Situated within the Cross River State of Nigeria, the Upper Cross River area covers the northern half of Cross River State comprising Ugep, Obubra, Ikom, Ogoja, and Obudu divisions. Bounded on the north by the Benue r...Situated within the Cross River State of Nigeria, the Upper Cross River area covers the northern half of Cross River State comprising Ugep, Obubra, Ikom, Ogoja, and Obudu divisions. Bounded on the north by the Benue region, west by Ebonyi and Enugu states and east by the Republic of Cameroon, this unique area experienced colonial rule. Christianity established its dominance in this area during colonial times, leaving no room for Islam. However, following the 1967 to 1970 civil war, groups of Islamic traders, clerics, and businessmen started trickling into the area, and settling there. They began to spread their faith in the region hut could not establish their political presence there. Some familiarised themselves with the culture of the indigenous people, and won converts not by force, but via the proselytisation of their faith. Community leaders did not abandon the old verities which bound traditional society in the region together. The pattern was often a pragmatic choice--accepting the best of the faiths resulting in peaceful co-existence and assured social harmony in the region. Pockets of Islamic converts could be found in Ogoja, Obudu, and some strategic commercial locations in the region. Against this backdrop, the paper examines the co-existence of Islam in the Upper Cross River Region （UCRR） and the impact made economically, culturally and religiously on the peoples of the region. The research adopted secondary and primary sources of information in its methodology. It therefore established that the UCRR of Nigeria serves as an excellent example, or a convenient model for the study of mutual religious co-existence between adherents of the Islamic and other faiths in the region.展开更多
In 1555,the Imperial Diet in Augsburg passed a resolution to extend the application of decrees concerning peace and order of the Holy Roman Empire to religious issues,trying to achieve religious peace and order of the...In 1555,the Imperial Diet in Augsburg passed a resolution to extend the application of decrees concerning peace and order of the Holy Roman Empire to religious issues,trying to achieve religious peace and order of the Empire.The Peace of Augsburg(1555)explicitly recognizes the legal existence of Lutheranism and stipulates the“religious freedom”of Imperial Estates,“cuius regio,eius religio”principle,and its exceptions.However,due to the lack of effective mechanism and measures to guarantee the compliance with the Peace of Augsburg(1555),its regulatory function can only be realized through“commitment”.The Peace of Augsburg(1555)is mainly formulated to pursue the peace and order of the Empire and also reflects the fundamental principle of compromise.However,the concepts such as“religious tolerance”and“right protection”contained therein are not original intention of the Peace of Augsburg(1555)or the subjective wishes of all parties thereto.展开更多
While stressing the paramount importance of a right strategic perception of each other between China and the United States,President Xi Jinping underlined three overarching principles that should guide the bilateral r...While stressing the paramount importance of a right strategic perception of each other between China and the United States,President Xi Jinping underlined three overarching principles that should guide the bilateral relations in 2024,involving peace,stability,and credibility.展开更多
The 40 year-peaceful development of China-U.S.relations have created a peaceful coexistence paradigm by two different social systems and two different forms of civilization.Nowadays as China-U.S.comparative gap in str...The 40 year-peaceful development of China-U.S.relations have created a peaceful coexistence paradigm by two different social systems and two different forms of civilization.Nowadays as China-U.S.comparative gap in strength is significantly reduced,there are a series of problems such as suspicions between the two countries deepened,U.S.reactions to the rising Chinese national growth intensified,economic and trade issues politicized,and confrontational factors highlighted,etc.The strategic competition will exacerbate the uncertain development of China-U.S.relations,which will become ever more complex.But,the two sides still can find new converging interests,expand cooperation,strengthen communication and avoid misjudgment,and effectively manage differences and competition to maintain sound bilateral relations.展开更多
文摘Situated within the Cross River State of Nigeria, the Upper Cross River area covers the northern half of Cross River State comprising Ugep, Obubra, Ikom, Ogoja, and Obudu divisions. Bounded on the north by the Benue region, west by Ebonyi and Enugu states and east by the Republic of Cameroon, this unique area experienced colonial rule. Christianity established its dominance in this area during colonial times, leaving no room for Islam. However, following the 1967 to 1970 civil war, groups of Islamic traders, clerics, and businessmen started trickling into the area, and settling there. They began to spread their faith in the region hut could not establish their political presence there. Some familiarised themselves with the culture of the indigenous people, and won converts not by force, but via the proselytisation of their faith. Community leaders did not abandon the old verities which bound traditional society in the region together. The pattern was often a pragmatic choice--accepting the best of the faiths resulting in peaceful co-existence and assured social harmony in the region. Pockets of Islamic converts could be found in Ogoja, Obudu, and some strategic commercial locations in the region. Against this backdrop, the paper examines the co-existence of Islam in the Upper Cross River Region （UCRR） and the impact made economically, culturally and religiously on the peoples of the region. The research adopted secondary and primary sources of information in its methodology. It therefore established that the UCRR of Nigeria serves as an excellent example, or a convenient model for the study of mutual religious co-existence between adherents of the Islamic and other faiths in the region.
文摘In 1555,the Imperial Diet in Augsburg passed a resolution to extend the application of decrees concerning peace and order of the Holy Roman Empire to religious issues,trying to achieve religious peace and order of the Empire.The Peace of Augsburg(1555)explicitly recognizes the legal existence of Lutheranism and stipulates the“religious freedom”of Imperial Estates,“cuius regio,eius religio”principle,and its exceptions.However,due to the lack of effective mechanism and measures to guarantee the compliance with the Peace of Augsburg(1555),its regulatory function can only be realized through“commitment”.The Peace of Augsburg(1555)is mainly formulated to pursue the peace and order of the Empire and also reflects the fundamental principle of compromise.However,the concepts such as“religious tolerance”and“right protection”contained therein are not original intention of the Peace of Augsburg(1555)or the subjective wishes of all parties thereto.
文摘While stressing the paramount importance of a right strategic perception of each other between China and the United States,President Xi Jinping underlined three overarching principles that should guide the bilateral relations in 2024,involving peace,stability,and credibility.
文摘The 40 year-peaceful development of China-U.S.relations have created a peaceful coexistence paradigm by two different social systems and two different forms of civilization.Nowadays as China-U.S.comparative gap in strength is significantly reduced,there are a series of problems such as suspicions between the two countries deepened,U.S.reactions to the rising Chinese national growth intensified,economic and trade issues politicized,and confrontational factors highlighted,etc.The strategic competition will exacerbate the uncertain development of China-U.S.relations,which will become ever more complex.But,the two sides still can find new converging interests,expand cooperation,strengthen communication and avoid misjudgment,and effectively manage differences and competition to maintain sound bilateral relations.
