Tetramethylammonium hydroxide(TMAH)is an important compound that utilized and released by the rapidly expanding semiconductor industry,which could hardly be removed by the conventional wastewater treatment techniques....Tetramethylammonium hydroxide(TMAH)is an important compound that utilized and released by the rapidly expanding semiconductor industry,which could hardly be removed by the conventional wastewater treatment techniques.As a cholinergic agonist,the tetramethylammonium ion(TMA^(+))has been reported to induce toxicity to muscular and respiratory systems of mammals and human,however the toxicity on aquatic biota remains poorly known.We investigated the neurotoxic effects of TMA^(+)exposure on zebrafish,based on neurobehavior tests and a series of biomarkers.Significant inhibitions on the swimming distance of zebrafish larvae were observed when the exposure level exceeded 50 mg/L,and significant alterations on swimming path angles(straight and deflective movements)occurred even at 10 mg/L.The tested neurobehavioral endpoints of zebrafish larvae were significantly positively correlated with reactive oxygen species(ROS)and malondialdehyde(MDA),significantly negatively related with the activities of antioxidant enzymes,but not significantly correlated with the level of acetylcholinesterase(AChE).Such relationship indicates that the observed neurotoxic effects on swimming behavior of zebrafish larvae is mainly driven by oxidative stress,rather than the alterations of neurotransmitter.At the highest exposure concentration(200 mg/L),TMA^(+)evoked more severe toxicity on zebrafish juveniles,showing significantly stronger elevation on the MDA activity,and greater inhibitions on the activities of antioxidant enzymes and ACh E,suggesting juveniles were more susceptible to TMA^(+)exposure than larval zebrafish.展开更多
Lead titanate nanostructures with different phases and morphologies, layered hexagonal PbTiO2（CO3）0.3- （NO3）0.35（OH） nanosheets, pyrochlore Pb2Ti2O6 nanodendites, pre-perovskite PbTiO3 nanofibres and perovskite ...Lead titanate nanostructures with different phases and morphologies, layered hexagonal PbTiO2（CO3）0.3- （NO3）0.35（OH） nanosheets, pyrochlore Pb2Ti2O6 nanodendites, pre-perovskite PbTiO3 nanofibres and perovskite PbTiO3 nanoplates, have been synthesized via a conventional hydrothermal route assisted with different concentra- tions of tetramethylammonium hydroxide （TMAH）. X-ray diffraction （XRD）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, and high-resolution TEM （HRTEM） were employed to characterize the phase, morphology and growth behavior of the synthesized samples. The results reveal that at low TMAH concen- tration the obtained samples are mainly of PbTiO2（CO3）o.3（NO3）0.35（OH） nanosheets. With the TMAH concentration increasing, the obtained samples change to pyrochlore Pb2Ti2O6 nanodendites, pre-perovskite PbTiO3 nanofibres and perovskite PbTiO3 nanoplates in turn. With the basis of the experimental results, the phase- and morpholo- gy-evolution mechanism of the lead titanate nanostructures is discussed by combining the analysis of the lattice structure feature and the properties of TMAH.展开更多
Diketopyrrolopyrrole(DPP)is one of the most promising building blocks for constructing polymer semiconductors with high charge-carrier mobilities in organic field-effect transistors(OFETs).In this study,a novel DPP-ba...Diketopyrrolopyrrole(DPP)is one of the most promising building blocks for constructing polymer semiconductors with high charge-carrier mobilities in organic field-effect transistors(OFETs).In this study,a novel DPP-based conjugated polymer,PDPPy-BDD,was designed and synthesized.The ambipolar field-effect transistor characteristics were realized with the average hole and electron mobilities of 3.5×10^(-3)and 3.07×10^(-2)cm^(2)V^(-1)s^(-1),respectively.Both the hole and electron mobilities could be successfully en-hanced by using a tetramethylammonium iodide(NMe4l)additive.Such an enhancement was attributed to the formation of stronger interchainπ-πstackings,the weakening of the face-on packing orientation in the thin film state,and the higher channel conductivi-ties in the OFETs.展开更多
