A distributed software architecture design framework based on attributed grammar

Software architectures shift the focus of developers from lines-of-code to coarser-grained architectural elements and their overall interconnection structure. There are, however, many features of the distributed software that make the developing methods of distributed software quite different from the traditional ways. Furthermore, the traditional centralized ways with fixed interfaces cannot adapt to the flexible requirements of distributed software. In this paper, the attributed grammar (AG) is extended to refine the characters of distributed software, and a distributed software architecture description language (DSADL) based on attributed grammar is introduced, and then a model of integrated environment for software architecture design is proposed. It can be demonstrated by the practice that DSADL can help the programmers to analyze and design distributed software effectively, so the efficiency of the development can be improved greatly.

Le Corbusier and a New Structural System as the Germ of the Modern Grammar

The opposition between the terms carcasse （carcass）, conceptualized by Auguste Perret, and ossature （frame）, proposed as an alternative by Le Corbusier, gives rise to the exploration of the capital contribution of the ＂Dom-ino＂ prototype as the basic and in escapable condition for an aesthetic operation. Some issues addressed are： the importance of the question of the structure--which remains implicit in Toward an Architecture--as key to a quest for the specificity of architecture; Le Corbusier＇s troublesome relationship with Perret and the debates between them, which convey two different ways of understanding the potential contributions of concrete to the redefinition of architectural vocabulary; the ＂Dom-ino＂ system considered as a new structural type in the sense ascribed to this category by Violletle Duc; the topic of the abri souverain （sovereign shelter） fit for all programs, which triggered typological invention; the ways in which Le Corbusier plays with Gottfried Semper＇s Urformen and, finally, how this new structural type anchors Le Corbusier＇s radical redefinition of the elements of the discipline, the making of a new grammar.

Designing with Building Bricks and Shape Grammar

This paper correlates the use of building blocks with the shape grammar theory in the design process. The main goal is to present the potentialities of the various building blocks, which combined with Shape grammar can contribute to the creative process, particularly for the formal composition in the field of Architecture, Urbanism and Design. The methodology is based on a literature review and reflections derived from the observations of the use of the building blocks during experiments carried out in the scope of research with students of the undergraduate course in Architecture and Urbanism. Starting from the discussions proposed by George Stiny on design with Froebel’s buildings gifts and from experiments with other building blocks, such as Archbricks, it is found that building blocks have their own vocabulary and rules, which can be appropriated and exploited by designers in the construction of new shape grammars.

Favela’s Houses as Design Reference： Using Shape Grammar

Shape grammar has been used by many researchers to identify and/or define languages in architectural design. This paper presents a methodology developed using shape grammar to analyze the informal city, specifically Favela da Rocinha’s buildings, in Rio de Janeiro. The goal was finding the organizational foundations of self-built houses in an informal settlement. A methodology was developed to find composition patterns and to infer a set of rules which defines a shape grammar of Rocinha houses, allowing synthesis and analysis of low cost solutions for house designs. And above all, it highlights underlying design solutions produced empirically by inhabitants of favelas, emphasizing the diversity in favela’s architecture, and, that is also able to reflect the particular necessities of targeted population.

Informal Settlements： A Shape Grammar Approach

Informal urban development is seldomly covered in academic studies or professional architectural training. This article sets forth the first stage of a novel study that observes the informal city using the methodology of analysis of architecture called shape grammars. The idea is to recognize peculiarities in the occupation of the land and the volumetric features of the buildings. Rocinha favela, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, is taken as a case study with the primary aim of extrapolating a set of rules for its morphological features so that these rules can be used to generate new shapes, whilst bearing in mind the issues of adaptation and transformation which are so characteristic of informal settlements. There is some expectation that this study may help improve the housing and public space in the favela and enable new housing programs to observe the way the buildings and different architectural elements combined, forming a new channel of interchange with the spatial organization of the favela.

Analysis of the Principles of Practicability in Chinese Grammar Teaching to Foreigners

The teaching of Chinese grammar as a foreign language is aimed at enabling foreigners to master the basic Chinese vocabulary,sentences and sentence organization rules so as to improve the language ability of foreigners to communicate in Chinese.It can be seen that the ultimate goal of teaching Chinese as a foreign language is to realize language communication in real life,so the practical principle in teaching is of great criticality.This article briefly introduces the relevant overview of the practical principles of Chinese grammar teaching at first,then implements analysis of practical principles in several aspects,hoping to provide reference for relevant teachers.

