高粱单宁在认识上的谬误

1谬误1:所有高粱都含单宁事实:单宁仅存在于有色种皮的高粱品种中(图1)。种皮是否存在受B1_B2_基因控制。当B1_B2_为显性时,种皮就会有颜色。种皮没有颜色的高粱不含单宁,但是在分析检测的过程,一些非单宁物质也会吸收光波,并被误认为是单宁。

Analysis on the Distribution of Main Physicochemical Parameters of Color Wheat and Study on its Layering Milling Technology

[Objective] The aim was to promote color wheat industrialization and meet the demand of people on nutritious grain, making both natural and safe food possible. [Method] Hardness indices of wheat were measured and layering peeling and milling technology was adopted to explore nutrients distribution in color wheat and effect of hardness on milling of wheat layers. [Result] The results indicated that total content of amino acid in color wheat was higher than that of common wheat by 13.91%-23.32%; Zhongpu Black 1 and Zhongpu Green 1 exceeded common wheat in Zn, Fe and Ca, but Zhongpu Purple 1 was generally lower; Zhongpu Green 1 was significantly higher in Fe and Ca by 371.80% and 102.86%, respectively. Mean- while, it was found that nutrients distribution of color wheat was similar to that of common ,one, namely, pericarp, testa, aleurone layer and embryo were abundant with nutrients. In addition, color wheat was concluded nutritious one and milling in- dustrialization of wheat layers could be achieved through layer-milling and separation technology. Furthermore, wheat hardness was proved the key element influencing milling of wheat layers. [Conclusion] The research set an example for nutrition development and utilization of color wheat.

Seed Germination Traits of Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) as Affected by Various Pre-Sowing Treatments (Cutting of Cotyledons, Removal of Perisperm, Moist Chilling and/or Exogenous Application of Gibberellin)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of various presowing treatments on the germinability(final germination percentage)and germination rate of loquat seeds in order to increase seedling production in nurseries(applied research)as well as provide answers for important physiological issues related to loquat seeds and their seed coat(basic research).Three experiments were carried out with various pre-sowing treatments.These treatments included full or partial removal of seed coat(perisperm),partial cutting of cotyledons as well as moist chilling at 5℃ for 13 days and/or soaking the seeds in water or 250 ppm gibberellic acid(GA_(3))solution for 24 h.According to the results,cotyledons excision resulted in delayed germination,regardless of the presence or absence of the seed coat in comparison with the decoated seeds that demonstrated the highest germination rate amongst them.In addition,even the partial excision of seed coats affected positively both the germinability and the germination rate,compared to the control-intact seeds.Furthermore,control-intact seeds had a higher germination percentage when exposed to moist chilling independently of the application or not of gibberellin;while the combination of gibberellin application and moist chilling improved both the percentage and the rate of germination of decoated seeds.In conclusion,the role of perisperm(seed coat)in the germination procedure of loquat seeds seems to be important,indicating the existence of seed coat-imposed dormancy on loquat seeds.Finally,the existence of a mild endogenous embryo-dormancy on loquat is also discussed.

Research of Seed Testa Structure and Storage Material of Peanut Germplasm with Different Resistance to A. flavus

There was an obvious relationship between seed testa structure, storage material and resistance to A. flavus of peanut. Results showed that seed testa of peanut germplasm with high resistance （HR） to A. flavus infection had thicker wax layer, integrated and tight epidermis layer, regular vascular tissue range. However, the seed testa of peanut germplasm with high sensitivity （HS） to A. flavus had the reverse results, and results of those with medium resistance （MR） to A. flavus lay in between, but changes of testa thickness were not significant among different resistance kinds. Results also showed that some seed storage materials were closely related with resistance potential to A. flavus. It seemed that varieties with higher resistance to A. flavus had higher oleic acid and protein content, lower linoleic acid and fat content. Content of palm acid, total sugar and VE did not show positive relationship with the resistance to A. flavus.