Although all-inorganic perovskites possess suitable bandgap and thermal stability for photovoltaic ap-plications,the unstable film morphologies,and poor moisture stabilities lag behind the organic-inorganic hybrid cou...Although all-inorganic perovskites possess suitable bandgap and thermal stability for photovoltaic ap-plications,the unstable film morphologies,and poor moisture stabilities lag behind the organic-inorganic hybrid counterparts.Herein,we demonstrate that high qualityα-CsPbI_(2 ) Br films with improved phase sta-bility,high crystallinity,and pinhole-free film morphology was achieved by employing tetramethylammo-nium chloride(TMACl)as an additive.As a result,the TMACl-added CsPbI_(2) Br films exhibited high power conversion efficiency of 14.12%with an open-circuit voltage of 1.19 V,a short-circuit current density of 15.08 mA/cm^(2),and a fill factor of 0.78.More importantly,the TMACl addition imparts hydrophobicity to the film surface of CsPbI_(2) Br,which delivered excellent stability up to 30 days in the ambient condition and thermal stability at 85℃ for 156 h,respectively.Moreover,the TMACl-added device also exhibited excellent PCE of 27.16%under indoor light source(1000 lux),which presents a promising approach for designing stable but high performance all-inorganic perovskite solar cells.展开更多
The dielectric properties of tetramethylammonium monoiodide and pentaiodide were investigated in broad temperature range(-150℃till+50℃).It was demonstrated that the structural organization of the polyiodide chain co...The dielectric properties of tetramethylammonium monoiodide and pentaiodide were investigated in broad temperature range(-150℃till+50℃).It was demonstrated that the structural organization of the polyiodide chain containing I...I charge-assisted halogen bonds influenced the parameters and the mechanism of electric conductivity of considered compound.The impedance spectroscopic measurements revealed that the direct current electric conductivity of pentaiodide salt is around four orders of magnitude higher than that of corresponding monoiodide.Moreover,pentaiodide demonstrates the hopping mechanism of conductivity.展开更多
Tetramethylammonium methyl carbonate(TMAMC)was synthesized by using trimethylamine and dimethyl carbonate as starting materials and methanol as solvent.And then,TMAMC was hydrolyzed to tetramethylammonium hydrogen car...Tetramethylammonium methyl carbonate(TMAMC)was synthesized by using trimethylamine and dimethyl carbonate as starting materials and methanol as solvent.And then,TMAMC was hydrolyzed to tetramethylammonium hydrogen carbonate(TMAHC).TMAHC was a kind of internediate of tetramethylammonium hydroxide(TMAH),which was widely used in industrial catalysis and electronic industry.In the synthesis of TMAMC,reaction temperature,materials molar ratio and initial nitrogen pressure were investigated.The optimum reaction conditions was listed as follows:reaction temperature was 120℃,trimethylamine and dimethyl carbonate molar ratio was 1.1∶1,initial nitrogen pressure was 0.1MPa.On this conditions the yield of TMAMC reached 98.4%.In the hydrolysis of TMAMC,the best reaction temperature was 70℃,and the related reaction time was 40 minutes.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2019YFC0408203)。
文摘Tetramethylammonium hydroxide(TMAH)is an important compound that utilized and released by the rapidly expanding semiconductor industry,which could hardly be removed by the conventional wastewater treatment techniques.As a cholinergic agonist,the tetramethylammonium ion(TMA^(+))has been reported to induce toxicity to muscular and respiratory systems of mammals and human,however the toxicity on aquatic biota remains poorly known.We investigated the neurotoxic effects of TMA^(+)exposure on zebrafish,based on neurobehavior tests and a series of biomarkers.Significant inhibitions on the swimming distance of zebrafish larvae were observed when the exposure level exceeded 50 mg/L,and significant alterations on swimming path angles(straight and deflective movements)occurred even at 10 mg/L.The tested neurobehavioral endpoints of zebrafish larvae were significantly positively correlated with reactive oxygen species(ROS)and malondialdehyde(MDA),significantly negatively related with the activities of antioxidant enzymes,but not significantly correlated with the level of acetylcholinesterase(AChE).Such relationship indicates that the observed neurotoxic effects on swimming behavior of zebrafish larvae is mainly driven by oxidative stress,rather than the alterations of neurotransmitter.At the highest exposure concentration(200 mg/L),TMA^(+)evoked more severe toxicity on zebrafish juveniles,showing significantly stronger elevation on the MDA activity,and greater inhibitions on the activities of antioxidant enzymes and ACh E,suggesting juveniles were more susceptible to TMA^(+)exposure than larval zebrafish.
基金This work is supported by the National Natural Sci- ence Foundation of China （Nos. 61274004, 51232006） and the Zhejiang Natural Science Foundation of China （No. LY 12B07007）.
