Ion Photon Emission Microscope for Single Event Effect Testing in CIAE

Ion photon emission microscopy （IPEM） is a new ion-induced emission microscopy. It employs a broad ion beam with high energy and low fluence rate impinging on a sample. The position of a single ion is detected by an optical system with objective lens, prism, microscope tube and charge coupled device （CCD）. A thin ZnS film doped with Ag ions is used as a luminescent material. Generation efficiency and transmission efficiency of photons in the ZnS（Ag） film created by irradiated Cl ions are calculated. A single Cl ion optical microscopic image is observed by high quantum efficiency CCD. The resolution of a single Cl ion given in this IPEM system is 6μm. Several factors influencing the resolution are discussed. A silicon diode is used to collect the electrical signals caused by the incident ions. Effective and accidental coincidence of optical images and electronic signals are illustrated. A two-dimensional map of single event effect is drawn out according to the data of effective coincidence.

Can environmental sustainability be decoupled from economic growth? Empirical evidence from Eastern Europe using the common correlated effect mean group test

The European Union(EU) and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD) aim to develop long-term policies for their respective member countries. Having observed increasing dangers to the environment posed by rising economic growth, they are seeking pathways to enable policy action on economic growth and environmental sustainability. Given the facts in theoretical and empirical studies, this study assessed the validity of the decoupling hypothesis by investigating asymmetricity in the relationship between environmental sustainability and economic growth in nine Eastern European countries from 1998 to 2017 using the cross-section augmented Dickey-Fuller(CADF) unit root, panel corrected standard error(PCSE), common correlated effect mean group(CCEMG), and Dumitrescu Hurlin causality approaches. Both population growth and drinking water are used as controlled variables. The outcomes establish strong cointegration among all the variables of interest. According to the results of CCEMG test, economic growth exerts short-term environmental degradation but has long-term environmental benefits in Eastern Europe;and population growth and drinking water exert a positive effect on environmental sustainability in both the short-and long-run. The results of Dumitrescu Hurlin causality test indicate that environmental sustainability is unidirectionally affected by economic growth. Based on these outcomes, we suggest the following policies:(1) the EU and OECD should implement member-targeted policies on economic growth and fossil-fuel use towards regulating industrial pollution, water use, and population control;and(2) the EU and OECD member countries should invest in environmental technologies through green research and development(R&D) to transform their dirty industrial processes and ensure productive energy use.

Laboratory Research on Effective Test Area of Short-Crested Waves Generated by Two-Sided Segmented Wavemakers

The size and shape of the effective test area are crucial to consider when short-crested waves are created by segmented wavemakers. The range of the effective test area of short-crested waves simulated by two-sided segmented wavemakers is analyzed in this paper. The experimental investigation on the wave field distribution of short-crested waves generated by two-sided segmented wavemakers is conducted by using an array of wave gauges. Wave spectra and directional spreading function are analyzed and the results show that when the main direction is at a certain angle with the normal line of wave generators, the wave field of 3D short-crested waves generated by two-sided segmented wavemakers has good spatial uniformity within the model test area. The effective test area can provide good wave environments for seakeeping model tests of various ocean engineering structures in the deep ocean engineering basin.

Interference effects of two and three super-tall buildings under wind action

Most previous investigations on interference effects of tall buildings under wind actions focused on the wind induced interference effects between two buildings,and the interference effects of three or more buildings have seldom been studied so far due to the huge workload involved in experiments and data processing.In this paper,mean and dynamic force/response interference effects and peak wind pressure interference effects of two and three tall buildings,especially the three-building configuration,are investigated through a series of wind tunnel tests on typical tall building models using high frequency force balance technique and wind pressure measurements.Furthermore,the present paper focuses on the effects of parameters,including breadth ratio and height ratio of the buildings and terrain category,on the interference factors and derives relevant regression results for the interference factors.

Influence of Tilted Angle on Effective Linear Energy Transfer in Single Event Effect Tests for Integrated Circuits at 130 nm Technology Node

A heavy-ion irradiation experiment is studied in digital storage cells with different design approaches in 130？nm CMOS bulk Si and silicon-on-insulator （SOI） technologies. The effectiveness of linear energy transfer （LET） with a tilted ion beam at the 130？nm technology node is obtained. Tests of tilted angles θ=0 ° , 30 ° and 60 ° with respect to the normal direction are performed under heavy-ion Kr with certain power whose LET is about 40？MeVcm 2 /mg at normal incidence. Error numbers in D flip-flop chains are used to determine their upset sensitivity at different incidence angles. It is indicated that the effective LETs for SOI and bulk Si are not exactly in inverse proportion to cosθ , furthermore the effective LET for SOI is more closely in inverse proportion to cosθ compared to bulk Si, which are also the well known behavior. It is interesting that, if we design the sample in the dual interlocked storage cell approach, the effective LET in bulk Si will look like inversely proportional to cosθ very well, which is also specifically explained.

