Navigating the ethical terrain:Off-label and experimental treatments in medical case reports

This article explores the ethical considerations surrounding the reporting of offlabel and experimental treatments in medical case reports,with a focus on fields such as oncology,psychiatry,and pediatrics.It emphasizes the balance between innovation and evidence-based medicine,highlighting the critical role of case reports in disseminating clinical experiences and advancing medical knowledge.The discussion delves into the ethical framework guiding case reporting,including principles of patient autonomy,informed consent,non-maleficence,beneficence,justice,and transparency.Challenges such as negative outcome reporting,commercial interests,and the balance between innovation and caution are examined.Recommendations for ethical vigilance,the development of comprehensive guidelines,and the role of regulatory bodies are proposed to ensure patient safety and uphold scientific integrity.The article concludes by underscoring the importance of a collaborative effort among clinicians,researchers,ethicists,and regulatory bodies to foster the responsible advancement of medical science while adhering to the highest ethical standards.

Facing ethical concerns in the age of precise gene therapy:Outlook on inherited arrhythmias

This editorial,comments on the article by Spartalis et al published in the recent issue of the World Journal of Cardiology.We here provide an outlook on potential ethical concerns related to the future application of gene therapy in the field of inherited arrhythmias.As monogenic diseases with no or few therapeutic options available through standard care,inherited arrhythmias are ideal candidates to gene therapy in their treatment.Patients with inherited arrhythmias typically have a poor quality of life,especially young people engaged in agonistic sports.While genome editing for treatment of inherited arrhythmias still has theoretical application,advances in CRISPR/Cas9 technology now allows the generation of knock-in animal models of the disease.However,clinical translation is somehow expected soon and this make consistent discussing about ethical concerns related to gene editing in inherited arrhythmias.Genomic off-target activity is a known technical issue,but its relationship with ethnical and individual genetical diversity raises concerns about an equitable accessibility.Meanwhile,the costeffectiveness may further limit an equal distribution of gene therapies.The economic burden of gene therapies on healthcare systems is is increasingly recognized as a pressing concern.A growing body of studies are reporting uncertainty in payback periods with intuitive short-term effects for insurance-based healthcare systems,but potential concerns for universal healthcare systems in the long term as well.Altogether,those aspects strongly indicate a need of regulatory entities to manage those issues.

The Ethical Choice of Business English Interpreters under Chesterman’s Model of Translation Ethics

This paper explores the ethical challenges encountered by business English interpreters using Chesterman’s Model of Translation Ethics,set against the context of economic globalization and the“Belt and Road”initiative.With the increasing demand for interpreters,the paper delves into the ongoing discussion about the role of AI in translation and its limitations,especially concerning cultural subtleties and ethical issues.It highlights the importance of human interpreters’cross-cultural understanding and the ethical principles that inform their work,such as the Ethics of Representation,Service,Communication,Norm-based Ethics,and Commitment.Moreover,the paper examines how these ethical models are applied in practical business situations,including business banquets,business negotiations,business talks and business visits,etc.,and investigates the cultural misunderstandings that may occur during these interactions.The study concludes that although AI provides efficiency and cost savings,human interpreters are essential for their capacity to handle the intricacies of cross-cultural communication with cultural awareness and ethical discernment.

Integrating GPT into the Journalism and Communication Industries:The Technological Logic,Ecosystem Reconstruction,and Ethical Chal enges

Generative AI,represented by GPT(Generative Pre-trained Transformer),is now leading the technological revolution and is reconstructing the journalism and communication industries'ecosystems because of its powerful generative capacity and diverse range of outputs.While GPT is busy revolutionizing and innovating the production of news content,working patterns,and operation modes,it has also given rise to ethical concerns in regard to news authenticity,data security,humanistic values,and other related aspects.Therefore,it is imperative to initiate strategies and approaches,such as establishing a mechanism for verifying information authenticity,enhancing data security and privacy regulations,and instituting an ethical supervision and governance framework for AI,in order to facilitate the systematic advancement of AI-based news production while reinstating public trust.

