Environmentally friendly, microwave-assisted synthesis of 5-substituted 1H-tetrazoles by recyclable CuO nanoparticles via(3+2) cycloaddition of nitriles and NaN_3

Recyclable CuO nanoparticles were successfully employed to catalyze the microwave‐assisted(3+2)cycloaddition reaction between nitriles and NaN3to efficiently synthesize5‐substituted1H‐tetrazoles.The salient features associated with this protocol are its cost effectiveness,rapid synthesis,stability,reusability,mild reaction conditions without any additives,high tolerance to various functional groups,and excellent yields under microwave irradiation.This environmentally friendly,microwave‐assisted,nanoparticle‐catalyzed synthetic methodology is seen as an alternative to conventional procedures that involve Lewis acid catalysts and a simple operation to the privileged scaffold.

Zinc chloride catalyzed synthesis of 5-substituted 1H-tetrazoles under solvent free condition

Zinc chloride is an efficient and safe catalyst in the [3 ＋ 2] cycloaddition reaction of organic nitriles with sodium azide in solventless condition. The corresponding 5-substituted ^1H tetrazoles were obtained under mild conditions. This method can overcome disadvantages such as： the use of toxic metals and expensive reagents, drastic reaction conditions, water sensitivity and the presence of dangerous hydrazoic acid.

FeCl₃Catalyzed One Pot Synthesis of 1-Substituted 1H-1,2,3,4-Tetrazoles under Solvent-Free Conditions

An efficient procedure for the preparation of 1-substituted-1H-1,2,3,4-tetrazoles via a three-component condensation of triethyl orthoformate, amine, and trimethylsilyl azide using inexpensive and environment-friendly FeCl3 as catalyst under solvent-free conditions has been reported. The reaction generates the corresponding 1-substituted tetrazole in excellent yields.

γ-Fe_2O_3:A magnetic separable catalyst for synthesis of 5-substituted 1H-tetrazoles from nitriles and sodium azide

An efficient route for the synthesis of 5-substituted 1H-tetrazole via[2＋3]cycloaddition of nitriles and sodium azide is reported usingγ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles as a magnetic separable catalyst.Under optimized conditions,the moderate to good yields（71-95%） can be obtained.The catalyst can be easily separated by a magnet and reused for several circles.

Electrochemical and Quantum Chemical Studies of 5-Substituted Tetrazoles as Corrosion Inhibitors for Copper in Aerated 0.5 M H₂SO₄Solution

Two 5-substituted tetrazoles, 5-(2-thienyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrazole (2-THTT) and 5-(4-pyridyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrazole (4-PYTT), as copper corrosion inhibitors in aerated 0.5 M H2SO4 solution were studied by using potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and quantum chemical calculation. Polarization curves indicate that inhibition efficiencies of tetrazoles increase with increasing inhibitors concentration. The electrochemical results show that the inhibition efficiency of 2-THTT is higher than that of 4-PYTT. Inhibition efficiency of 2-THTT reached 98.9% at very low concentrations (0.25 mM) by EIS, which makes 2-THTT an efficient inhibitor in aerated 0.5 M H2SO4 solution. The adsorption of 5-substituted tetrazoles on copper surface obeys the Langmuir isotherm. All the computed quantum chemical parameters are found to correlate well with experimental inhibition efficiencies of inhibitors.

Quantifying Hypochlorous Acid Concentration in Environmental Water Using Smartphone Colorimetry

In this study,we developed an eff ective method to detect hypochlorite acid(HClO)by using methylene blue(MB)derivative(BPY1).BPY1 was selectively oxidized through HClO,and the solution color changed from colorless to blue.In the presence of HClO,the ultraviolet–visible(UV–vis)spectra and concentration of HClO had a linear relationship with a detection limit of 0.5μM.Furthermore,a test paper for HClO monitoring was successfully prepared using the BPY1 probe,and the observed detection limit by the naked eye was estimated at 5μM.Additionally,using the BPY1 probe,HClO could also be detected through smartphone colorimetry,and the method showed a good recovery ranging from 98.7 to 104.0%for HClO detection in an actual water sample.Especially for developing countries,such a low-cost and highly sensitive detection method provides a simple and practical method for monitoring HClO in water.