Development of Contactless Method of the DUT Heating during Single-Event Effect Tests

This paper presents two approaches to perform the electronic device heating during radiation hardness assurance tests.Commonly used conductive heating approach is compared with contactless laser-based approach,characteristics and limitations of these methods are described.Experimental results for temperature dependence of single-event latchup(SEL)cross-section during heavy ion irradiation along with some aspects of physics-based numerical simulation of heat transfer processes are presented.

Gravitational effect of water circulation in the northwest Yunnan

Water circulation is the main disturbance source against precise gravimetry measurement which is one of the principal means of geodynamic study. Some scientists studied the disturbance of water level changes in lakes andrivers and groundwater activities on gravity field.Taking water circulation as a whole and combining it with thehydrogeological conditions in northwest Yunnan mountainous area and the measured gravity data,this paperstudies the features, connections of water circulation in atmosphere,on surface and under ground and its effecton gravimetric data. The main conclusions are as follows: 1) The water circulation in atmosphere has little directdisturbance on gravity field 1 2 ) The change of lake water level may cause gravitational effect of (10- 20) × 10-8m. s-2 ; 3) In the NW Yunnan, types of the groundwater are various,and its changes are complicated, it isnecessary to study point by point. In general, its disturbance on gravity field in this region is about 10 × 10- 8m. s- 2, less than that in plain area.

TESTING FOR VARYING DISPERSION IN DISCRETE EXPONENTIAL FAMILY NONLINEAR MODELS

It is necessary to test for varying dispersion in generalized nonlinear models.Wei,et al(1998) developed a likelihood ratio test,a score test and their adjustments to test for varying dispersion in continuous exponential family nonlinear models.This type of problem in the framework of general discrete exponential family nonlinear models is discussed.Two types of varying dispersion,which are random coefficients model and random effects model,are proposed,and corresponding score test statistics are constructed and expressed in simple,easy to use,matrix formulas.

The Chromosomal Effect of Birchen Dust as Determined by the Micronucleus Test

In a wood processing factory, the measured air concentration of birchen dust was 1. 26 ±0. 41 mg/m3, and the micronucleus frequency of peripheral blood lymphocytes in 83 workersexposed to wood dust was 1. 13 ± 2. 83%, which was significantly higher (P < 0.01 ) thanthat of control group (0. 51 ± 1. 41% ). The number of exposed workers with positive mi-cronucleus test was 9. 6 %, which was higher than that of control group (4. 5 % ), but thedifference was not significant (P >0. 05 ). The micronucleus test in mice treated with waterextracts of unsteamed and unbaked birchen dust showed that the micronucleus frequencies inall treated groups were significantly higher than that of contro group (P < 0. 01 ) and therewas also a doseresponse correlation (r = 0. 96, P < 0. 0005 ). The results of steamed andbaked birchen dust extracts were significantly lower than those of the unsteamed and unbakedones at the same doses (P< 0. 001 ). This suggests that when the birchen dust is steamed atthe temperature of 100℃ for 24h or baked at the temperature of 80℃, its inducing effect inmicronucleus test could be lowered

Seismic performances of dyke on liquefiable soils

Various field investigations of earthquake disaster cases have confirmed that earthquake-induced liquefaction is a main factor causing significant damage to dyke,research on seismic performances of dyke is thus of great importance.In this paper,seismic responses of dyke on liquefiable soils were investigated by means of dynamic centrifuge model tests and three-dimensional（3D） effective stress analysis method which is based on a multiple shear mechanism model and a liquefaction front.For the prototype scale centrifuge tests,sine wave input motions with peak accelerations 0.806 m/s2,1.790 m/s2 and 3.133 m/s2 of varied amplitudes were adopted to study the seismic performances of dyke on the saturated soil layer foundation with relative density of approximately 30%.Then,corresponding numerical simulations were conducted to investigate the distribution and variations of deformation,acceleration,excess pore-water pressure（EPWP）,and behaviors of shear dilatancy in the dyke and the liquefiable soil foundation.Moreover,detailed discussions and comparisons between numerical simulations and centrifuge tests were also presented.It is concluded that the computed results have a good agreement with the measured results by centrifuge tests.The physical and numerical models both indicate that the dyke hosted on liquefiable soils subjected to earthquake motions has exhibited larger settlement and lateral spread：the stronger the motion is,the larger the dyke deformation is.Compared to soils in the deep ground under the dyke and the free field,the EPWP ratio is much smaller in the shallow liquefiable soil beneath the dyke in spite of large deformation produced.For the same overburden depth soil from free site and the liquefiable foundation beneath dyke,the characteristics of effective stress path and stress-strain relations are different.All these results may be of theoretical and practical significance for seismic design of the dyke on liquefiable soils.

FIRST STEP VIEW OF THE EFFICACY OF ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS

A human K562 leukaemia call and acute adult leudaemia patient samples have been used to test the efficacy of antineoplastic agents with MTT assay.All 18 drugs were invoved.According to the purpose of experiment these durgs were applied at different opportunities or combinations.The drug efficacy has been observed and summarized as four different conditions:1.the change of the time(△ T )closely related with drug effacacy, during the duration the change of drug concentration(△ C) at certain extent has almost no influence; 2the △ C closely related with the efficacy, the △ T has no influence;3. The △ C and △ T effect the results together;and 4.the △ C and △ T effect not the result. And then draw a conclution that the process or drug effacacy has a multiple function with flat distrtct.

