Transverse Optical Properties of the Eu3+:Y2SiO5 Crystal in Electromagnetically Induced Transparency

According to density matrix equations of the interaction between light and matter, the expression for the suscep- tibility of the Eu^3＋ ：Y2SiO5 crystal is obtained. When the control field is a Gaussian beam, we investigate and analyze the influence of probe detuning, the Rabi frequency of the control field and the laser line width on the transverse optical properties. We also analyze the influence of the dope-ion concentration on electromagnetieally induced transparency （EIT）. The analysis result indicates that the transmission is not a monotonic function of the dope-ion concentration. Based on the influences of various parameters on the transverse optical properties, we choose the appropriate parameters to realize the desired EIT and gradient refractive index, which has applications in focusing and imaging.

The EU's Strategic Predicament after Withdrawal from Perspective of Afghanistan

The EU has significant geopolitical and security interests in Afghanistan,including prevention of the resurgence of refugees,combating terrorism,improving the EU’s image,exporting Western values,and increasing its geopolitical weight by transforming Afghanistan.The Taliban’s renewed control of Afghanistan is a heavy blow for the EU,and it brings uncertainty to security and geopolitical issues.These changes highlight the long-standing strategic predicament of the EU:excessive dependence on the US,which prevents the EU from realizing its own strategic autonomy;a long-term values-oriented diplomacy that compresses its own strategic space so that a pragmatic cooperation system in the supposed post-American era is difficult to take shape;mechanism and authority limitations that aggravate the conflict between ideal and reality and prevent the EU as a whole from exerting its due international influence.After the era of Trump,the changes in Afghanistan have again stimulated the EU;a new round of discussion has been initiated within it,and a sense of its independence has been reinforced.However,due to a number of constraints,the EU’s strategic adjustment will ultimately be limited,and will still face difficulties in escaping from its strategic predicament.

Focus on the Crucial Elections in the Netherlands, France, and Germany： The Macron-Merkel Ship Sets Sail to Rebuild the EU

In the past three years from 2015 through 2017, Europe has been confronted by the multiple challenges of terror attacks, Greek debt crisis, strains caused by a massive influx of migrants, Brexit and the America First Policy of US President Trump. These tensions are generating strong pressures to rebuild the EU. In France, the ambitious centrist Emmanuel Macron at the age of 39, staved off the challenge of the far right Marine Le Pen to win a crushing victory in the May 2017 presidential election. Macron has been dubbed the third transformative president in the footsteps of Charles de Gaulle and Fran？ois Mitterrand. Macron afterwards laid out his vision for rebuilding the EU in a speech at the Sorbonne in Paris. In the German federal election, the CDU/CSU, led by Angela Merkel, plunged to 33% of the vote and its coalition partner the center-left SPD, suffered a historic defeat with only 22%. The xenophobic nationalist Alternative for Germany conversely rose to become the third largest party in the Bundestag with 94 seats and 12.6%. But after many twists and turns, the Macron-Merkel ship has set sail in quest of an “annus mirabilis” that will herald a new age in 2018.

Diversity, Cohesion and the Development of the European Integration

The European Union （EU） this year has entered into the next phase of its existence, not only in terms of new economic conditions of the unwinding of the financial and economic crisis, but also on the basis of the results of European Parliament elections and the adoption of the EU financial fi＇amework for the period from 2014 to 2020. These indisputable facts does not change our view of the situation in which the EU is, or at major tasks whose managing can be considered as condition of its continued existence as an important part of the global economy. As the fundamental problem of the EU, persisting differences in economic level of the member states is considered. The aim of this paper is not to formulate and even to propose how the EU should look like in the future, but to assess criteria of decision making about concept of its future direction. In this context, the verification of argument will be performed, that only the integration of the countries that have common interests and objectives respectively are able to make the same efforts to meet them, is in certain stages of integration possible and functional. Conversely, a broader territorial structured integration of countries with significantly different economic parameters is feasible and functional only at lower stages of integration. This paper starts from that the process of economic convergence among member states as a condition for integration can be realized at the lower stage of the integration process, in terms of economic and monetary union, then only the expense of reducing the dynamics of economic development of integration group as a whole. Some degree of equilibrium of economic levels represents an important condition for the success of the integration project. To meet this goal, current differences in economic level of individual EU member states （comparative analysis using indicators of growth rate and development of GDP/capita） will be analyzed, including the assessment of the cost of the EU for the implementation of cohesion policy, both in terms of the economic crisis and the phase of requirement to the revival of the European economy. In this context, also the effectiveness of institutional arrangements of decision-making procedures will be assessed.