On Ethical Literary Criticism and Game Theory--An Interview with Professor Nie Zhenzhao

In 2014,Huang Kaihong,a professor at School of Foreign Languages and Cultures,Southwest University of Science and Technology,interviewed the Doctoral advisor Professor Nie Zhenzhao during the period of his academic visiting to Central China Normal University.As early as in 2005,Huang Kaihong conducted an interview with Professor Nie Zhenzhao on the topic of the general introduction of ethical literary criticism.So around 11 years later,the second interview mainly covers not only the ethical literary criticism theory,but the game theory and the relationship between them as well.Professor Nie thinks whether the game theory can be applied to literature research is still under discussion.The theory of ethical literary criticism is a kind of methodology based on science and it can get the attention of literary critics at home and abroad,which is because it fits the practical needs of literary criticism,draws the literary criticism away from only emphasizing criticism genres and the research of criticism terms,and pays attention to the true nature of the literary text in literature research.After consulting Professor Nie Zhenzhao about some related questions from the perspective of game theory.Huang Kaihong gets some significant information concerning literature research and understands the latest core terms and the concrete application method of ethical literary criticism,especially the relationship between the instructing and aesthetic functions of literature.

The Ethical Dilemmas of International Environmental Justice and its＇ Resolution

主权国家作为全球环境治理的最为重要的主体，在国际环境正义实践中发挥着决定性的作用，但另一方面由于主权国家“个体”利益的存在，主权国家在参与国际环境正义实践时面临着一些伦理困境。要化解这些伦理困境，构建和谐世界，主权国家除了要树立主体间性和生态文明的主体性之外，还要调适国家主权观，加强国际合作，建立新的全球伙伴关系。

The Feminist Tendency in Hotel du Lac

It is true that some important feminist literary theories apply to Hotel du Lac,which illustrates clearly Brookner’s deep concern over modern women’s predicament in favor of their interests,and thus proves her strong tendency to feminism.And then it is pointed out that the reason for Brookner’s perverse attitude toward feminism mainly lies in her unwillingness to confine herself to the category of feminism and actually Brookner has transcended the more stereotypical feminism.

The Ethical Explanation of The Spirit of Western Law

The order of western rule-of-law is always the sample of the construction of Chinese rule-of-law,but the spirit of western legal system,which is embodied as rule-of-law,right-equality,and rule-by-good-law,is correlated inherently with certain natural and social condition.Human nature theory of naturalism,the contract-ethics,and justice are the ethical foundations of Western law,and the idea of people-oriented,whose contents includes human's homony and happiness,always acompany with the western development history of rule-of-law.We should adhere the sense that people should abide by and respect law,and the law should constitute a kind of healthy and harmony interpersonal relationships and free and creative living-style.

Lowering ash slagging and fouling tendency of high-alkali coal by hydrothermal pretreatment

High-alkali species in coal are notorious for causing ash slagging and fouling incidents.In this paper,four high-alkali coals were individually subject to hydrothermal pretreatment(HTP),within a batch-type autoclave at 300 -C for 1 h,and the treated coals were analyzed,along with the oxygen-containing functional groups determined by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer(FT-IR).Then the alkali species and other components in the coal ash were quantified by X-ray fluorescence(XRF)for evaluating the ash slagging and fouling tendency.Apart from this,FactSage was adopted to simulate the occurrence and transformation of alkali species during coal thermal conversion ending at various temperatures.The findings indicate that the treated coals are superior to the parent ones in terms of certain remarkable changes via HTP.The moisture,oxygen and sulfur of the hydrothermally treated coals decline obviously,while the calorific value rises sharply.HTP could reduce the alkali species to less than 2%(%,by weight,equivalent to Na2O in dry ash),with a maximum removal ratio of 88.9%,lowering the ash slagging and fouling tendency.The proposed mechanism of HTP was that the alkali species in coal matrix became released due to the breakage of the coal functional groups and micropores during HTP.