Peanut testa extracts enhance anticancer effect of cisplatin against human cholangiocarcinoma cells via modulation of histone deacetylase inhibitory activity

Objective:To investigate the effect of combination treatments of cisplatin and KK4 and ICG15042 peanut testa extracts against cholangiocarcinoma cells in vitro.Methods:The growth inhibition,cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of cholangiocarcinoma cells were determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and flow cytometry analysis,respectively.The levels of proteins involved in apoptosis were assessed using Western blotting assays.The caspase activity was assessed using a colorimetric caspase activity assay.Results:Cisplatin and peanut(KK4 and ICG15042)testa extracts inhibited the growth of cholangiocarcinoma cell lines(KKUM214 and KKU-100 cells)in a dose-and time-dependent manner.The combination treatments reduced cell viability and induced apoptosis of cholangiocarcinoma cells more efficiently than singledrug treatments.Cancer cell death synergistically mediated by cisplatin and peanut testa extracts was observed in KKU-M214 cells(combination index<1.0)but not in KKU-100 cells(combination index>1.0).The combination treatments also increased the subG1 population and caused KKU-M214 cell cycle arrest at S and G2/M phases,which were the combined effects of cisplatin(S phase arrest)and peanut testa extracts(G2/M phase arrest).In addition,p ERK1/2,Ac-H3,Bcl-2 and proteins related to apoptosis,including Bax and caspases 3,8,9,exhibited enhanced expression in KKUM214 cells.The combination treatments caused down-regulation of p53,whereas the expression of p21 was fairly constant when compared with cisplatin single drug treatment.Conclusions:Peanut testa extracts in combination with cisplatin synergistically reduce cell viability and induce apoptosis through stimulation of caspases 3,8 and 9 in KKU-M214 cells.

Phytochemicals Screening, Phenolic Estimation and Evaluation for Anti-Oxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Microbial Activities of Sequentially Soxhlet Extracted Coconut Testa

Background: In many coconut industries, the outer layer of thin brown skin of coconut kernel known as testa is peeled out as a byproduct. Despite the testa is rich in fat and plenty of polyphenolic compounds, it has been underutilized either as animal feed, serving as raw materials for bio-diesel production or discarded directly. Anticipating coconut testa (CT) as a natural source of multiple phyto-chemicals, its exploitation for the pharmacological activity or utilization as value added product is required which may reduce the disposal costs as well. Methods: Secondary metabolites from CT were extracted sequentially with different organic solvents based on polarity in the soxhlet apparatus followed by extraction with sterilized water. The crude dried extracts thus prepared were evaluated for qualitative screening of phytochemicals and quantitative estimation of total phenols, flavonoids and tannin content. Moreover, the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial activities were also investigated. Results: Phytochemicals screening revealed the presence of polyphenolic compounds in methanolic fraction including phenols (822.60 ± 16.36 mg/g), flavonoids (103.30 ± 9.78 mg/g) and tannin (663.50 ± 19.26 mg/g), whereas non-phenolic compounds were present in other fractions. While methanolic fraction showed invariably the highest anti-oxidant activity in multiple assay methods, non-phenolic compounds in aqueous and chloroform fractions exhibited high anti-inflammatory activity. Antimicrobial activity was observed by both phenolic and non-phenolic compounds. Conclusion: The findings of the study reveal that CT is a rich source of various polyphenolic and non-phenolic natural antioxidants, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial compounds. These findings are promising and form the basis to identify the number of active components and their characterization.

New FTZs Underway

China(Shanghai)Pilot Free Trade Zone(FTZ)will not be the only one of its kind in China.A year after the launching of the Shanghai FTZ,China is planning to set up three new free trade zones to give impetus to its faltering economy.The three FTZs will be established in South China’s Guangdong province,East China’s Fujian province and North China’s Tianjin Municipality from March 1,2015,according to an

Phenolic compounds from Peanut testa

Phytochemical investigation of peanut testa(the seed coat of Arachis hypogaea L.)led to the isolation of eight phenolic compounds,including caffeic acid(1),methyl caffeate(2),ethyl caffeate(3),methyl protocatechuate(4),ethyl protocatechuate(5),butyl protocatechuate(6),(E)-p-hydroxycinnamic acid methyl ester(7),and resveratrol(8).The structures of the compounds were elucidated through spectroscopic data analysis and comparison with the previously reported literature.Among them,compounds 2,3,5,and 6 were obtained from Arachis hypogaea L.for the first time.

