Key Factors to Consider When Introducing a New Vaccine in Low-Income Settings: Lessons from Malawi Expanded Program on Immunization

Introduction: As new vaccines become available, countries must assess the relevance to introduce them into their vaccination schedules. Malawi has recently introduced several new vaccines and plans to introduce more. This study was conducted to identify key factors that need to be considered when deciding to introduce a new vaccine and current challenges faced by low and middle income countries using Malawi as an example. Methodology: The study employed a desk review approach, examining published literature from various sources such as PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. Policy documents from organizations like the World Health Organization, GAVI the Alliance, and the Ministry of Health for Malawi were also included. A total of 99 articles and documents on new vaccine introduction, challenges of immunization, policy documents in immunization and health systems strengthening were included. The review focused on addressing five key areas critical to new vaccine introduction namely: the need for a vaccine, availability of the vaccine, safety and effectiveness of the vaccine, demand for the vaccine, and the prudent use of public or private funds. Results: Malawi considered the burden of cervical cancer and the significance of malaria in the country when introducing the HPV and malaria vaccines. The country opted for vaccines that can be handled by the cold chain capacity and available human resources. Despite that malaria vaccine and Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine trials were done in country, there are limited vaccine safety and efficacy trials conducted in Malawi, leading to a reliance on WHO-prequalified vaccines. Demand for newly introduced vaccines varied, with high demand for Oral Cholera Vaccine during a cholera outbreak, while demand for COVID-19 vaccines decreased over time. Although cost-effectiveness studies were limited in the country, 2 studies indicated that Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine and malaria vaccine would be cost effective. All these have been implemented despite having challenges like lack of accurate surveillance data, inadequate cold chain capacity, limited safety and efficacy vaccine clinical trials, political influence, and limited funding. Conclusion: Despite several challenges Malawi set a good example of the careful considerations required before introducing a new vaccine. The process involves data review, priority setting, precise planning, and consultation with stakeholders. Low-income countries should invest in vaccine safety, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness trials.

Advancing the National Immunization Program in an era of achieving universal vaccine coverage in China and beyond

Background Immunization is a cornerstone of public health.Despite great success,China’s National Immunization Program(NIP)faces challenges,such as the integration of several World Health Organization-recommended vaccines and other systemic issues.The Innovation Laboratory for Vaccine Delivery Research(VaxLab),supported by the Bill&Melinda Gates Foundation and established in 2021 at Duke Kunshan University,focuses on enhancing China’s NIP through research and policy advocacy.This editorial aims to summarize the key findings of the manuscripts published in the collection contributed by VaxLab team and set the future research agenda.Key findings The collection contains eleven manuscripts discussing China’s immunization landscape and strategies to improve coverage,particularly for non-NIP vaccines like human papillomavirus vaccine(HPV),pneumococcal conjugate vaccine(PCV),Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine(Hib),and rotavirus vaccines.Key findings include:(i)The COVID-19 vaccination campaign demonstrated China’s capacity for rapid,large-scale immunization efforts,suggesting potential for broader vaccine coverage improvements;(ii)Efforts in combating cervical cancer through the HPV vaccine indicate progress but also highlight challenges like vaccine supply and equitable access;(iii)The lag in adopting higher-valent paediatric combination vaccines in China needs attention to address regulatory and health system hurdles;(iv)Disparities in access to non-NIP vaccines underscore the need for government initiatives to improve vaccine coverage,especially for remote areas and marginalized populations;(v)Original studies emphasize the influence of caregivers’knowledge,health workers’financial incentives,and concerns about vaccine efficacy on immunization rates;(vi)Case studies from the Weifang City of China and Indonesia to introduce PCV offer insights on successful vaccine introduction strategies and the impact of innovative financing and government support.Conclusion The articles emphasize the need for government leadership,strategic policymaking,and public awareness to enhance vaccine coverage and equity.The VaxLab will continue strengthening China’s NIP by focusing on vaccine financing,emphasizing diversity,equity,and inclusion,and improving maternal vaccination coverage.Research will extend to Southeast Asian and Western Pacific regions,especially in middle-income countries facing challenges in vaccine financing and delivery.The collective efforts outlined in this collection show a commitment to evolving and adapting immunization strategies to meet global health goals and to provide equitable access to vaccines for all.