Fe3O4/ZnS Hollow Nanospheres： A Highly Efficient Magnetic Heterogeneous Catalyst for Synthesis of 5-Substituted 1H-Tetrazoles from Nitriles and Sodium Azide

An efficient route for the synthesis of 5-substituted 1H-tetrazole via [2＋3] cycloaddition of nitriles and sodium azide is reported using Fe3O4/ZnS hollow nanospheres as a magnetic separable heterogeneous catalyst. The catalyst is very efficient, affording excellent yields and can be reused for several circles. In addition, the Fe3O4 inner shell exhibits magnetism, making the catalyst easily separated by a magnet.

Organocatalytic Oxidative Amidation of Aldehydes with Tetrazoles to Construct 2,5-Diaryl 1,3,4-Oxadiazoles

A practical and metal-flee oxidative amidation of aldehydes with tetrazoles into 1,3,4-oxadiazoles has been de- veloped by employing tetrabutylammonium iodide （TBAI） as catalyst and tert-butyl hydroperoxide （TBHP） as oxidant. A wide range of 2,5-disubstituted 1,3,4-oxadiazoles can be conveniently generated in moderate to good yields. Gram-scale reaction was also realized in this catalytic system.

Artificial intelligence-assisted colorimetry for urine glucose detection towards enhanced sensitivity,accuracy,resolution,and anti-illuminating capability

Colorimetry often suffers from deficiency in quantitative determination,susceptibility to ambient illuminance,and low sensitivity and visual resolution to tiny color changes.To offset these deficiencies,we incorporate deep machine learning into colorimetry by introducing a convolutional neural network(CNN)with powerful parallel processing,self-organization,and self-learning capabilities.As a proof of concept,a plasmonic nanosensor is proposed for the colorimetric detection of glucose by coupling Benedict’s reagent with gold nanoparticles(AuNPs),which relies on the assemble of AuNPs into dendritic nanochains by Cu2O.The distinct difference of refractive index between Cu2O and Au and the localized surface plasmon resonance coupling effect among AuNPs leads to a broad spectral shift as well as abundant color changes,thereby providing sufficient data for selflearning enabled by machine learning.The CNN is then used to fully diversify the learning and training of the images from standard samples under different ambient conditions and to obtain a classifier that can not only recognize tiny color changes that are imperceptible to human eyes,but also exhibit high accuracy and excellent anti-environmental interference capability.This classifier is then compiled as an application(APP)and implanted into a smartphone with Android environment.306 clinical urine samples were detected using the proposed method and the results showed a satisfactory correlation(87.6%)with that of a standard blood glucose test method.More importantly,this method can be generalized to other applications in colorimetry,and more broadly,in other scientific domains that involve image analysis and quantification.

智能手机辅助双探针比色法检测α-葡萄糖苷酶

该文以3,3',5,5'-四甲基联苯胺(TMB)和罗丹明B为比色探针,建立了α-葡萄糖苷酶的比色检测方法,并在此基础上基于智能手机策略,通过RGB值对α-葡萄糖苷酶进行检测。结果表明,Fe^(3+)-TMB-罗丹明B显色体系的吸光度与α-葡萄糖苷浓度在20~100 U/L范围内呈线性关系,检出限为3.3 U/L。采用photo⁃shop软件分析样品图像和样品荧光图像的RGB值,其与α-葡萄糖苷酶浓度在10~100 U/L范围内呈线性关系,检出限分别为2.5 U/L和1.2 U/L。该法已成功用于α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂阿卡波糖抑制率评估和胎牛血清中α-葡萄糖苷酶浓度的测定。所构建的智能手机辅助检测法为α-葡萄糖苷酶的临床分析和酶抑制剂的快速筛选提供了简便、快捷和准确的方法。

不同智能手机图像比色法的台间差异

利用7款手机对胆红素浓度进行检测,其特征吸光度与胆红素浓度的线性回归决定系数(R^(2))均大于0.95,但不同手机之间差异大,其特征吸光度的最大平均偏差高达183%。本文利用梯度色卡进行实时校正,并考察不同色卡的校准效果,结果显示与反应体系颜色接近的色卡校准效果最佳;利用与胆红素反应体系颜色相近的紫色梯度色卡校正并优化校正方程,7款手机的特征吸光度最大平均偏差降至17.5%。引入校正色卡后7款手机检测27.2、55.1和169.3μmol/L样本时,最大相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为6.0%、3.9%和3.5%。利用34台不同品牌手机进行了色卡校正的验证,结果显示,该校准方法成功实现了不同手机测试结果的实时校准。

