National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) Indo-Pacific Oceanic Channel Project Special Issue

1 INTRODUCTION The tropical Indo-Pacific Oceans span over twothirds of the global tropical oceans.A major warm pool with the highest large-scale sea surface temperature of the global oceans is located in the western Pacific and eastern Indian Oceans.The climate systems over the tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans are subject to strong ocean-atmosphere coupling at multiple scales from intraseasonal to interannual,and to centennial.The

Is Nationwide Special Campaign on Antibiotic Stewardship Program Effective on Ameliorating Irrational Antibiotic Use in China? Study on the Antibiotic Use of Specialized Hospitals in China in 2011–2012

Summary： With dwindling number of new antibiotics and inappropriate use of antibiotics, the emergence and spread of antibiotics resistance occurs commonly in healthcare institutions worldwide. In China, antibiotics are commonly overprescribed and misused. This study is to assess the effect of the nationwide special campaign on antibiotic stewardship program （ASP） at specialized hospitals in China by investigating prescription information from 2011 to 2012. Data on the hospital consumption and prescription of systemic antibiotics were obtained from four specialized hospitals, including maternity, children＇s, stomatological and cancer hospitals. Systematic random sampling was used to select outpatient prescriptions and inpatient cases. A total of 105 specialized hospitals in 2011 and 121 specialized hospitals in 2012 were analysed. The defined daily doses （DDDs） per 100 inpatient days, the percentage of antibiotic use in outpatient prescriptions, and the percentage of antibiotic use in inpatient eases were used as measurements of antibiotic use. The overall antibiotic use density in the selected hospitals decreased between 2011 and 2012 from 39.37 to 26.54 DDD/100 inpatient days （P〈0.001）. The percentage of antibiotic use in outpatient prescriptions （range： 24.12%-18.71%, P=0.109） and inpatient cases （64.85%-60.10%, P=-0.006） also decreased within the two years. Significant changes were observed among regions and different hospitals within the two years. And antibiotic consumption was correlated with the type and size of specialized hospital in 2012, but not with the regions. This analysis of antibiotic consumption of specialized hospitals allows relevant comparisons for benchmarking and shows that national ASP has improved antibiotic rational use in China. The data will assist policymakers in formulating effective strategies to decrease antibiotic overuse and identify areas that require further work.

国家战略目标导向的科研:“863”计划与“973”计划

通过对国家战略目标导向下的两个国家重大科技计划——“863”计划和“973”计划的深度解读分析,从任务提出背景、组织管理机制、效益与影响三方面揭示国家战略目标导向下科研工作组织的理念和运行机制,分析了政府、市场和专家在服务国家战略目标的科研活动中所扮演的角色,以及自由探索与国家目标之间的关系,并以此启发未来科技举国体制的实施。

From Mutual Creation to Mutual Benefit:China’s National Teacher Training Program between Higher Teacher Education and K-12 Teachers

Sustainable Development Goal(SDG 4)lays solid theoretical foundation for the development of higher teacher education in improving the quality of teaching faculty nationwide.Sustainable teacher training paves a way for teacher professional development in the long run.China’s“National Teacher Training Program”serves a connection between higher teacher education and K-12 teachers in multiple perspectives when exploring K-12 teachers’improvement of the essence by upgrading the initiative of the program with the assistance of educational technology and modern educational philosophy from mutual creation to mutual benefit.Direction orientation strategic design based on demand for teaching faculty,curriculum setting in modules,and characteristics creation have been carried out to upgrade the training of teacher colleges and National Teacher Training Program in the future for achieving a win-win situation between higher teacher education and K-12 education.

Factors associated with recommendation behaviors of four non-National Immunization Program vaccines:a cross-sectional survey among public health workers in China