A Study on the Relationship between Breadth Of Vocabulary Knowledge and Reading Comprehension

British linguist Wilkins(1972)points out,"Without grammar,little can be conveyed;without vocabulary,nothing can be conveyed."Grammar provides the overall patterns,and vocabulary is the material to put in the patterns.Zimmerman(1997)also stated the idea that vocabulary is central to language.So vocabulary is the building

VOCABULARY TEACHING FOR NON—ENGLISH MAJORS

Introduction "How can we enlarge the students’ vocabulary?" This is a very essential problem in the teaching of Enslish as a foreign language for non-English majors in our college. Firstly, their English level is low, They are not only lack of linguistic patterns, grammar rules, but also vocabulary, Secondly, they have only three hours of intensive reading every week, They should pass 2-grade college English examination through two years studying of English. Thirdly, botn the teachers and students are in very passive position in English language teaching and learning. Almost every lesson begins with vocabulary, then text reading comprehension, and exercises, which based on the traditional method.

译林版牛津高中英语Module 6 Unit 1 Laughter is good for you Vocabulary教学设计

本堂课是牛津译林版高中英语Module 6 Unit1 Laughter is good for you的词汇课,授课对象为高中二年级（即将进入高三）学生。 一、整体设计思路 英国语言学家威尔金斯（D.Wilkins）说过：“没有语法,人们表达的事物寥寥无几;而没有词汇,人们则无法表达任何事物。”

论陕北方言谚语的语言特色

陕北方言谚语是陕北人民千百年来生产生活的智慧结晶,生动地再现了生活在黄土高原的陕北人民豁达的天性和别具一格的幽默感,表现了陕北普通民众的语言艺术创造力,文章在方言学的视角下,从语音、词汇、语法、修辞四个方面对陕北方言谚语进行考察和分析,揭示其语言特色。

高校机械专业英语教学方法刍论

机械专业英语既是机械类的专业课,又是英语类课程。机械专业英语的词汇、语法、阅读、写作等方面的教学要求,与公共英语既有重叠之处,又有明显的不同之处。为有效地开展机械专业英语的教学工作,高效利用课堂,使学生更好地掌握机械专业英语知识,提高机械专业英语的教学效果,教师应从词汇语法、长难句研读、写作等方面着重进行教学改革,以适应社会对机械专业人才的英语水平要求,提高学生的就业竞争力。

中国自然景区声景评价词汇研究

采用国际声景评价标准(ISO-12913)提出的核心词汇,在中国自然景区声景评价中可能存在准确性不清晰和解释性低等问题。因此,旨在提出适合中国自然景区声景评价的标准化词汇,并建立这些词汇与ISO核心词汇之间的联系。首先,采用半结构访谈的方式提出不同类型中国自然景区的声景评价词汇;其次,通过视听实验分析了这些评价词汇与ISO核心词汇在自然景区声景评价中的重要性,并进一步阐明了2类词汇的关联性;最后,利用多元线性回归模型验证3种类型中国自然景区声景评价词汇对ISO核心词汇的解释程度。研究结果为中国自然景区声景的标准化研究提供了依据。

不同气质听障大学生书面叙事能力的差异研究

探讨多血质、胆汁质、黏液质、抑郁质不同气质类型听力障碍大学生的书面叙事能力在语法和词汇方面的差异。采用现场问卷收集听力障碍大学生的气质类型以及基本信息,并提供纸质版书面叙事绘本,通过CLAN进行运算,利用SPSS 26.0软件对收集的数据进行单因素相关分析,考察了133名不同气质类型听力障碍大学生的书面叙事能力在语法、词汇方面的差异性。结果表明:①不同气质类型听力障碍大学生语法的发展水平存在显著差异(P<0.05);②不同气质类型听力障碍大学生在词汇多样性的整体发展中不存在显著差异(P>0.05),但在实词的具体使用中存在显著差异(P<0.05)。

本土转译视角下的福建近代“中西合璧式”教堂建筑

福建近代“中西合璧式”教堂建筑是中西建筑文化交流与碰撞的产物,既有研究多将“中西合璧式”等同于近代教会本土化策略下的“中国式样”,而忽视了以中国传统建筑为基础的本土化演进。文章从“建筑可译论”视角,以19座典型的“中西合璧式”教堂建筑为例,探讨了近代“中西合璧式”的形式转译。首先,文章溯源并辨析了福建近代教堂建筑转译,及以中国传统建筑为基础的“中译西”与以西式教堂为基础的“西译中”两种途径;其次,总结了福建近代教堂建筑转译的四种主要类型及其可替换原则;最后,分析了福建近代教堂建筑的转译矛盾及其原因,并以下邳天主堂为例进行了具体的剖析,发现了产生这种矛盾的根本原因是近代中西建筑“词汇”背后的“文法”差异。