96份谷子种质资源淀粉多样性及优异资源鉴选利用

采用双波长微量法对国内有代表性的96份谷子种质资源的直链淀粉和支链淀粉含量进行了测定,分析其淀粉多样性与直/支比变异类型。结果表明,各品种直链淀粉含量介于0~24.91%,平均值为15.66%,支链淀粉含量介于4.77%~34.26%,平均值为14.67%;44份育成品种和52份地方品种直链淀粉含量变化幅度分别为8.66%~21.81%和0~24.91%;96份谷子的直/支比变化范围为0~3.60,平均为1.18,其中直/支比<0.05的地方品种仅2个,而直/支比>0.33的品种93个,占总数的96.87%。直链淀粉含量小于3.5%的糯性品种3个,其中完全糯性品种2个;高直链淀粉品种4个,直链淀粉含量介于12.0%~18.0%的种质有60份,占总数的62.50%。筛选出适合加工糍粑、汤圆类糯质食品的地方品种3个,为红毛谷、三爪谷和酒谷;可用于加工米粉等高膳食纤维的地方品种4个,分别为金皇谷、金棒子、茄谷和山西白米。96份谷子种质资源中地方品种直链淀粉变异类型较为丰富,育成品种直链淀粉遗传基础相对单一。

基于智能手机的数字图像比色法增敏研究

本文指出智能手机数字图像比色法是近年来广泛应用的检测方法,图像质量是影响智能手机数字图像比色法结果灵敏度的重要因素,图像质量与光照度、色温和手机本身参数密切相关。本研究探讨了不同的光照度、色温和手机参数是否影响智能手机数字图像比色法灵敏度。实验结果表明,手机参数感光度对数字图像比色法的灵敏度几乎无影响,但是曝光补偿和快门速度的影响比较大;曝光补偿为-3和快门速度为2500 s,提高智能手机图像比色法的灵敏度;在不同的光照度和色温实验中,发现光照度和色温不能提高智能手机数字图像比色法的灵敏度。本方案检出限为0.0057μmol/L,具有较好的重复性。检测低、中、高物质的量浓度样本时,其标准偏差(RSD)分别为3.29%、3.26%、1.63%。本课题研究的优化方案提高了智能手机检测的灵敏度,为智能手机在现场检测方面提供了参考依据。

基于点击化学和非巯基DNA修饰纳米金的维生素C检测

目的建立一种基于点击化学和非巯基DNA修饰的叠氮纳米金的可视化维生素C(vitaminC,VC)检测方法。方法用一端有多个腺嘌呤核苷酸的非巯基DNA修饰纳米金,再与一端有叠氮基的互补链杂交,形成表面暴露出叠氮基团的叠氮纳米金。在VC的存在下,将Cu^(2+)还原成Cu^(+),催化叠氮纳米金与三炔丙基胺发生点击化学反应,使叠氮纳米金聚集,引起光谱和颜色的变化。通过光谱和颜色的变化进行VC检测。结果在pH为7、Cu^(2+)浓度为100μmol/L、三炔丙基胺浓度为3μmol/L和反应时间12 min的最优条件下,用分光光度计检测VC的检出限为0.042mg/L,目视的检出限为0.05mg/L。该方法成功用于饮料中VC的测定,呈现了良好的回收率,从而验证了该方法的可靠性和可行性。结论这项研究提供了一种简便、超灵敏的VC检测方法,可用于VC的微量可视化检测。

运用虚拟仿真技术,打造实验实践教学与理论知识及产业实践之间的有效连接

本文旨在解决实践教学与产业实际之间存在的连接问题,以染整领域中的颜色学为研究对象,为解决实验课程中的关键难题,利用虚拟仿真技术构建仿色仿真系统,为学生提供开放性的实验课程设计平台。这种结合了虚拟仿真和实际操作的训练方法,成功架起了实验实践教学与产业实际之间的桥梁。结果表明,这种方法可以使学生的课程目标达成度提升至0.87,显著提高学生对理论知识的掌握程度。