Effects of Transparent Testa8(TT8) gene and Homeobox12(HB12) gene silencing in alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.) on molecular structure spectral profile in relation to energy,degradation,and fermentation characteristics in ruminant systems

Alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.) is a legume forage that is widely cultivated owing to its high biomass yield and favorable nutrient values. However, alfalfa contains relatively high lignin, which limits its utilization.Downregulation of two transcriptional factors, Transparent Testa8(TT8) and Homeobox12(HB12), has been proposed to reduce lignin content in alfalfa. Therefore, silencing of TT8(TT8i) and HB12(HB12i) in alfalfa was achieved by RNAi technology. The objective of this project was to determine effect of gene modification through silencing of TT8 and HB12 genes in alfalfa plants on lignin and phenolic content,bioenergic value, nutrient supply from rumen degradable and undegradable fractions, and in vitro ammonia production in response to the silencing of TT8 and HB12 genes in alfalfa. All gene silenced alfalfa plants(5 TT8i and 11 HB12i) were grown under greenhouse conditions with wild type as a control.Samples were analyzed for bioactive compounds, degradation fractions, truly digestible nutrients, energetic values and in vitro ammonia productions in ruminant systems. Furthermore, relationships between physiochemical, metabolic and fermentation characteristics and molecular spectral parameters were determined using vibrational molecular spectroscopy. Results showed that the HB12i had higher lignin, while TT8i had higher phenolics. Both silenced genotypes had higher rumen slowly degraded carbohydrate fractions and truly digestible neutral detergent fiber, but lower rumen degradable protein fractions. Moreover, the HB12i had lower truly digestible crude protein, energetic values and ammonia production compared with other silenced genotypes. In addition, in relation to the nutritive values of alfalfa, structural carbohydrate parameters were negatively correlated, whereas alpha/beta ratio in protein structure was positively correlated. Furthermore, good predictions were obtained for degradation of protein and carbohydrate fractions and energy values from molecular spectral parameters. In conclusion, silencing of the TT8 and HB12 genes decreased protein availability and increased fiber availability. Silencing of the HB12 gene also increased lignin and decreased energy and rumen ammonia production. Moreover, nutritional alterations were closely correlated with molecular spectral parameters. Therefore, gene modification through silencing the TT8 and HB12 genes in alfalfa influenced physiochemical, metabolic and fermentation characteristics.

黑莓(Rubus spp.)TT12基因的同源克隆及其生物学信息分析

从长势良好‘阿拉好’黑莓(Rubus spp.)的果实中提取并分离总RNA,反转录成c DNA,根据已登录的黑莓转录组数据,参考其它植物透明外种皮基因(TRANSPARENT TESTA 12,TT12)设计引物,通过RT-PCR扩增得到目的条带,命名为Ru TT12-1。序列分析发现:Ru TT12-1基因全长1 659 bp,具有一个1 464 bp的开放阅读框,编码486个氨基酸,蛋白质分子量为53.09 k D,等电点为5.416。同源性分析表明,其核苷酸序列与其它植物TT12同源基因的一致性为71%~89%。实验分析表明,Ru TT12-1蛋白含有两个MATE结构域,说明此基因属于MATE家族;亚细胞定位预测显示,此基因定位于细胞质膜。蛋白二级结构预测显示,Ru TT12-1蛋白有15个α-螺旋,19个β折叠区,21个β-转角,其大多数氨基酸为具有疏水性。本研究初步了解了该基因的生物学信息特征,有助于今后进一步了解其相关功能,进而揭示花青素苷和原花青素由细胞质转移到细胞中央大液泡的转运过程。

圣典降维与话语治理——18世纪古典与圣经研究的语文学转向

一、经典重访的语文学入径:沃尔夫与艾希霍恩语文学(Philology)在欧洲有着悠久的传统,被视为一切现代人文学科的起源。苏源熙(Haun Saussy)曾作一有趣的譬喻:如果说现在作为一门学科的语文学被细分为国族和方法论的各种部落(tribes),包括批评、理论、罗曼语、日耳曼语等,那么"语文学家"就是我们学科的祖父母、曾祖父母共同的名字。

