleration amplification effect,lateral displacement,and vertical settlement of the non-grouted and grouted sandy gravel foundations were measured and compared.Additionally,the dynamic stress-strain relationships of the two foundations were obtained by a linear inversion method to evaluate the seismic energy dissipation.The test results indicated that the acceleration amplification,lateral displacement amplitude,and vertical settlement of the grouted sandy gravel foundation were lower than that of the non-grouted foundation under low-intensity earthquakes.However,a contrasting result was observed under high-intensity earthquakes.This demonstrated that different grouting reinforcement strategies are required for different sandy gravel foundations.In addition,the dynamic stress-strain relationship of the two foundations exhibited two different energy dissipation mechanisms.The results provide insights relating to the development of foundations for relevant engineering sites and to the dynamic behavior of grouted foundations prior to investigating soil-structure interaction problems.

Seismic responses of the steel-strip reinforced soil retaining wall with full-height rigid facing from shaking table test

To investigate the seismic response of the steel-strip reinforced soil retaining wall with fullheight rigid facing in terms of the acceleration in the backfill, dynamic earth pressure in the backfill, the displacements on the facing and the dynamic reinforcement strain distribution under different peak acceleration, a large 1-g shaking table test was performed on a reduced-scale reinforced-earth retaining wall model. It was observed that the acceleration response in non-strip region is greater than that in potential fracture region which is similar with the stability region under small earthquake,while the acceleration response in potential fracture region is greater than that in stability region in middle-upper of the wall under moderately strong earthquakes. The potential failure model of the rigid wall is rotating around the wall toe. It also was discovered that the Fourier spectra produced by the inputting white noises after seismic wave presents double peaks, rather than original single peak, and the frequency of the second peak trends to increase with increasing the PGA(peak ground amplitude) of the excitation which is greater than 0.4 g. Additionally,the non-liner distribution of strip strain along the strips was observed, and the distribution trend was not constant in different row. Soil pressure peak value in stability region is larger than that in potential fracture region. The wall was effective under 0.1 g-0.3 g seismic wave according to the analyses of the facing displacement and relative density. Also, it was discovered that the potential failure surface is corresponds to that in design code, but the area is larger. The results from the study can provide guidance for a more rational design of reinforced earth retaining walls with full-height rigid facing in the earthquake zone.

Seismic behavior of concrete filled steel tubular arch structures

Shaking table tests of a 1:10 scale arch model performed to investigate the seismic behavior and resistance of concrete filled steel tubular (CFT) arch structures are described in this paper. The El-Centro record and Shanghai artificial wave were adopted as the input excitation. The entire test process can be divided into three stages depending on the lateral brace configurations, i.e., fully (five) braced, two braces removed, and all braces removed. A total of 46 tests, starting from the elastic state to failure condition, have been conducted. The natural vibration frequencies, responses of acceleration, displacement and strain were measured. From the test results, it is demonstrated that the CFT arch structures are capable of resisting severe ground motions and that CFT arches offer a credible alternative to reinforced concrete arches, especially in regions of high seismic intensity.

Experimental investigation of damage behavior of RC frame members including non-seismically designed columns

Reinforced concrete （RC） frame structures are one of the mostly common used structural systems, and their seismic performance is largely determined by the performance of columns and beams. This paper describes horizontal cyclic loading tests often column and three beam specimens, some of which were designed according to the current seismic design code and others were designed according to the early non-seismic Chinese design code, aiming at reporting the behavior of the damaged or collapsed RC frame strctures observed during the Wenchuan earthquake. The effects of axial load ratio, shear span ratio, and transverse and longitudinal reinforcement ratio on hysteresis behavior, ductility and damage progress were incorporated in the experimental study. Test results indicate that the non-seismically designed columns show premature shear failure, and yield larger maximum residual crack widths and more concrete spalling than the seismically designed columns. In addition, longitudinal steel reinforcement rebars were severely buckled. The axial load ratio and shear span ratio proved to be the most important factors affecting the ductility, crack opening width and closing ability, while the longitudinal reinforcement ratio had only a minor effect on column ductility, but exhibited more influence on beam ductility. Finally, the transverse reinforcement ratio did not influence the maximum residual crack width and closing ability of the seismically designed columns.