人参联合咖啡因对大鼠的抗疲劳作用及机制探讨

目的评估人参联合咖啡因对大鼠的抗疲劳作用及机制。方法将SD大鼠随机分为空白组、模型组、人参组(60 mg·kg^(-1))、咖啡因组(3.0 mg·kg^(-1))、配伍组(30 mg·kg^(-1)+1.5mg·kg^(-1)),建立大鼠负重游泳疲劳模型,每日给药1次,连续给药21 d;采用负重游泳实验评价药物抗疲劳作用;采用两成分组合效应系数(two components combination index,TCCI)方法评估人参配伍咖啡因抗疲劳协同增效作用;比色法检测各组大鼠的尿素氮(BUN)、乳酸(LD)和肝/肌糖原水平;酶联免疫吸附法检测各组大鼠白细胞介素6(IL-6)、白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)和C反应蛋白(CRP)水平;使用网络药理学初步探讨人参联合咖啡因抗疲劳的可能作用机制。结果人参联合咖啡因TCCI值在0.17~0.61,两者联用显示明显的协同增效作用;与模型组相比,各给药组可不同程度地延长大鼠负重游泳时间,提高肝脏/骨骼肌组织中糖原含量,下调血清中尿素氮水平,降低炎症因子水平;通过网络药理学分析发现,其主要通过PI3K-Akt和MAPK等通路发挥抗疲劳功效。结论人参联合咖啡因可显著降低糖原分解和乳酸等代谢物积累,改善模型大鼠的疲劳症状。

药用辅料羟丙基甲基纤维素的细胞毒性研究

目的采用MTT比色法进行羟丙基甲基纤维素(HPMC)体外细胞毒性试验,以评价HPMC作为药用辅料的生物安全性。方法将L929细胞分为空白对照组(只加细胞培养液)、HPMC组(K4M、K100M两种规格,浓度分别为10.0、5.0、1.0、0.5、0.1 mg/ml)。置于培养箱中培养24、48 h,用MTT方法测定490 nm处的吸光度值,计算细胞毒性试验中细胞相对增殖率(RGR)。结果不同规格(K4M、K100M)、不同浓度(10.0、5.0、1.0、0.5、0.1 mg/ml)HPMC的平均细胞RGR>85%,属于无细胞毒性。结论研究结果证实HPMC对L929细胞无细胞毒性,这说明HPMC的细胞毒性达到国家标准对生物材料细胞毒性所限定的要求,为安全的药用辅料。

基于MTT比色和响应面法优化侧孢短芽孢杆菌最大活菌数培养条件

目的:探索获得侧孢短芽孢杆菌(Brevibacillus laterosporus)最大活菌数的最佳培养基成分及培养条件。方法:在建立MTT比色法与平板计数法的相关回归方程基础上,对获得最大活菌数的侧孢短芽孢杆菌最适培养基成分(碳源、氮源、无机盐)和培养条件(初始pH、温度、接种量、磷酸二氢钾)进行优化。结果:MTT比色法与平板计数法对活菌数测定结果表现出显著的线性关联(R^(2)>0.999);麦芽糖、氯化钙、初始pH、磷酸二氢钾为显著影响因子,最佳发酵条件为麦芽糖8.75 g/L,氯化钙0.17 g/L,初始pH 7.07、磷酸二氢钾3.73 g/L,此条件下活菌数为8.12×10^(8)CFU/mL,与理论活菌数(8.25×10^(8)CFU/mL)无显著差异。结论:基于MTT比色和响应面法优化侧孢短芽孢杆菌最大活菌数培养条件,优化后的活菌数较优化前提高了3.02倍。

Research Progress in Detection of Explosives by Chemical Colorimetric Method

This article reviews the current application status and research progress of colorimetric detection methods based on chemical colorimetry in the detection of explosives.It mainly introduced colorimetric sensors,colorimetric sensor arrays,and chemical colorimetric sensors based on novel material substrates.The application prospect of chemical colorimetric method in the field of explosives detection was prospected.

前牙瓷贴面美学修复体比色的影响因素

瓷贴面修复具有微创、美观和生物相容性良好等优势,是目前较主流的前牙美学修复技术。然而,瓷贴面修复体的比色是决定美学修复效果的重要因素。综合考量比色可以使瓷贴面与周围天然牙融为一体,从而实现自然、美观、功能相协调。该综述旨在从视觉方法和数字化方法角度探讨前牙瓷贴面美学修复体比色的影响因素,为临床提供细化且具操作性的参考。