Background Immunization is a crucial preventive measure to safeguard children under five years old against a range of diseases.In China,the coverage rate of non-National Immunization Program(non-NIP)vaccines can be improved by leveraging the recommendation from public health workers.Hence,understanding the influencing factors of recommendation behaviors assume paramount importance.This study aims to investigate influencing factors of public health workers’recommendation behaviors towards non-NIP vaccines,with a particular emphasis on financial incentives.Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a multi-stage sampling method in 2019 from August to October.627 public health workers were recruited from 148 community healthcare centers in ten provincial-level administrative divisions in China.An anonymous questionnaire was used to collect demographic information,attitudes towards vaccination,and recommendation behaviors towards non-NIP vaccines,includingHaemophilus influenzae type b(Hib)vaccine,pneumococcal conjugate vaccine,varicella vaccine,and rotavirus vaccine.Descriptive analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis were adopted in this study.Results Of the 610 public health workers with complete survey data,53.8%,57.4%,84.1%,and 54.1%often recommended Hib vaccine,pneumococcal pneumonia vaccine(PCV),varicella vaccine,and rotavirus vaccine,respectively.Logistic regression revealed that gender(Hib vaccine:OR=0.4,95%CI:0.2-0.8;PCV:OR=0.4,95%CI:0.2-0.8;rotavirus vaccine:OR=0.3,95%CI:0.2-0.6),financial incentives for non-NIP vaccination(Hib vaccine:OR=1.9,95%CI:1.1-3.6;PCV:OR=2.1,95%CI:1.1-3.9;rotavirus vaccine:OR=2.0,95%CI:1.1-3.8)and perception of vaccine safety(Hib vaccine:OR=2.7,95%CI:1.1-7.0;PCV:OR=3.2,95%CI:1.2-8.0;rotavirus vaccine:OR=3.0,95%CI:1.2-7.7)were associated with public health workers’recommendation towards Hib vaccine,PCV and rotavirus vaccine.Conclusions The findings highlighted public health workers’recommendation behaviors of non-NIP vaccines in China and revealed strong association between vaccine recommendation and financial incentives.This highlights the importance of financial incentives in public health workers’recommendation toward non-NIP vaccines in China.Proper incentives are recommended for public health workers to encourage effective health promotion in immunization practices.

2023年度地球科学部基金项目评审工作综述

本文总结了2023年度国家自然科学基金委员会地球科学部的评审工作,分析了地球科学部各类项目受理、评审和资助情况,梳理了深化科学基金改革实施情况,提出了下一年度科学基金工作思路。

国家重点研发计划电子文件单轨制管理现状、问题及对策

电子文件和纸质文件同步随业务流程运转的双轨制给各行业工作均带来了巨大的纸质文件管理压力。在全球文件管理数字转型及中国“互联网+”行动计划的时代背景下,中国国家重点研发计划项目电子文件单轨制管理已经成为必然的趋势和任务,但目前国家重点研发计划项目的有关研究尚未涉及档案管理及电子文件管理等内容。为此,回顾和分析中国国家科技计划项目电子文件管理30余年的历史和经验,认为国家科技管理信息系统公共服务平台已实现国家重点研发计划项目所有业务活动的全流程电子化管理,为国家重点研发计划电子文件管理打下从双轨制向单轨制过渡的基础。然而,国家重点研发计划项目电子文件管理仍存在档案管理顶层设计不足,档案管理制度建设不完善,电子签名、电子印章以及电子文件元数据方案建设滞后等问题;针对此提出完善档案管理组织机构和制度体系、开发电子签名和电子印章应用体系、制定电子文件元数据方案、完善国家科技管理信息系统公共服务平台技术体系等对策,为推动完全实现国家重点研发计划电子文件单轨制运行与管理提供参考。

项目资助与科学人才成长——基于国家自然科学基金与973计划的回溯性关联分析

获得项目资助是科学人才学术生涯中的重要经历,对人才的成长发挥重要的作用。以2010年973计划项目资助的科研人员为研究对象,从时间维度逆向追踪这些科研人员获得的国家自然科学基金项目资助情况,探讨项目资助与科学人才阶段性成长之间的关联特征。研究发现:科学基金资助与科研人员阶段性成长之间存在显著的相关性;我国科学人才成长呈现约5年为一个阶段的学术生涯跃迁模式;项目资助类型结构在科学人才的不同成长阶段及不同学科领域中具有差异性,对科学人才的成长也发挥具有不同的影响。

Remarkable achievements in orogenic belt research——An introduction to a fulfilled program supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)

THE continental dynamics has become a goaI since the beginning of the 1990s and it will still bethe key subject in the 21st century. Orogenic belts, having experienced the most intensechanges of geotherm and mechanics in the lithosphere, are the important research object in thestudy of continental dynamics. For this reason, the study of orogenic belts forms a hot and dif-ficult point in the geological society and the concentration of efforts is needed for overcomingthis difficult point. China has the most orogenic belts of various types in the world, so the De-partment of Earth Sciences caught this scientific chance in the early 1990s, took the