Conceptual study of X-braced frames with different steel grades using cyclic half-scale tests

In this paper, an experimental and analytical study of two half-scale steel X-braced flames with equal nominal shear strength under cyclic loading is described. In these tests, all members except the braces are similar. The braces are made of various steel grades to monitor the effects of seismic excitation. Internal stiffeners are employed to limit the local buckling and increase the fracture life of the steel bracing. A heavy central core is introduced at the intersection of the braces to decrease their effective length. Recent seismic specifications are considered in the design of the X-braced frame members to verify their efficiency. The failure modes of the X-braced frames are also illustrated. It is observed that the energy dissipation capacity, ultimate load capacity and ductility of the system increase considerably by using lower grade steel and proposed detailing. Analytical modeling of the specimens using nonlinear finite element software supports the experimental findings.

Experimental study on the seismic performance of new sandwich masonry walls

Sandwich masonry walls are widely used as energy-saving panels since the interlayer between the outer leaves can act as an insulation layer.New types of sandwich walls are continually being introduced in research and applications,and due to their unique bond patterns,experimental studies have been performed to investigate their mechanical properties,especially with regard to their seismic performance.In this study,three new types of sandwich masonry wall have been designed,and cyclic lateral loading tests were carried out on five specimens.The results showed that the specimens failed mainly due to slippage along the bottom cracks or the development of diagonal cracks,and the failure patterns were considerably influenced by the aspect ratio.Analysis was undertaken on the seismic response of the new walls,which included ductility,stiffness degradation and energy dissipation capacity,and no obvious difference was observed between the seismic performance of the new walls and traditional walls.Comparisons were made between the experimental results and the calculated results of the shear capacity.It is concluded that the formulas in the two Chinese codes（GB 50011 and GB 50003） are suitable for the calculation of the shear capacity for the new types of walls,and the formula in GB 50011 tends to be more conservative.

Seismic behavior of multiple reinforcement,high-strength concrete columns:experimental and theoretical analysis

This study investigates the seismic performance of multiple reinforcement,high-strength concrete(MRHSC)columns that are characterized by multiple transverse and longitudinal reinforcements in core areas.Eight MRHSC columns were designed and subjected to a low cycle,reversed loading test.The response,including the failure modes,hysteretic behavior,lateral bearing capacity,and displacement ductility,was analyzed.The effects of the axial compression ratio,stirrup form,and stirrup spacing of the central reinforcement configuration on the seismic performance of the columns were studied.Furthermore,an analytical model was developed to predict the backbone force-displacement curves of the MRHSC columns.The test results showed that these columns experienced two failure modes:shear failure and flexure-shear failure.As the axial compression ratio increased,the bearing capacity increased significantly,whereas the deformation capacity and ductility decreased.A decrease in the spacing of central transverse reinforcements improved the ductility and delayed the degradation of load-bearing capacity.The proposed analytical model can accurately predict the lateral force and deformations of MRHSC columns.

某带弱连廊的细腰型超高层建筑模型振动台试验研究

某超高层建筑塔楼的两侧子结构通过每层的两条连廊连接,形成平面细腰型且开洞的结构形式。通过1∶35缩尺比例模型的振动台试验,研究了模型的破坏形态、动力特性、加速度响应、位移响应、扭转响应等,重点研究了连廊的应变响应。结果表明:在采用规范方法所选地震波作用下,模型未见破坏;在速度脉冲型地震波作用下,多层连廊端部产生竖向裂缝。模型以Y向整体侧移为主,两侧子结构发生明显的异步变形,对连廊受力不利。建议在设计时,除了加强连廊与子结构的连接外,应尽量减小子结构抗侧刚度的差异,控制细腰部分的缩进程度和开洞尺寸,控制子结构外伸段长宽比以及两侧外伸段的抗侧刚度差异。

外包钢板加固震损钢绞线-钢筋混凝土剪力墙抗震性能试验研究

基于震后建筑结构快速修复并投入使用的需求,提出了外包钢板加固震损钢绞线-钢筋混凝土剪力墙的方法。设计并制作了2个足尺的钢绞线-钢筋混凝土剪力墙,先通过拟静力试验模拟了其在罕遇地震作用下的预损伤,在此预震损的基础上,采用外包钢板对钢绞线-钢筋混凝土剪力墙进行加固,然后再次进行低周往复加载试验,研究其抗震性能和可恢复性能。试验结果表明:修复加固后试件的水平荷载仍能随其侧向变形的增大而持续增加,表现出较好的正刚性,在大震作用下采用外包钢板修复加固后剪力墙的承载能力和变形能力分别提高约3%和15%,轴压比较高时外包钢板加固效果更好;在位移角达到2%前,修复加固后的试件与原试件的残余变形曲线基本重合,且残余变形小于0.5%,具有良好的自复位能力。

