Ecological and environmental water demand of the lakes in the Haihe-Luanhe Basin of North China

The purpose of this paper is to present a brief concept of the ecological and environmental water demand of lake. The present situation and affecting factors of lake ecological system in the Haihe\|Luanhe Basin of North China was analyzed. The calculating method of the ecological and environmental water demand of the lake basis on the water body and the calculating method of the ecological and environmental water demand of the lake basis on the aquatic ecosystem, wetland and vegetation were compared and discussed. As the examples of Baiyangdian Lake and Beidagang Lake in Haihe\|Luanhe river basin, the ecological and environmental water demand of the two lakes was calculated to be 27×10\+8m\+3. It is 6.75 times to the water demand according to the calculating method of the ecological and environmental water demand of the lake basis on the water body. The research result indicated: (1) The calculating methods of the ecological and environmental water demand of the lake basis on the aquatic ecosystem should be better than only basis on the water body of lake. (2) The data, such as area of the vegetation kind around and in the lake, the vegetation coefficient, the evaporating amount of the vegetation and the vegetation water demand itself around and in the lake are lack and urgent need. Some suggestions for controlling and regulating the water resource of the lake in North China were proposed.

Estimation and Characteristic Analysis of Biomass within the Haihe River Basin Based on CASA Model

Using CASA model, biomass within the Haihe River basin during 2002 -2007 was estimated based on remote sensing images, corresponding data of temperature, precipitation and solar radiation, and 1：400 000 0 maps of vegetation coverage in China. Variations in the biomass with vegetation type and vegetation coverage in 2007 were analyzed. Meanwhile, its temporal and spatial changes were discussed. The results validate the applicability of CASA model in the estimation of biomass within the Haihe River basin. During the past 6 years, annual average biomass within the basin was 405.5 Tg in total; annual average biomass in the basin was high in the southeast but low in the northwest, namely plains 〉 mountains 〉 plateaus.

Climate Simulation and Future Projection of Precipitation and the Water Vapor Budget in the Haihe River Basin

The climatological characteristics of precipitation （HRB） are analyzed using daily observations at 740 and the water vapor budget in the Haihe River basin stations in China in 1951 2007 and the 4-time daily ERA40 reanalysis data in 1958 2001. The results show that precipitation and surface air temperature present significant interannual and interdecadal variability, with cold and wet conditions before the 1970s but warm and dry conditions after the 1980s. Precipitation has reduced substantially since the 1990s, with a continued increase of surface air temperature. The total column water vapor has also reduced remarkably since the late 1970s. The multi-model ensemble from the Fourth Assessment Report （AR4） of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change （IPCC） has capably simulated the 20th century climate features and successfully reproduced the spatial patterns of precipitation and temperature. Unfortunately, the models do not reproduce the interdecadal changes. Based on these results, future projections of the climate in the HRB are discussed under the IPCC Special Report on Emissions Scenarios （SRES） B1, A1B, and A2. The results show that precipitation is expected to increase in the 21st century, with substantial interannual fluctuations relative to the models＇ baseline climatology. A weak increasing trend in precipitation is projected before the 2040s, followed by an abrupt increase after the 2040s, especially in winter. Precipitation is projected to increase by 10% 18% by the end of the 21st century. Due to the persistent warming of surface air temperature, water vapor content in the lower troposphere is projected to increase. Relative humidity will decrease in the mid-lower troposphere but increase in the upper troposphere. On the other hand, precipitation minus evaporation remains positive results, the HRB region is expected to get wetter throughout the 21st century. Based on these projection in the 21st century due to global warming.