GERMANY REMAINS AN ANCHOR OF STABILITY IN THE EU?

Riddled with populism,the EU faces many political uncertainties European integration has been suffered serious setbacks in recent years as evidenced by the lack of cohesion among EU members caused by the European debt crisis,Ukraine crisis,refugee crisis,Brexit,and terrorism.The future of the EU is faced with more un-

European Economic Integration and The Future of Southeastern European Countries

Over the last few years major changes have happened in the region of South-Eastern Europe. They have been significantly determined by the changes in international political relations, and that mirrors economic and political interests of some countries. With its 27 member countries and the population of almost halfa billion people, the EU is a significant factor on the world scene. The aim of this paper is to point out that the future of Southeast European countries is, undoubtedly, within the flame of European integration. Moreover, it shows that the EU accomplishes a dominant role in the global economic area. That is also indicated by economic relations of the EU with the South-East European countries, with special regard to Serbia, as it is elaborated in this paper. This paper also examined and compared relations in terms of GDP in South-East European countries, as well as the highest import and export by sectors in relation Serbia--the EU. For the purpose of this research, the information from the world economic data base was used as the parameter of the research, and the information from the relevant financial institutions in Serbia. The main findings showed which countries in the South-Eastern Europe have the highest economic potential, which countries had positive GDP growth rate, the fact that Serbia had export growth of goods and services towards the EU and all the difficulties which followed that export. Finally, taking into consideration all the parameters, it can be concluded that the goal and future of South-East European countries is within the EU integration.

The trade with the EU was facing a grim situation

According to customs statistics, January-May2012, China’s textile and apparel exports valued at USD 93.523 billion. Compared with the same period in 2011 increased 2. 63%. Among them, The exports to European Union( the EU) valued at USD 16.756 billion, accounted for 17.92 % of total exports to the global in textile and apparel, down 11. 17% y/y. e EU is one of the main markets for China’s textile and apparel exports. e negative growth highlights the grim situation of the European Union market . Market share declined in the EU The EU, the United States, and Japan

Economic Impact of GM Hysteria on EU Feed Market

A growing world population coupled with changing diet is projected to increase demand for food production by 70% by 2050. Helping farmers lose less of their crops will be a key factor in promoting food security. In addition to pesticides GM crops will continue to be a vital tool in the diverse range of technologies that can maintain and improve living standards for the people of the world. The EU is dependent for 65% on imports of protein-rich feedstuffs for which there are no substitutes in the short term. The EU livestock sector uses imported soybean, soybean meal and maize by-products as animal feed. Without an adequate supply of these feed ingredients, the EU’s livestock production will loose competitiveness. However, demands from the EU differ to those from third countries with respect to the GM varieties grown, and what are authorised for import into the EU. The risk that supplies of soya products and maize by-products could be affected by the low-level presence of non-EU approved GM material has not been fully resolved as the EU has allowed just a 0.1% tolerance for this plus 0.05% tolerance for measuring uncertainty. This could cause supply problems for the animal feed industry, and ultimately supply of food to consumers. The importance of the EU market and EU requirements for the major soybean and maize exporter countries is declining over time and it is becoming increasingly difficult and costly to maintain a non-GM supply chain in the EU. Food companies and supermarkets will struggle to stay GM-free. EU member states dependent on imports will be forced to deal with more GM presence in their chain. Market forces are forcing governments to authorize products more efficiently, develop tolerance policies or tolerate unapproved varieties in their imports.

Final Move for an Integrated EU Energy Market： Energy Union

EU is in position of world＇s largest energy importer and plays an active role in energy markets. Therefore, the EU＇s energy policy has not only local but also global effects. Because of the two oil crises in the 1970＇s, energy has taken an important place in the EU＇s agenda and has become one of the EU＇s highest priorities as the part of the EU＇s goal of Single Market. Especially, the 1987 Single European Act followed by the goal of Single Market has come to dominate the idea of the necessity of having a single market for energy. A chapter about energy has been added into the letter of the 2009 Treaty of Lisbon for the first time, thus energy has gained a new dimension and has had a legal basis. However, although there are energy rules defined at European level, there are 28 national regulatory structures in practice. Therefore, an integrated energy market is needed to create more competition, to increase market efficiency through better use of energy generation facilities across the EU, to produce affordable prices for consumers, and to move as whole, not as 28 separate countries. In this regard, the idea of creation of the Energy Union has emerged and the European Commission has published a detailed action plan for the Energy Union on February 25, 2015. In this study, historical process of initiatives for the creation of common energy policy in the EU is analyzed and the future of Energy Union is discussed.