冷弯型钢剪切耗能框架-K形支撑结构抗震性能研究

为提升冷弯型钢结构抗震性能,推动多层冷弯型钢结构的发展,该文提出了冷弯型钢剪切耗能框架-K形支撑结构体系。共设计2个足尺单层单跨框架试件进行拟静力试验研究,通过变化耗能板宽厚比,得到试件的抗震性能指标并进行评估。同时,为了考察蒙皮效应的影响,在ABAQUS中对上述2个试件双面覆12 mm厚石膏板并对其滞回性能进行研究。此外,还建立多层冷弯型钢剪切耗能框架-K形支撑结构体系模型并对其进行弹塑性动力时程分析。试验及有限元分析结果表明:该结构滞回曲线饱满,在层间位移角达到2%以前,损伤主要集中在耗能板上,并依靠耗能板的滞回塑性变形耗能。双面覆石膏板之后,结构的极限承载力及抗侧刚度有所提高,但是不会影响结构的破坏模式。与冷弯型钢-钢板剪力墙结构相比,该文提出的新型结构在地震作用下各层层间位移角均明显减小,在8度罕遇地震作用下,结构横、纵向层间位移角减小幅度分别为43.29%和46.25%。

机制砂高韧性混凝土加固普通烧结砖墙抗震性能研究

通过对未加固砖墙、钢筋网水泥砂浆单面加固砖墙以及机制砂高韧性混凝土(MSHDC)单、双面加固砖墙进行低周往复试验,分析了试件的破坏形态、滞回性能、耗能机理。结果表明,MSHDC加固面层可以有效改善墙体破坏形态,相较于未加固和钢筋网水泥砂浆加固试件的突然脆性破坏,MSHDC面层加固试件的裂缝开展缓慢,墙体的最终损伤较小。MSHDC加固面层可以有效提高墙体抗震性能,相较于未加固试件,钢筋网水泥砂浆单面加固试件、MSHDC单面加固试件和MSHDC双面加固试件的峰值荷载分别提高227%、95%、368%,峰值位移分别提高118%、30%、156%,耗能分别提高362%、139%、434%。

Hysteretic behavior of post-tensioned precast segmental CFT double-column piers

Considering the desirable behavior of concrete filled steel tube(CFT)columns and the complicated behavior of segmental double-column piers under cyclic loads,three post-tensioned precast segmental CFT double-column pier specimens were tested to extend their application in moderate and high seismicity areas.The effects of the number of CFT segments and the steel endplates as energy dissipaters on the seismic behavior of the piers were evaluated.The experimental results show that the segmental piers exhibited stable hysteretic behavior with small residual displacements under cyclic loads.All the tested specimens achieved a drift ratio no less than 13%without significant damage and strength deterioration due to the desirable behavior of CFT columns.Since the deformation of segmental columns was mainly concentrated at the column-footing interfaces,the increase of the segment numbers for each column had no obvious effects on the loading capacity but reduced the initial stiffness of the specimens.The use of steel endplates improved the bearing capacity,stiffness and energy dissipation of segmental piers,but weakened their self-centering capacity.Fiber models were also proposed to simulate the hysteretic behavior of the tested specimens,and the influences of segment numbers and prestress levels on seismic behavior were further studied.

Does Argan Oil Supplementation Affect Metabolic Parameters and Behavior in Wistar Rats?

Argan oil is renowned for its particular biochemical profile: high-fat oleic and linoleic acids, tocopherols, sterols, polyphenols. This composition gives it nutritional, therapeutic and preventive properties against dermatological, metabolic and proliferative diseases. The composition of argan oil assigns its benefits to mental health;it would be provided with possible effects on the prevention and/or cure of stress related disorder. This work aims to evaluate the impact of argan oil dietary on the behavioral response, biochemical and hematological constants and histological profiles of adrenal involved in emotional responses to stress. The variation of these parameters was evaluated in Wistar rats receiving dietary 10 ml/Kg/day of argan oil, starting from weaning, for 13 weeks. Our results show that supplementation has resulted in an increase in locomotor activity, reduced sensitivity to frightening environments with sex dependent variation. Moreover, lipid markers, corticosterone and lymphocytes show a rising trend. If the important role of argan oil diet in cardio-metabolic health is generally well recognized;for mental health, it is the first study that needs further investigation linking between the nervous system, inflammation parameters and metabolism.