Contribution and Modern Public Debt:On the Nature of Patriotic Public Debt in the Late Qing Dynasty and the Early Republic of China

There are different opinions about the first modern domestic debt in China.The theorists judge whether a certain public debt has modernity according to whether it has modern public debt form,ignoring the inconsistency between form and content,institutional provisions and actual implementation.The modern nature of public debt must have both the form and content of modern public debt.Based on the analysis of the issuing background,system design,collection and repayment of patriotic bonds in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China,it is considered that the part of patriotic bonds subscribed by the Qing royal family is still the nature of donation and return,while the part subscribed by ordinary businessmen and people in the early Republic of China has a modern nature.The dual nature of patriotic bonds is closely related to the social background when the bonds are issued.

Functional Features and Layouts of Yangzhou Residential Gardens in the Late Qing Dynasty and the Early Republic of China: A Case Study of Residential Gardens of Officials, Merchants and Literati

On the basis of analyzing socio-economic structures, social classes and their relations in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, this paper took residential gardens of three principal groups(officials, merchants and literati) for example, analyzed functional features and layouts of the gardens, explored artistic characteristics and cultural connotations of the local residential gardens, so as to provide references for the conservation and construction of historic and cultural cities, design and expression of modern urban livable spaces.

CHINESE LADY'S DAILY WEAR IN LATE QING DYNASTY AND EARLY REPUBLIC PERIOD

The goal of this research is to describe and analyze women’s wear in the late Qing Dynasty andearly Republic Period(late 19th c.—early 20th c.),with an emphasis on the daily informal orsemi-formal wear,though some formal or ceremonial costumes such as wedding dress will also beincluded.This study will use Chinese costumes and textiles from many museums to fill in theblanks left by previous research and to give a more detailed and accurate description.It will alsouse historical documents to find the original names of these items and to illustrate a general conceptof their usage on different occasions.The different categories of women’s wear will be described in the following order:①robes orcoats;②jackets;③waistcoats or vests;④skirts;⑤pants and leggings;⑥shoes and socks;⑦headdresses;and⑧others.Of every category,the textiles,decoration,cut,form,style,colourand motif will be discussed.The way in which these items were combined will also be discussed.The comparison between women’s wear and men’s wear,women’s and children’s informal andformal dress will be given.Here are some tentative conclusions.First,the Manchu and Han style coexisted and mixedwith each other and were worn by both Manchu and Han women.Second,the basic silhouettesand cuts were relatively stable and conventional,while the decorations and details(openings,fasten-ings,pleats,vents,collars and hemlines)were different.The former represented accepted socialstandards while the latter could be a matter of personal taste.Third,women’s wear in that periodwere highly stylized,miscellaneous,elaborate,detailed,multicolored and multi-thematic.

Social Classes and Cultural Connotations of Yangzhou Home Gardens during the Late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China

During the late Qing Dynasty and the early period of the Republic of China(1870-1930),the social classes in Yangzhou were basically dominated by officials,businessmen,and scholars.In the building number,scale,and functional evolution of their home gardens,these three classes were different,reflecting abundant connotation of characteristic of the time and regional culture,revealing the inheritance path of Yangzhou culture,as well as the richness and diversity of home gardens in Yangzhou during the late Qing Dynasty and the early period of the Republic of China.

Research and Discussion on the Stereotyped Writing Criticism Genre during Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties

In this paper, we conduct research on the stereotyped writing criticism genre during the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. Eightpart essay writing is a comprehensive strong style, its four topics from the fi ve classics, and its basic form is gradually formed in the evolution of the core imperial examination in China. Review especially on origin, teachers not only with the righteousness that try post poems strategy is so far producing precious examination style also with basic prose. Although some scholars also mentioned as this period literature genre that presents regional features mainly by the local cultural history environment, family relations, economic basis and other factors, but ignores the literature community in the form of the regional literature genre has played important role in the general process. Under this basis, this paper proposes the novel ideals on the corresponding issues that will help understand and analyzes the characteristics of stereotyped writing more.

Research and Discussion on the Stereotyped Writing Criticism Genre during Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties

In this paper, we conduct research on the stereotyped writing criticism genre during the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. Eightpartessay writing is a comprehensive strong style, its four topics from the fi ve classics, and its basic form is gradually formed in the evolutionof the core imperial examination in China. Review especially on origin, teachers not only with the righteousness that try post poems strategy isso far producing precious examination style also with basic prose. Although some scholars also mentioned as this period literature genre thatpresents regional features mainly by the local cultural history environment, family relations, economic basis and other factors, but ignores theliterature community in the form of the regional literature genre has played important role in the general process. Under this basis, this paperproposes the novel ideals on the corresponding issues that will help understand and analyzes the characteristics of stereotyped writing more.

The Rise and Fall of Overseas Chinese Problem in the Early Republic of China

In the late Qing Dynasty and the early R epublic of China,foreign invasion made China suffer from an unprecedented humiliation,and the W estern powers initiated a commercial intrusion by forcing China to sign unequal treaties and open treaty ports. From this perspective,a deep exploration is made to study the corresponding influence and its function. The rule shows that the developing route of national politics,economy and culture can determine the trend of the development of overseas Chinese problem; in addition,it objectively reflects that the social nature is vital to overseas Chinese problem.