Analysis of Gene Expression Patterns during Seed Coat Development in Arabidopsis

The seed coat is important for embryo protection, seed hydration, and dispersal. Seed coat composition is also of interest to the agricultural sector, since it impacts the nutritional value for humans and livestock alike. Although some seed coat genes have been identified, the developmental pathways controlling seed coat development are not completely elucidated, and a global genetic program associated with seed coat development has not been reported. This study uses a combination of genetic and genomic approaches in Arabidopsis thaliana to begin to address these knowledge gaps. Seed coat development is a complex process whereby the integuments of the ovule differentiate into specialized cell types. In Arabidopsis, the outermost layer of cells secretes mucilage into the apoplast and develops a secondary cell wall known as a columella. The layer beneath the epidermis, the palisade, synthesizes a secondary cell wall on its inner tangential side. The innermost layer （the pigmented layer or endothelium） produces proanthocyanidins that condense into tannins and oxidize, giving a brown color to mature seeds. Genetic separation of these cell layers was achieved using the ap2-7 and tt16-1 mutants, where the epidermis/palisade and the endothelium do not develop respectively. This genetic ablation was exploited to examine the developmental programs of these cell types by isolating and collecting seed coats at key tran- sitions during development and performing global gene expression analysis. The data indicate that the developmental programs of the epidermis and the pigmented layer proceed relatively independently. Global expression datasets that can be used for identification of new gene candidates for seed coat development were generated. These dataset provide a comprehensive expression profile for developing seed coats in Arabidopsis, and should provide a useful resource and reference for other seed systems.

In vitro anti-Helicobacter pylori activity of aqueous extract from Persian Oak testa

Objective:Growing problem of antibiotic resistance in Helicobacter pylori,as a common cause of chronic gastritis and even stomach cancer,demands searching for novel candidates of herbal sources.This study is aimed at assessing the antimicrobial activity of aqueous extract obtained from Quercus brantii var.persica seed coat(Testa)on H.pylori isolated from gastric biopsy specimens.Methods:Such specimens were collected from 100 patients presenting with endoscopic gastroduodenal findings.Testa extracts were prepared from Persian Oak forests in the province of Kohgiluyeh and BoyerAhmad,IRAN.H.pylori isolates were obtained by a series of standard bacteriology tests and cell culture,then were confirmed by PCR.The activity of testa extracts towards 25 H.pylori isolates was assessed by well diffusion method,microdilution assay,and a disk diffusion assay in vitro.Results were analyzed statistically by one-way ANOVA analysis.Results:Aqueous extract of testa demonstrated an antimicrobial activity with zone diameters of inhibition ranged from 0 mm to 40 mm.Its inhibitory activity increased simultaneously with increasing extract concentration.The lowest MIC and MBC were both recorded as 2μg/m L.Anti-H.pylori activity of testa extract was approximately close to tetracycline and metronidazole and less than amoxicillin.A potent extract of testa possessed significant inhibitory activity(P<0.05).Conclusion:Testa extract is suggested as a natural therapeutic source against the gastric H.pylori infection.However,evaluating the in vivo activity of this extract is necessary too.

PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS ON THE EFFECTS OF Melia azedarach EXTRACT AGAINST SCHISTOSOMIASIS MANSONI IN MICE

Ⅰ. INTRODUCTION Most of the western physicians generally prescribe synthetic drugs for the treatment of parasitic disease. On the other hand many crude drugs and plant extracts still continue to find effective use in the traditional Chinese medicine. These

THE RELATION BETWEEN THE CONTENTS OF ABSCISIC ACID AND THE PROPERTY OF DORMANCY-GERMINATION IN SEEDS OF SEVERAL SPECIES OF PINES

Since Ohkuma and Wareing et al. isolated abscisie acid, there have been many reports considering that the ABA (abseisic acido) inhibits the germination of nondormant seeds and exists in dormant seeds; after cold stratification the ABA level usually decreases rapidly, thus some research workers for a long time consider that the ABA is a main factor which causes seed dormancy. But, Rudinick and