To name or not to name？ An overview of the social and ethical issues raised by removing anonymity from sperm donors

The aim of this paper is to focus on the ethical issues raised by the removal of anonymity from sperm donors. The increasing currency of a ＇right to genetic truth＇ is clearly visible in the drive to revise the legislation on donor anonymity in Western and European countries. The ethical debate is polarized between the ＇right to privacy＇ of the donor or parent and the ＇right to know＇ of the prospective child. However, it is evident that religious, social and cultural attitudes have an overarching impact on attitudes towards sperm donation generally and anonymity specifically. In Asian countries, the social and cultural heritage is hugely diverse and different from those of the West. This review considers the research exploring the complexity of ethical issues informing this debate, and argues that parent＇s decisions to reveal donor insemination origins to their children are highly complex and relate to a range of social and cultural attitudes that have not been addressed within the policy to remove anonymity from sperm donors.

Ethical-GPT:一种面向人工智能伦理教育的垂类GPT工具设计与实现

人工智能技术在推动教育变革的同时,也引发了诸如隐私泄露、技术滥用等伦理风险挑战,使得加强人工智能伦理教育势在必行。同时,当前教育人工智能伦理建设过程中存在的学习资源稀缺、教学方式单一、缺乏实质性的伦理实践等问题也亟待解决。对此,文章首先采用“大语言模型微调+本地知识库”的技术路线,设计了面向人工智能伦理教育的垂类GPT工具——Ethical-GPT,并介绍了Ethical-GPT的基础问答、案例学习、情境模拟、智能测验四大功能模块;之后,文章从大模型选取、本地知识库建设、高效模型微调等方面重点阐述了Ethical-GPT的技术实现,并通过对比不同模型的回答结果进行了模型效果分析,发现Ethical-GPT具有良好的专业问答能力,并且能够随机生成并呈现多样化的伦理案例;最后,文章深入探讨了Ethical-GPT的教育应用场景。文章设计的Ethical-GPT不仅为人工智能伦理的教育实践提供了工具支持,也为推动教育领域专用大语言模型的构建提供了参考思路。

The Acquisition of Ethical Competence in Basic Education and the Present State of Ethics Education

The aim of this study was to reveal the level of ethical competence acquired through basic nursing education, to report on the present state of ethics education, and to consider future directions for ethics education. The medical databases ICHUSHI, MEDLINE, and CINAHL were searched using the search terms “nursing ethics,” “nursing practice,” “ethics education,” and “nursing students.” Of the total results, 25 research articles (original papers, research reports, practical reports, documents) were used for this study. Ethical competence covered in basic nursing education corresponded to points 1 - 11 of the Code of Ethics, and the competencies acquired included cognizance and judgement. Ethics education included methods such as case studies in Japan and blended learning in other countries. At present, ethical competence education does not comprehensively cover the Code of Ethics, and the judgement level of competence is not acquired during basic nursing education. It is thus necessary henceforth to progressively put an educational program in place to develop ethics education that persists from basic nursing education through to continuing nursing education.

The effect of electronic orbital interactions on p-type doping tendency in ZnO series： First-principles calculations

The electronic structures and optical properties of B3 ZnO series of Zn4X4-yMy（X ：O, S, Se or Te; M = N, Sb, C1 or I; y = 0 or 1） are studied by first-principles calculations using a pseudopotential plane-wave method. The results show that Zn d-X p orbital interactions play an important role in the p-type doping tendency in zinc-based Ⅱ-Ⅵ semiconductors. In ZnX, with increasing atomic number of X, Zn d-X p orbital interactions decrease and Zn s-X p orbital interactions increase. Additionally, substituting group-V elements for X will reduce the Zn d-X p orbital interactions while substituting group-VII elements for X will increase the Zn d-X p orbital interactions. The results also show that group-V-doped ZnX and group-Ⅷ-doped ZnX exhibit different optical behaviours due to their different orbital interaction effects.