清末民初江苏地区家谱特点探析

清末民初,在动荡的社会环境下,家谱修撰成为部分家族承继血缘关系和家族文化的重要方式。江苏地区是修纂家谱最为密集的地区之一,对家谱的诸多方面进行了有益的补充。扬州吴氏、宜兴吕氏和无锡锡山秦氏三个家族的家谱具有完备的体例,重视家规族约的制定,并充实了对家族女子成员的记载内容。这些特点与当时的政治环境、经济基础和区域文化紧密相关,是传统文化和近代思想相结合的产物。

汉魏六朝北地傅氏籍贯考察——以《宋书·傅弘之传》的载述为中心

魏晋南北朝是一个特殊的时代,关于世族籍贯的认定,不能只是简单地考察地理沿革和家族迁徙等表层问题,而应综合考量家族认同、国家认同、历史认同等诸多层面的历史信息。北地傅氏虽然自汉末以来寄寓关中冯翊境内,此后又流寓江南,但其姓望所系与文化根脉仍在河陇地区(义渠、灵州、泥阳)。其亦文亦武、刚直尚气的家族风尚,正是秦汉以来河陇地区风声气俗的本色呈现。如果将汉末以来北地傅氏的籍贯确定在今陕西耀县境内,不仅与北地傅氏家族兴起于河陇边塞、流离迁徙中仍然情系河陇故土的历史事实不符,而且与门阀制度背景下“寄寓他所”“仍冠旧邦”的时代风气不合,显然不是合理公允的结论。

“士大夫之学”视野下的曾国藩“奇偶互用”说

曾国藩在奠定“士大夫之学”学术规模的过程中,根植《易传·系辞》的宇宙观和张载的辩证观,依据韩愈“孔墨相用”说而提出“奇偶互用”说。相较清中叶以来“奇偶相生”“奇偶相杂迭用”“骈散相成”“奇偶相间”“奇偶相参错综”等说,“奇偶互用”说确立“奇”为本位、以“奇”兼“偶”的体用关系,主要从行气运辞、天授人事的角度记述奇偶,重塑韩愈古文在学术分途中的连接作用与在文体演变中的典范价值。该说完善并发展了姚鼐“文分阴阳”说,试图纠正桐城理论阴阳分判、偏于阳刚,而创作失之阴柔的流弊。曾国藩大胆接受富有争议的“孔墨相用”说,体现了其在晚清大变局中,借助韩愈归本经子、博学于文的“大贤君子之道”,复兴修己治人、经世致用的大人之学的淑世情怀。

晚唐至元初绘画作品中“单肩包”的样式、功能及其发展的社会因素

在中国服饰史上,与腰间悬挂系结的荷包、荷囊等小型包具相比,可供肩挎的、现代意义上的包则出现得较晚,元代之前几乎没有实物发现。文章基于晚唐至元初的绘画作品,从使用者身份的角度,探讨了这一时期的“单肩包”,具体又包括“单肩挎包”及“斜挎包”的样式及功能。在此基础上,我们分析了促使其发展的社会因素,认为其发展与传教之需求密切相关,同时也是丝路之宗教文化、胡汉文化交流的产物;除此,亦受到蒙元游牧民族服饰文化的影响。

明遗民集序书写的纪传与想象

别集序在文体初创时期,就已经确立了传记写作的传统。明末清初的遗民通过诗文来回应国家和自我身份认同等问题。这种回应体现在别集序的书写中,使其中的纪传部分更加注重真实性的表达。然而,由于别集序的主观创作空间较大,真实与想象的成分在遗民的别集序中交织在一起,这无疑影响了通过“知人论世”的传统批评方法所得批评主张的有效性。此外,集序作者往往通过个人经历的想象和性情的投射来塑造遗民的形象。这种塑造可能源于作者真实情感的流露,也可能出于对经典文本的模仿。因此,遗民集序中的人物形象可能与他们的历史行为存在差异,这进一步影响了集序所传达的文学批评要素的接受和传播。

汉魏六朝尚方职能及其与皇权关系

汉晋时期,尚方隶属少府,主要为皇帝和宫廷制器。南北朝时期,尚方机构及其职能发生变化,但南朝与北朝又有差异。南朝左尚方负责王朝军械制作,右尚方仍为宫廷制器。左尚方制军械,改变了尚方的“私奉养”性质。北朝自魏孝文帝以来,尚方改隶太府,被纳入朝廷财政体系,制器不再仅供皇帝和宫廷使用。南北朝尚方及其职能变化,虽不尽一致,但尚方“私奉养”色彩皆渐淡化。不过,汉晋六朝尚方一直具有为皇帝和宫廷制器的职责。尚方制器被称作“御器物”“禁器物”,成为皇帝与臣民身份差异的外在体现,堪称皇权的物质象征。历朝通常禁止臣民私求或仿造尚方器物,但魏晋以降,因皇权衰落,管控力度减弱。