文摘Lead titanate nanostructures with different phases and morphologies, layered hexagonal PbTiO2（CO3）0.3- （NO3）0.35（OH） nanosheets, pyrochlore Pb2Ti2O6 nanodendites, pre-perovskite PbTiO3 nanofibres and perovskite PbTiO3 nanoplates, have been synthesized via a conventional hydrothermal route assisted with different concentra- tions of tetramethylammonium hydroxide （TMAH）. X-ray diffraction （XRD）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, and high-resolution TEM （HRTEM） were employed to characterize the phase, morphology and growth behavior of the synthesized samples. The results reveal that at low TMAH concen- tration the obtained samples are mainly of PbTiO2（CO3）o.3（NO3）0.35（OH） nanosheets. With the TMAH concentration increasing, the obtained samples change to pyrochlore Pb2Ti2O6 nanodendites, pre-perovskite PbTiO3 nanofibres and perovskite PbTiO3 nanoplates in turn. With the basis of the experimental results, the phase- and morpholo- gy-evolution mechanism of the lead titanate nanostructures is discussed by combining the analysis of the lattice structure feature and the properties of TMAH.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant no.62150610496)Department of Education of Guangdong Province University Innovation Foundation(2021KTSCX107)+2 种基金Shenzhen Science,Technology and Innovation Commission(JCYJ20220530113014033).P.S.is thankful to QUT for the financial support from the Australian Research Council(ARC)for the Discovery Grant(DP210103006)and QUT core funding(QUT/322120-0301/07)The synchrotron radiation experiments were performed at BL40B2 in SPring-8 with the approval of JASRI(Proposal No.2020A0651)The authors thank Dr.Hiroyasu Masunaga and Dr.Noboru Ohta(Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute:JASRI)for assistance in the GIWAXS experiments。
文摘Diketopyrrolopyrrole(DPP)is one of the most promising building blocks for constructing polymer semiconductors with high charge-carrier mobilities in organic field-effect transistors(OFETs).In this study,a novel DPP-based conjugated polymer,PDPPy-BDD,was designed and synthesized.The ambipolar field-effect transistor characteristics were realized with the average hole and electron mobilities of 3.5×10^(-3)and 3.07×10^(-2)cm^(2)V^(-1)s^(-1),respectively.Both the hole and electron mobilities could be successfully en-hanced by using a tetramethylammonium iodide(NMe4l)additive.Such an enhancement was attributed to the formation of stronger interchainπ-πstackings,the weakening of the face-on packing orientation in the thin film state,and the higher channel conductivi-ties in the OFETs.
基金supported by the Korea Electric Power Corporation (No. R20XO02-13)supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning (No. 2020R1A6A1A03048004)。
文摘Although all-inorganic perovskites possess suitable bandgap and thermal stability for photovoltaic ap-plications,the unstable film morphologies,and poor moisture stabilities lag behind the organic-inorganic hybrid counterparts.Herein,we demonstrate that high qualityα-CsPbI_(2 ) Br films with improved phase sta-bility,high crystallinity,and pinhole-free film morphology was achieved by employing tetramethylammo-nium chloride(TMACl)as an additive.As a result,the TMACl-added CsPbI_(2) Br films exhibited high power conversion efficiency of 14.12%with an open-circuit voltage of 1.19 V,a short-circuit current density of 15.08 mA/cm^(2),and a fill factor of 0.78.More importantly,the TMACl addition imparts hydrophobicity to the film surface of CsPbI_(2) Br,which delivered excellent stability up to 30 days in the ambient condition and thermal stability at 85℃ for 156 h,respectively.Moreover,the TMACl-added device also exhibited excellent PCE of 27.16%under indoor light source(1000 lux),which presents a promising approach for designing stable but high performance all-inorganic perovskite solar cells.
基金The Government of Russian Federation decree No.211,agreement No.02.A03.21.0011the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation.4.1157.2017/4.6.
文摘The dielectric properties of tetramethylammonium monoiodide and pentaiodide were investigated in broad temperature range(-150℃till+50℃).It was demonstrated that the structural organization of the polyiodide chain containing I...I charge-assisted halogen bonds influenced the parameters and the mechanism of electric conductivity of considered compound.The impedance spectroscopic measurements revealed that the direct current electric conductivity of pentaiodide salt is around four orders of magnitude higher than that of corresponding monoiodide.Moreover,pentaiodide demonstrates the hopping mechanism of conductivity.
文摘Tetramethylammonium methyl carbonate(TMAMC)was synthesized by using trimethylamine and dimethyl carbonate as starting materials and methanol as solvent.And then,TMAMC was hydrolyzed to tetramethylammonium hydrogen carbonate(TMAHC).TMAHC was a kind of internediate of tetramethylammonium hydroxide(TMAH),which was widely used in industrial catalysis and electronic industry.In the synthesis of TMAMC,reaction temperature,materials molar ratio and initial nitrogen pressure were investigated.The optimum reaction conditions was listed as follows:reaction temperature was 120℃,trimethylamine and dimethyl carbonate molar ratio was 1.1∶1,initial nitrogen pressure was 0.1MPa.On this conditions the yield of TMAMC reached 98.4%.In the hydrolysis of TMAMC,the best reaction temperature was 70℃,and the related reaction time was 40 minutes.