Impact of the national hepatitis B immunization program in China:a modeling study

Background:Elimination of hepatitis B virus(HBV)is a striking challenge for countries with high or moderate disease burden.Therefore,using China as a practical case to share experiences for similar countries may accelerate the achievement of the WHO 2030 target of 90%reduction in HBV-related incidence.We aim to evaluate the impact of national HBV immunization strategies in China;and the feasibility to achieve WHO 2030 targets under diferent scenarios.Methods:We constructed an expanded Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Recovered(SEIR)model and decision treeMarkov model to estimate the epidemic of HBV in China,assess the feasibility of 2030 Elimination Goals through the projections and conduct the economic analysis.Least square method was used to calibrate the expanded SEIR model by yearly data of laboratory-confrmed HBV cases from 1990 to 2018.Two models were separately used to evaluate the impact and cost-efectiveness of HBV vaccine by comparing prevalence of chronic HBV infections,qualityadjusted life-years(QALYs),incremental cost efectiveness ratio and beneft–cost ratio(BCR)under various intervention options,providing a basis for exploring new containment strategies.Results:Between 1990 and 2020,the number of chronic HBV infections decreased by 33.9%.The current status quo would lead to 55.73 million infections(3.95%prevalence)in 2030,compared to 90.63 million(6.42%prevalence)of the“Without the NIP”scenario(NIP:National Immunization Program),114.78 million(8.13%prevalence)without any interventions.The prevention of mother to child transmission(PMTCT)strategy showed a net beneft as 12,283.50 dollars per person,with BCR as 12.66,which is higher than that of universal vaccination at 9.49.Compared with no screening and no vaccination,the PMTCT strategy could save 7726.03 dollars for each QALY increase.Conclusions:Our fndings proved the HBV vaccination has demonstrated a substantial positive impact on controlling the epidemic of HBV in terms of efectiveness and economy after about 30 years of implementation of the national hepatitis B immunization program which also provided containment experience for high or medium burden countries.As for China,the next step should focus on exploring strategies to improve diagnosis and treatment coverage to reduce the burden of HBV-related deaths and ultimately eliminate HBV.

Association between measles antibodies in vaccinated and naturally infected mothers with protective antibodies and the occurrence of measles in their children:A cross-sectional study in the Bavi district of Hanoi

Objective:To determine the concentration and rate of decay of maternal IgG antibodies against measles prevalence in infants of vaccinated or naturally infected mothers and study initial measles immunization occurs in nine-month-old children.Methods:In total,401 pregnant women and the same number of their subsequent newborns were recruited in the Bavi district of Hanoi in 2016-2017;they were divided into two groups:Older women(born before 1985,n=201)and younger women(born after 1990,n=200).Samples were collected at five time-points;week 36 of pregnancy,birth(cord),and 3,6,and 9 months after birth.Measles-specific IgG antibody levels were recorded.Results:In total,77.06% of the 401 pregnant women were seropositive for measles-specific IgG antibodies.A significantly greater proportion of mothers aged 30 and older(88.06%)and their newborn(93.53%)were seropositive compared to the mothers aged 25 and younger(66.00%),and their newborn(72.00%)(P<0.001).The infants of older mothers had significantly higher geometric mean titres(GMT)of measles IgG antibodies than the infants of younger mothers(P<0.001)at all time-points of the study period.The proportion of measles IgG antibodies together with GMT decreased from 82.97%(506.96)at the age of three months to 23.19%(45.22)at the age of nine months.Conclusions:This study provides a profile of maternal antibodies against measles in Vietnamese infants and investigates the early susceptibility to measles in both the infants of vaccinated mothers and mothers with naturally acquired immunity.These data suggest that determining the appropriate age for measles vaccination is paramount for the elimination of measles in Vietnam.

山西省438名孕妇对未来子女非免疫规划疫苗的接种意愿及其影响因素

目的了解孕妇对未来子女非免疫规划疫苗(expanded program on immunization,EPI)的接种意愿及其影响因素,为提高儿童非EPI接种率提供参考。方法采用便利抽样的方法,选取山西省妇幼保健院438名产检孕妇为研究对象进行问卷调查。利用独立样本t检验、方差分析和多重线性回归模型分析个人社会经济因素、疫苗倾向和疫苗信息获取渠道对孕妇为未来子女接种非EPI意愿的影响,并基于计划行为理论构建结构方程模型分析孕妇对子女非EPI接种的态度、主观规范、知觉行为控制对接种意愿的影响。结果98.4%调查对象愿意为子女接种非EPI。与倾向于接种进口疫苗的群体相比,有接种国产疫苗倾向的群体(β=0.119)为子女接种非EPI的意愿更强,有接触媒体宣传较没有接触的群体子女非EPI接种意愿更强(β=0.099),有接触社区医院和疾病预防控制中心的宣传册和活动讲座的群体较没有接触的群体子女非EPI接种意愿更强(β=0.119)。结构方程模型结果显示影响接种意愿强度的因素从大到小依次为知觉行为控制、行为态度、主观规范(路径系数分别为0.73,0.13,0.12)。结论孕妇对未来子女非EPI的接种意愿水平较高。加强非EPI接种宣传教育,改变孕妇对非EPI的知觉行为控制和态度,能够帮助提高儿童非EPI接种率。

Factors associated with recommendation behaviors of four non-National Immunization Program vaccines:a cross-sectional survey among public health workers in China