交往的情趣:元末明初江南诗人的风雅之好

元末明初诗歌创作呈现丰富、多面的色彩,江南诗人的题画唱和即为其中之一。在社会乱离背景下,江南诗人以题画表达时代之思、离别之情和隐逸之趣,体现出不同一般题画诗的创作趣味和文化内涵。他们以题画送别、交往唱和、共赏题诗等方式,共同促成了这一时期江南诗坛的兴盛景象。元末明初江南诗人在文学交往过程中展现的风雅之好,是构成该时期诗歌创作景观的重要面向。今人建构元末明初诗史图像,江南诗人的题画唱和之作应进入关注视野。

近代变局与庆宽的仕宦人生

庆宽是晚清民初的“奇人”,以民籍混入内务府旗籍,借助绘画的特长和办皇差的机会,在晚清拥堵的官场上,逐级升迁至候选内务府三院卿,积累了大量财富,也引发了官场侧目,遭到光绪帝下旨抄家的惩罚。戊戌之后,庆宽利用往日的关系网成为访日特使,又因为辛丑议约的劳绩,获得保举,恢复了原有旗籍和职衔。晚清最后十年,庆宽在仕途上做最后一搏,但最终止步于四品道台,遂决心离开官场。在民初的十年,庆宽以平民视角观察政局,时而以旗人身份筹划旗人生计,时而作为普通市民关注城市自治,逐渐淡出了时代舞台。

汉魏六朝碑刻中构件“⺈”“■”“爫”的变异研究

汉魏六朝时期,异体字盛行。本文以形体相似的三种构件“爫”“ ■”“⺈”为例进行变异研究,从构件与构件的关系出发,把构件讹变分为独体讹变和被动讹变。在讹变的基础上,构件“爫”与构件“■ ”“⺈”产生讹混的结果,构件“爫”与“⺈”有相同间接构件与构件“爫”构成直接构件时,二者有着相互讹混趋势,构件“爫与”“■ ”的相互讹混趋势更为稳定且无条件限制。

论清末民初博览会事业中的民族主义

清末民初博览会事业蕴涵了丰富的民族主义。它产生的外部因素是西方“先进”所形成的“榜样”力量,以及西方帝国的霸权行径和经济侵略,内部因素是中国自身的落后,以及中国人所具有的“经世忧国”传统精神。它产生的路径基本是:先进的西方列强,对落后中国进行经济侵略,导致中国利权外溢,产生严重民族危机,具有“经世忧国”精神的中国人奋发图强,既积极学习西方,仿行西法,又反省自身落后,积极展开竞争,谋求改良、发展,其中,蕴涵了忧患、危机、反省意识及竞争、发展观念,最终目的是实现民族国家独立富强。这样的民族主义具有追赶性、内向性、开放性特征,且主要体现在经济层面,虽有过急追求发展的一面,但其价值目标及立足自身的方法取向是理性的。

西汉中后期边疆治理范式的转型与重构

秦汉时期的国家治理与边疆治理均以“大一统”精神为引领。秦汉帝国统治集团关于边疆的理解与认知决定了边疆治理在不同阶段的基本格调,并表现出与之相应的时代风貌。西汉宣、元之际,适值“有为”政治瓦解、儒生政治初兴的过渡转换期,受经学转向的影响,“夷夏之辨”重新成为主流思想,夷夏群体的对立亦被理论化。与此相应,“民本”成为国家治理过程中的重要原则,地位逐渐凌驾于边疆经略之上。受前述诸多因素的综合影响,西汉中后期的边疆治理逐渐走上了迥异于武、宣之世的另一条道路,而边疆治理的调整与转向,成为西汉王朝盛世终结的标志性事件。

清末民初讽喻联的“言文合一”趋向及意义

清末民初的讽喻性楹联在中国古代讽喻传统的基础上,与白话运动相结合,在音韵、句式、技巧等方面出现不同程度的新变。平仄规则的自由化、句式词汇的白话化、修辞技巧的谐趣化,使得清末民初讽喻联在“形”与“神”双重层面契合了“言文合一”理念,成为“我手写我口”的实践性文体。清末民初讽喻联最直接且最真实地反应了民众的心声,作为强有力的“战斗武器”,于嬉笑怒骂之中,剖析黑暗惨痛之现实。

舆论下的规制:清末民初法学教育的“跃进”式发展(1905—1927)

在近代“西学东渐”的历史潮流下,清末民初,社会舆论推动了西式法学教育的出现与发展,但受传统谋官心态以及逐利目的的影响,法学教育呈现“跃进”式的发展状况,致使民国初期各类法律学校数量一度激增至67所。面对此种乱象,社会舆论再度发挥监督作用,以谴责批评的方式助推政府通过教育管控、学校裁撤以及自我整改来规制此种乱象,并取得了明显效果。回顾清末民初法学教育“跃进”式发展的历史脉络,在看到其发展乱象的同时,也要认识到其在传播法律知识、培养法治理念和培育政法人才方面对近代中国的贡献。