ENSEMBLE PREDICTION EXPERIMENTS OF TYPHOON TRACK BASED ON THE STOCHASTIC TOTAL TENDENCY PERTURBATION

The GRAPES-TCM is used to make ensemble prediction experiments for typhoon track.Three kinds of ensemble schemes are designed for the experiments.A total of 109 experiments are made for the nine typhoons in 2011 and the integral time is 72 h.The experiment results are shown as follows.In the three ensemble schemes,on the whole,scheme 1 has the best track prediction.Its average absolute track error and overall deviations of typhoon moving speed and moving direction are all the smallest in the three schemes.For both scheme 1 and scheme 2,they are all smaller than those of their control predictions.Both of their ensemble predictions show superiority to their deterministic predictions.Overall,compared with the observations,the typhoon moving directions of the three schemes mainly skew to the right,and in the late integration they mainly tend to be relatively slow.In the three schemes,the track dispersion of scheme 1 is the largest and that of scheme 3 the smallest.In scheme 1 it is much larger than in schemes 2 and 3.The difference of dispersion between scheme 2 and scheme 3 is small.The track dispersions of the three schemes are all much smaller than their rational dispersions.Compared with the eight domestic and overseas operational numerical weather prediction(NWP) models,scheme 1 has better predictions than the other seven operational models except ECMWF NWP model.Scheme 1 has the value of operational application.

The pattern characteristics of the tendency variations of earth resistivity and its relation to earthquakes

Through systematically summarizing the observational data of earth resistivity during 26 years from nearly a hundred stations in China, the author found that the pattern of the earth resistivity (ρs) tendency variations,based on monthly average data, could be divided into five types, three types of which were defined as anomalous variation, which have different qualitative and quantitative characteristics and different relations with earthquakes as well.The first type of tendency variation called “funnel” is related to strong earthquakes, the Second type called “scoop” has good corresponding relation with moderate earthquakes, and the third type called “tilt” has no relation with earthquakes. Preliminary discussions about the relations between the three types of ρs tendency variation patterns and earthquakes are made in this paper, according to the experimental results of pressed rocks. It is concluded that the different patterns of ρs tendency variation actually reflect the different stress conditions of underground soil-rock layers: the “funnel” type reflects high stress status, the “scoop” type shows moderate stress condition and the “tilt” type is related to stress relief. All of such knowledges mentioned above are very useful in making accurate medium-term earthquake prediction.

Ethical Dilemma Factor in Regarding Physical Restraints to Elderly of Female Nurses with the Living Together Experience

Purpose: The aim of this study was to illuminate the connotation of “dilemma” regarding the use of physical restraint on elderly patients as represented by female nurses working in general wards at community hospitals who also live with elderly adults at home. Method: The study used the questionnaire method with an independently prepared questionnaire. Participants: The objective of the study was explained to the persons in charge of nursing in the selected 17 hospitals, and 1929. Finally, this study of participants were 524 female nurses working in general 54 wards (excluding the emergency wards of psychiatry, pediatrics, obstetrics, outpatients, operating rooms, and intensive care units) at community hospitals who also live with elderly adults at home. Results and conclusions: Cronbach’s overall coefficient for the 20 items of dilemma was high (0.78) and the factor analysis extracted four dilemma factors as having a characteristic value of 1 (Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure value = 0.81) with a cumulative contribution ratio of 64.5%. The high Cronbach’s for these items (0.86, 0.88, 0.87 and 0.81) confirmed the internal consistencies. With respect to the dilemma where nurses working in general wards at community hospitals who also live with elderly adults at home are faced with the physical restraint of elderly persons, four factors in the clarification of the dilemma were extracted: accomplishment of medical-treatment and accident prevention, characteristic features in nursing for elderly patients with dementia, healthcare professional relationship in nursing for elderly patients with dementia, and priorities on the accident prevention for elderly patients with dementia. Therefore, the construction of four systems to cope with these dilemmas is suggested. These systems would enable practising nurses to: (i) institution of policies to encourage discussion between nurses and other medical staff to reach consensus on treatment;(ii) allocating elderly care specialists to wards to promote alternatives to restraints;(iii) establishment of safety standards to define nurses’ responsibilities;and (iv) institution of continuous ethical education for nurses.

Effect of condensation latent heat release on the relative vorticity tendency in extratropical cyclones:a case study

Taking an extratropical cyclone that produced extreme precipitation as the research object,this paper calculates the contribution of condensation latent heat release(LHR)to relative vorticity tendency based on the complete-form vertical vorticity tendency equation.The results show that the heating rate of convectional condensation LHR can reach up to about 40 times that of stable condensation LHR.Both the stable and convectional heating centers are higher than 700 hPa,which would cause∂Q/∂z>0 and a positive vorticity source in the lower troposphere.The vertical gradient of stable condensation LHR contributes little to the growth of relative vorticity,while the relative vorticity tendency associated with the vertical gradient of convectional condensation LHR can be an order of magnitude higher than the former.The positive vorticity source is always located right below the latent heating center,and its maximum value can always be found in the lower troposphere.Convectional LHR is the primary factor for cyclone development from the perspective of diabatic heating.The horizontal gradient of total condensation LHR can contribute about 65%of the actual vorticity growth,but the effect of the vertical gradient of convectional condensation(LHR)can reach twice as much.The adiabatic heating from LHR can cause vorticity tendency directly.However,it can also change the vertical and horizontal gradient of potential temperature,which can further induce vorticity tendency.