Background Immunization is a crucial preventive measure to safeguard children under five years old against a range of diseases.In China,the coverage rate of non-National Immunization Program(non-NIP)vaccines can be improved by leveraging the recommendation from public health workers.Hence,understanding the influencing factors of recommendation behaviors assume paramount importance.This study aims to investigate influencing factors of public health workers’recommendation behaviors towards non-NIP vaccines,with a particular emphasis on financial incentives.Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a multi-stage sampling method in 2019 from August to October.627 public health workers were recruited from 148 community healthcare centers in ten provincial-level administrative divisions in China.An anonymous questionnaire was used to collect demographic information,attitudes towards vaccination,and recommendation behaviors towards non-NIP vaccines,includingHaemophilus influenzae type b(Hib)vaccine,pneumococcal conjugate vaccine,varicella vaccine,and rotavirus vaccine.Descriptive analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis were adopted in this study.Results Of the 610 public health workers with complete survey data,53.8%,57.4%,84.1%,and 54.1%often recommended Hib vaccine,pneumococcal pneumonia vaccine(PCV),varicella vaccine,and rotavirus vaccine,respectively.Logistic regression revealed that gender(Hib vaccine:OR=0.4,95%CI:0.2-0.8;PCV:OR=0.4,95%CI:0.2-0.8;rotavirus vaccine:OR=0.3,95%CI:0.2-0.6),financial incentives for non-NIP vaccination(Hib vaccine:OR=1.9,95%CI:1.1-3.6;PCV:OR=2.1,95%CI:1.1-3.9;rotavirus vaccine:OR=2.0,95%CI:1.1-3.8)and perception of vaccine safety(Hib vaccine:OR=2.7,95%CI:1.1-7.0;PCV:OR=3.2,95%CI:1.2-8.0;rotavirus vaccine:OR=3.0,95%CI:1.2-7.7)were associated with public health workers’recommendation towards Hib vaccine,PCV and rotavirus vaccine.Conclusions The findings highlighted public health workers’recommendation behaviors of non-NIP vaccines in China and revealed strong association between vaccine recommendation and financial incentives.This highlights the importance of financial incentives in public health workers’recommendation toward non-NIP vaccines in China.Proper incentives are recommended for public health workers to encourage effective health promotion in immunization practices.

预防接种证查验对适龄儿童国家免疫规划疫苗接种率的影响

目的探讨适龄儿童入学前进行预防接种证查验对疫苗接种率的影响。方法选取我国西部、中部、东部地区7所幼儿园及小学中2022年秋季入学的儿童1400名,统计儿童预防接种证查验前后的疫苗接种情况、接种证持证率及不同年龄的疫苗接种情况、漏种情况、补种情况。结果1400名儿童中,有1378名持证,总持证率高达98.43%;其中,幼儿园儿童的持证率达100%,未持证儿童均为小学学生。预防接种证查验后,小学儿童除MPV-AC2及DT疫苗外,其余疫苗接种率均大于95%。140名2岁儿童的接种率由接种证查验前的70.00%升至接种后的98.57%;335名3岁儿童由89.85%升至99.70%;110名4岁儿童由83.64%升至99.09%;343名5岁儿童由90.38%升至100%;472名不低于6岁儿童由97.46%升至99.79%。接种证查验后,疫苗补种率有所改善。结论对适龄儿童实施预防接种证查验可提升国家免疫规划接种率,能有效预防传染性疾病的侵袭,促进儿童的健康成长。

广西计划免疫黄牌警告机制效果分析

[目的]评价计划免疫黄牌警告机制实施两年后的效果,总结经验,进一步完善该机制。[方法]对被列入黄牌警告的计免薄弱县进行连续跟踪监测,分析比较计划免疫黄牌县在黄牌机制实施前后工作综合评分及有关指标变化。[结果]95.8%的黄牌县综合评分较黄牌前有提高,各项工作指标达标率均有增长,其中经费投入达标率平均增长了53.4%,人员机构建设达标率平均增长35.3%,宣传指标达标率平均增长62.4%,对计划免疫的督导频率平均增长了73.8%,接种率、计免针对性疾病等各项业务指标也有了明显改善。[结论]计划免疫黄牌警告机制是一种可行的、有效的管理机制,初步遏制广西计划免疫工作滑坡的势头,但该机制仍有待进一步完善。

儿童计划免疫疾病抗体水平与报告接种率比较

目的了解儿童麻疹、白喉、脊髓灰质炎等计划免疫疾病的抗体水平、抗体阳性率与报告接种率吻合程度。方法抽取湖南省1个县10个乡镇中2001~2003年出生儿童253名,比较各年出生儿童血清中麻疹、白喉、脊灰抗体阳性率、抗体滴度,比较抗体阳性率与报告接种率的关系。结果麻疹、白喉、脊髓灰质炎抗体阳性率分别为87.0%,42.9%,87.0%,均低于报告免疫接种率（P〈0.01）。结论要警惕百白破三联疫苗接种率低的现象,可考虑开展接种率抽样调查的同时辅以血清学调查的综合审评方法评价免疫规划疫苗的接种率情况。