2014至2023年国家自然科学基金生物医学工程/再生医学方向的资助情况分析

本文汇总2014—2023年国家自然科学基金委员会医学科学部在生物医学工程/再生医学方向面上项目、青年科学基金项目与地区科学基金项目(简称“面青地项目”)的申请与资助情况,同时分析近10年相关领域的文献报道热点,为该领域的进一步高水平发展提供参考依据。回顾性收集代码H28下面青地项目的申请与资助数据资料,主要包括:资助项数与资助经费、资助项目所在依托单位与省市分布、获资助申请人的年龄与职称分布、获资助项目申请书的关键词等内容。同时,基于Web of Science数据库对近10年发表的相关方向文献关键词进行汇总,利用CiteSpace 6.2.R4软件对关键词的热点聚类及时间分布进行分析。通过分析发现:在2014—2023年中,生物医学工程/再生医学方向共资助面青地项目1279项,包括面上项目623项、青年科学基金项目599项和地区科学基金项目57项,资助经费50799万元。其中2014年的资助项目数最少,2023年的资助项目数最多。该方向的项目资助主要集中在H2808、H2809及H2810,3个代码获资助项目数与经费总和分别占全部项目的65.9%及64.6%。上海市、上海交通大学分别是获资助项目数最多的地区、依托单位,分别占比14.7%和7.0%。31~35岁的申请人获资助项目数最多,共507项,占比39.6%。近10年该方向获资助面青地项目申请书中出现频率最高的中英文关键词都与纳米相关(纳米药物和nanomedicine),而在Web of Science数据库中已发表相关方向文献的热门关键词包括biomedical engineering、tissue engineering、biomedical applications等。近年来,国家自然科学基金委员会医学科学部对生物医学工程/再生医学方向面青地项目的资助呈稳步上升趋势,资助领域广泛且重点明确,逐步建立以青年科研人员为主体的人才梯队。

973计划资源环境领域项目数据汇交实践与思考

随着国内科学数据共享的推进，我国科技计划项目的数据汇交逐渐得到重视和发展。本文基于实践，对已经实施的973计划资源环境领域项目数据汇交的进展进行阶段回顾，介绍了数据汇交在政策制定、汇交中心组建、组织实施策略、汇交环境建设、数据接收管理及共享服务方面的具体做法和进展。并在此基础上，针对973计划资源环境领域项目数据汇交未来在其他领域的推广与汇交数据的深度开发利用进行了初步思考。

Making our contributions to past global change——An introduction to a recently fulfilled program supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China

IN recent years, a series of environmental problems have attracted wide attention in the world.As environmental changes can result from both the operations of natural factors and human ac-tivities, the international science community has the common opinion that environmental prob-lems should be studied in a broader perspect. In other words, the earth environment should beregarded as an entity that consists of many interactive and interrelated parts. Highlighted

国家重点研发计划项目成果后评估试点实践研究

科技计划项目成果后评估是科技成果评价改革的重要内容,目前已完成试点探索。追溯其制度背景,提出概念内涵,并基于中国21世纪议程管理中心承担的科技计划项目成果后评估试点工作实践经验,构建国家重点研发计划项目成果后评估方法体系,且针对试点过程中发现的问题提出若干建议。

三相交错并联直流变换器母排低电感设计

由于开关器件频率的提升和电压等级的提高,功率回路中的杂散电感引起的冲击电压影响越来越受到关注。为解决在高频器件下因母排杂散电感引起的冲击电压过高的现象,将以往研究中的解析法建模和部分元等效两种方法结合起来建立能同时反映结构参数作用机理并反映各部分电感对冲击电压影响的综合电感模型。利用模型按照叠层方式设计、基础尺寸设计和器件布局设计3步设计了一款用于三相交错并联直流变换器的叠层母排。对于其中有着复杂影响效果的结构参数,将数学模型代入双层规划算法,进行了参数寻优。最终设计了一款低杂散电感、低冲击电压母排,并通过双脉冲实验验证了设计的有效性和模型的准确性。

基础研究原始创新的政策探索:从非共识创新到原创探索计划

国家自然科学基金委员会(以下简称“自然科学基金委”)自成立以来,在推动我国基础研究发展、支持基础研究原始创新中发挥了重要作用。在广泛系统收集和分析档案、文献、访谈和统计数据等资料的基础上,本文回顾了自然科学基金委资助基础研究原始创新的政策探索历程,考察了相关资助政策设立的初衷及其历史背景,理清了政策演进脉络。研究发现:自然科学基金委资助基础研究原始创新起步较早(1987年),起始于建委之初,通过妥善处理申请人“申述”资助非共识创新研究;在政策供给方面,先后探索了非共识创新项目(1987年至今)、小额项目(2001—2018年)和原创探索计划项目(2019年至今)3种途径;政策走向经历了从缘起与初探(1987—1991年)、同行评议下的保护(1992—2017年)到专设资助计划下的激励(2018年至今)三个阶段的演进历程。回顾38年来,自然科学基金委资助基础研究原始创新的政策探索、发展及成效,有助于研究人员深入理解自然科学基金委相关资助政策,是新时期基础研究原始创新资助政策优化的重要参考。