The Obtaining and Verification of Meticulous Climate Forecast Product

[Objective] The aim was to study the obtaining method of meticulous climate forecast product and test its forecast effect. [Method] Based on the national standard surface observation data and secondary data bank obtained by means of distance weight interpolation method, the model of climate forecast was established, and the timing, fixed-point and quantitative meticulous climate forecast of meteorological elements was obtained by using many forecast methods and artificial revision, finally the forecast effect was tested. [Result] At present, meticulous climate forecast system was used to predict the daily, five-day, ten-day, monthly, seasonal and annual variation of six meteorological elements (including average temperature, maximum temperature, minimum temperature, precipitation, average pressure and sunshine) in 10 meteorological stations in Guangzhou City. The forecast effect of meteorological elements in 10 stations in Guangzhou City from 2006 to 2010 was tested, and the average scores of monthly precipitation, average temperature, maximum temperature and minimum temperature were 75.0, 94.5, 98.6 and 88.9, respectively, while the scores of five-day meteorological elements were 77.1, 90.6, 90.1 and 82.8, which met the requirement of objective management of Guangdong Meteorological Observatory. [Conclusion] Meticulous climate forecast system could be widely used in the forecast of agricultural meteorological disasters and fixed-point forecast in large reservoir, new airport and nuclear power station.

Major Outcomes through Recent ROSA/LSTF Experiments and Future Plans

Many experiments have been conducted on accidents and transients of pressurized water reactor (PWR) employing the rig of safety assessment/large-scale test facility (ROSA/LSTF). Recent research activities concerned with the OECD/NEA international joint projects included experimental investigation via the ROSA and ROSA-2 Projects, and counterpart testing with thermal-hydraulic integral test facilities under collaboration of the PKL-2, PKL-3, ATLAS, and ATLAS-2 Projects. Major results of the related integral effect tests (IETs) with the LSTF were reviewed to experimentally identify thermal-hydraulic phenomena involved, regarding the PWR accident sequences in accordance with the new regulatory requirements for the Japanese light-water nuclear power plants. Future separate effect test using the LSTF is planned to simulate loss of emergency core cooling system (ECCS) recirculation functions in a large-break loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA). Key results of the recent IETs utilizing the LSTF and future plans were presented relevant to multiple steam generator tube rupture accident with recovery operation, small-break LOCA with accident management measure on core exit temperature reliability, and small-break LOCA with thermal stratification under cold water injection from ECCS into cold legs. Also, main outcomes of the LSTF IETs were indicated for wide spectrum LOCA with core uncovery and anticipated transient without scram following small-break LOCA under totally failed high-pressure injection system.

Reduction of Faults in Software Testing by Fault Domination

Although mutation testing is one of the practical ways of enhancing test effectiveness in software testing, it could be sometimes infeasible in practical work for a large scale software so that the mutation testing becomes time-consuming and even in prohibited time. Therefore, the number of faults assumed to exist in the software under test should be reduced so as to be able to confine the time complexity of test within a reasonable period of time. This paper utilizes the concept of fault dominance and equivalence, which has long been employed in hardware testing, for revealing a novel way of reducing the number of faults assumed to hide in software systems. Once the number of faults assumed in software is decreased sharply, the effectiveness of mutation testing will be greatly enhanced and become a feasible way of software testing. Examples and experimental results are presented to illustrate the effectiveness and the helpfulness of the technology proposed in the paper.

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF EFFECTS OF INNER-TANK SLO-SHING ON HYDRODYNAMICS OF AN FLNG SYSTEM

The present research focuses on experimentally clarifying the effect of inner-tank sloshing on the hydrodynamics of an Floating Liquefied Natural Gas（FLNG）system.Through the comparisons of the results obtained from the model tests carried out with the vessel model ballasted with liquid and solid cargo separately,the effects of the inner-tank sloshing on the hydrodynamics of an FLNG system are highlighted and presented.Statistical languages of the maximum,minimum,mean values and the standard deviations and power density spectra calculated with the help of the algorithm of Fast Fourier Transformation（FFT）are provided.It is concluded that the effects of the inner-tank sloshing on the responses of the FLNG system are sensitive to wave excitation frequencies,and that the effects of the inner-tank sloshing play an important role,particularly in the roll motion of the FLNG hull.The outcome of the proposed technique would offer constructive feedback,which can lead to more practical applications and can serve as a reference for the verification of the potential numerical simulations by other researchers.

Exploration of Complexity in Software Reliability

Traditionally, timing and the failure rate are the only two factors considered in software reliability formula, which is actually incomplete. Reliability should be redefined as a function of software complexity, test effectiveness, and operating environment. This paper focuses on software complexity with its relation to the soft- ware reliability. Today, many software complexity measurements have been proposed, but most of them treat the reliability model incompletely. This paper proposes a new method which considers a relatively complete view of software reliability including its complexity and test effectiveness of the software being tested.