“大词汇小语法”下的外向型汉语学习词典收录单位及实现路径

本文基于《等级标准》中语法项目和词汇的数量及归属变化提出,外向型汉语学习词典的收录单位应遵循“大词汇小语法”的原则,具体以词为核心向两端延伸为实施路径,即向下凸显语素在构词理据上的作用,向上延伸到语块。文章发现既有外向型汉语学习词典或缺乏语素意识或缺乏语块意识。本文为语素和语块收录提出大致实现路径。

二语词汇广度、词频与接受性搭配知识的相关研究

本文以英国国家语料库(BNC)数据为参照,利用词汇量测试和搭配知识测试的方法,研究我国大学新生的英语接受性搭配知识及其与词汇广度和词频的相关性。研究发现:①大学新生的接受性搭配知识较差,发展落后于词汇量知识;②接受性搭配知识与词汇量总体存在较强的相关性(r=0.51),但低词汇量学习者的接受性搭配知识与词汇量的相关性不显著;③接受性搭配知识与单词频次和搭配频次均存在低相关性(r=0.21),高词汇量学习者的搭配知识与词频的相关系数略高于低词汇量学习者。研究表明,我国中小学英语词汇教学对搭配知识的重视程度不够,建议中小学英语教学改变现有“单词+语法”的教学模式,重视词汇搭配教学,并确保学习者得到足够的语言输入,以增强搭配的频次效应。

江西遂川新江乡(富民村)客家话说略

江西遂川县新江乡富民村客家话处于当地赣语的包围之中。本文在实地调查的基础上,记录了富民村客家话的声韵调,分析了富民村客家话的语音特征,并将之与梅县客家话和赣南“老客家话”进行比较,发现富民村客家话与梅县客家话存在诸多一致之处,明显表现出“新客家话”在语音上的保守性。其次,通过与梅县客家话和当地赣语的比较,本文发现富民村客家话在词汇和语法上都已经受到赣语的影响。

北海粤方言研究概述

北海是广西境内主要的粤语方言点,粤语使用人口众多。然而长期以来,粤语研究的中心则是围绕以广州为代表的珠江三角洲一带,珠江三角洲以外地区的粤语研究常常受到研究者的忽视,这种情况到了20世纪80年代以后才有所改变。随着粤方言研究的深度开展,研究者们逐渐跳出珠江三角洲地区的粵语调查,转而向珠三角以西的粤语方言区投注视线,以往备受冷落的广西地区粤语也逐渐进入研究者的视野。北海地区的粤语作为广西粤语的代表之一受到广泛关注,学界对北海粤方言的研究呈现出方兴未艾的态势。该文主要回顾并总结北海粤方言的研究成果,分析研究过程中的不足并提出建议,以期为粤方言的研究提供借鉴。

隐喻认知理论视域下的高职英语语块学习研究

语块制约着语言学习者的有效输出,但高职英语课堂教学存在割裂词汇和语法之间的内在联系,忽视语块中的惯用语、词组、固定搭配、关联词等预制语块的情况。高职学生的英语词汇量相对匮乏,掌握和熟练使用语块,对于激发其英语学习兴趣、引导其树立英语学习自信有积极意义。文章从语块造句练习、语块替换练习、语块翻译练习、语块改错等角度探究隐喻认知理论视域下的高职英语语块学习策略,以此构建高效新型高职英语课堂。

在世界艺术中构想建筑与装饰的普遍原理 欧文·琼斯《装饰的语法》

欧文·琼斯《装饰的语法》是设计史和建筑史在讨论19世纪时常常提及的名作.文章简述了早期现代建筑史学建构中该书的地位和当代设计史与建筑史对它的认识,介绍了该书的成书背景、出版、印刷技术和来源,对书中提出的建筑与装饰原理37条主张进行分析,并探讨书中这些主张与建筑的关系.文章进而指出,琼斯在书中构建了建筑-建造-装饰的层级关系,以"自然""几何""建造性"等术语形成所谓普遍原理,并在最后提出了该书在建筑学领域几条可能的研究路径.