基于自评价报告的国家重点研发计划项目实施成效与机制研究

2016年启动的国家重点研发计划,是我国中央财政科技计划布局架构改革的重大战略举措,肩负着为其他四类计划优化整合“架桥铺路”的重要使命。经过约5年项目执行期,近年来部分项目已完成结题验收。以国家重点研发计划“战略性先进电子材料”重点专项中2022年结题验收的43个项目为调查对象,以各项目综合绩效自评价报告为调查素材,综合国家重点研发计划的组织管理创新以及自评价报告的内容结构特点,制定针对性的结题项目实施成效统计方案,从中归纳国家重点研发计划的实施成效特征与作用机制,为专业机构进一步提升国家重点研发计划管理服务水平提出建议参考。

National Program of Action for Child Development in China in the 1990s(Abstract)

I. Introduction 1. The children of today will run the families of the 21st century. Their survival, protection and development decide, for the most part, the quality of a people and lay the foundation of human progress as a whole. The 1990 World Summit for Children endorsed the "World Declaration on the Survival, Protection and Development of Children" and the "Plan of Action for Implementing the World Declaration on the Survival, Protection and Development of Children in the 1990s," (hereinafter referred to as "Declaration" and "Plan of Action" for short), In March 1991, Premier Li Peng signed the two documents on behalf of the Chinese Government, making a solemn commitment to this major undertaking. 2. The wholesome development of children has a bearing upon the future of China. The Communist Party of China and the Chinese Government have always paid close attention to the survival,

中国青年科技人才主持国际科技合作项目的成效与优化策略

青年科技人才是科技创新事业发展生力军、国际科技交流合作中坚力量,但目前国内外缺少对青年科技人才与非青年科技人才主持(基金)项目成效的对比研究,以及主持(基金)项目对青年科技人才成长影响的理论分析。为深入探究国际科技合作项目在培养具有国际视野青年科技人才方面的实践效果,以中国国家重点研发计划“战略性科技创新合作”重点专项为例,总结梳理青年科技人才主持项目的资助现状及实施成效,主要发现包括:与非青年科技人才相比,青年科技人才主持的项目成效更为显著,项目实施在推进科技人员交流、技术研发、成果转化、人才培养及青年科技人才自身成长和发展等方面发挥了重要作用;此外,通过问卷调查,系统分析青年科技人才对国际科技合作项目的需求特征,以及青年项目负责人在组织实施国际科技合作项目过程中遇到的问题,主要包括加大科技人才支持、完善资金跨国(境)使用制度、完善考核评价体系、加强科研管理政策宣传等四方面的实际需求和具有政治不确定性因素、新冠疫情等不可抗力因素等两方面项目实施难点;最后,围绕项目部署、经费使用、绩效评价、风险防范等方面思考提出优化国际合作类科研项目管理的建议,包括在国际科技合作类项目中设立青年科学家项目,完善经费跨国(境)使用制度和激励保障机制,建立体现国际合作特点的综合绩效评价体系,加强对国际科技合作项目宣传,提高项目实施的风险预判、防范和应对能力等,希望能为中国培养具有丰富国际科技交流合作经验和国际竞争力的青年科技人才提供政策参考。

“十三五”期间我国油菜遗传育种研究进展——基于“十三五”国家重点研发计划“七大农作物育种”重点专项实施情况分析

“七大农作物育种”重点专项是“十三五”期间生物种业领域的唯一专项,对于夯实和引领育种科技发展方向,保障我国农作物种业安全具有重要意义。油菜是“七大农作物育种”重点专项重要研究对象之一,本文根据油菜遗传育种领域在专项中的布局与实施情况,从优异种质资源挖掘、重要农艺性状基因的克隆和机理解析、育种方法与技术创新、重要新材料和新品种选育、种子繁育与加工技术等五个方面梳理总结油菜遗传育种在“十三五”期间取得的主要研究进展和重大成果以及项目组织实施管理经验,并对未来该领域的研究提出三点对策建议,一是加强顶层设计,做好重大项目系统化布局;二是优化管理制度,完善生物技术育种管理法规体系;三是创新育种产业链,构建科企密切分工合作的种业创新体系。