The patient suicide attempt-An ethical dilemma case study

Case description:Nurses face more and more ethical dilemmas during their practice nowadays,especially when they are taking care of the patient at end of life stage.The case study demonstrates an ethical dilemma when nursing staff are taking care of an end stage aggressive prostate cancer patient Mr Green who expressed the suicide thoughts to one of the nurses and ask that nurse keep secret for him in Brisbane,QLD,Australia.Ethical dilemma identification:The ethical dilemma is identified as“if the nursing staff should tell other health care team members about patient's suicide attempt without patient's consent”.Analysis:To better solving this case and making the best moral decision,the ethical theory,the ethical principles and the Australian nurses'code of ethics values statement,the associated literature relative with this case are analyzed before the decision making.Ethical decision making:After consider all of the above factors,in this case,the best ethical decision for the patient is that the nurse share the information of Mr Green's suicide attempt with other health care professionals.Results:In Mr Green's case,the nurse chose to share the information of Mr Green's suicide attempt with other health care professionals.The nursing team followed the self-harm and suicide protocol of the hospital strictly,they maintained the effective communication with Mr Green,identified the factors which cause patient's suicide attempt,provided the appropriate nursing intervention to deal will these risk factors and collaborated with other health care professionals to prefect the further care.The patient transferred to a palliative care service with no sign of suicide attempt and other self-harm behaviors and passed away peacefully 76 days after discharged with his relatives and pastors accompany.

Professional Ethical Concerns and Recommendations on Psychological Interventions during the COVID-19 Pandemic in China

When COVID-19 pandemic hit China,Chinese clinical psychologists,counselors and other practitioners reacted quickly to provide psychological interventions for different target groups.Different professional ethical concerns and potential transgressions arose during different stages of pandemic.This paper aimed to summarize different ethical concerns and transgressions during different stages of pandemic in China,as well as how the professional ethical workgroup in the registration system of clinical psychologists and professional organizations of Chinese Psychological Society(CPS)to publish a series of documents as recommendations on ethical practice.It is hoped by providing a picture of“problems vs.solutions”in terms of professional ethical issues on psychological interventions for COVID-19 pandemic in China,the paper may provide certain inspirations as well as emotional support to clinical practitioners from other countries and regions who have beenfighting the pandemic.

A study of the relationship between professional values and ethical climate and nurses'professional quality of life in Iran

Objective:To explore the relationship between nursing professional values and ethical climate and nurses'professional quality of life.Methods:The present study is a descriptive,cross-sectional work in which 400 nurses from various wards of hospitals in the south-east of Iran were studied.Data were collected using a questionnaire consisting of four sections:demographics,Nurses'Professional Values Scale-Revised(NPVS-R),the Hospital Ethical Climate Survey(HECS),and the Professional Quality of Life Scale(ProQOL).Results:The total mean scores for professional values were 105.29±15.60.The total mean score for the ethical climate was 100.09±17.11.The mean scores for the indexes of compassion satisfaction,burnout,and secondary traumatic stress were 45.29±8.93,34.38±6.84,and 32.15±7.02 respectively.The relationships between professional values and the indexes of compassion satisfaction(r=0.56),burnout(r=0.26),and secondary traumatic stress(r=0.18)were found to be positive and significant(P<0.001).Also,the relationships between ethical climate and the items of compassion satisfaction(r=0.60,P<0.001),burnout(r=0.15,P=0.002)were found to be positive and significant.Conclusion:An understanding of nurses'perception of professional values and improving the ethical climate at work can help nursing administrators identify more effective strategies toward increasing compassion satisfaction and lessening bumout and work-related stress.