陕西省乙肝疫苗纳入儿童计划免疫效果分析

目的评价陕西省乙型肝炎(乙肝)疫苗(HepB)纳入儿童计划免疫管理所取得的效果。方法2002年采用分层随机抽样方法调查1671名1～4岁儿童HepB接种情况,进行乙肝病毒感染的血清学检测;2006年进行全国人群乙肝等疾病血清流行病学调查,采用多阶段整群随机抽样方法抽取360名1～4岁儿童,进行HepB接种率及乙肝病毒感染率调查。结果2006年调查1～4岁儿童的HepB首针及时接种率、全程接种率和全程及时接种率均比2002年有大幅度的提高,HepB首针及时接种率从2002年的48.84%提高到84.77%,全程接种率从53.37%提高到91.25%,全程及时接种率从48.24%提高到83.84%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。但在家出生儿童HepB首针及时接种率只有57.45%。2006年调查≤4岁儿童的HBsAg阳性率为1.39%,比2002年有所下降;抗-HBs阳性率为70.56%,同比上升了213.32%。结论HepB纳入儿童计划免疫管理后已取得显著成效,今后在保持较高接种率的基础上,应加强住院分娩率低地区HepB接种工作。

江苏省扩大国家免疫规划疫苗接种率调查分析

目的了解江苏省适龄儿童扩大国家免疫规划（NIP）疫苗接种情况。方法通过江苏省儿童预防接种信息系统，对全省各县（市、区）1～2岁儿童进行随机抽样，调查NIP疫苗接种率。结果江苏省儿童NIP疫苗基础免疫接种率均〉99％，BCG、HepB3、OPV3、DTaP3、MCVl合格接种率均〉98％，DTP4、MCV2、MPV—A2、HepA免疫接种率分别为98．58％、99．53％、99．41％、98．78％。苏北地区儿童HepB3、OPV3、MPV—A1、JEV1、DTP4、MPV—A2、HepA的接种率均低于苏南、苏中地区，差异均有统计学意义（x2=6．96～42．59，P％0．017）。流（迁）人儿童NIP疫苗基础免疫接种率、BCG、HepB3、OPV3、DTaP3、MCVl合格接种率、12～23月龄内应接种疫苗接种率均低于常住儿童，差异均有统计学意义（x2=7.84～159．66，P〈0．05）。结论江苏省内适龄儿童的NIP疫苗免疫接种率均处于较高水平，但仍存在地区间和人群间差异。

江苏省0~6岁儿童家长疫苗犹豫及其影响因素探究

目的评估江苏省0~6岁儿童家长对非免疫规划疫苗的犹豫程度并探讨影响疫苗接种意愿的主要因素,为制定有效干预措施提供科学依据。方法于2021年5—10月通过线上滚雪球抽样、随机抽样及线下分层抽样的方式,对江苏省0~6岁儿童的家长进行调查。使用描述流行病学分析方法进行分析,并采用广义线性模型和最大似然法分析疫苗犹豫影响因素。结果共有5248名儿童家长被纳入分析。超过80%的家长对疫苗“自信”持积极的态度,7.7%的父母对自费疫苗高度犹豫,25.6%的父母认为“他们的孩子不需要打不常见疾病的自费疫苗”。超过50%的父母担心疫苗的安全性或认为疫苗有风险。从事农林牧渔水利生产父母更容易表现出疫苗犹豫,随着家庭收入的增加,父母疫苗犹豫比例降低。结论江苏省0~6岁儿童家长对非免疫规划疫苗高度犹豫比例相对较低,但仍有超过一半的父母担心接种后出现不良反应,须加强疫苗相关知识宣传和教育,提升公众疫苗素养,筑牢儿童免疫屏障。

四川某偏远贫困地区家长对计划免疫态度调查

[目的]了解偏远农村地区儿童家长对儿童计划免疫的态度及其影响因素,为进一步开展农村计划免疫健康教育活动提供依据。[方法]选取四川某国家级贫困县的两个乡为现场,利用自行设计的问卷对儿童家长进行计划免疫知信行调查。[结果]家长对儿童计划免疫的主动性差,彝族(29.2%)低于汉族(71.4%);影响监护人对儿童计划免疫主动性的因素主要有民族、家长的文化程度、是否经常外出打工、监护人对儿童计划免疫的认识等。[结论]在偏远贫困少数民族地区,儿童家长尤其是彝族家长对儿童计划免疫的积极性和主动性有待进一步提高,需加大对该地区儿童计划免疫宣传和健康教育。

扩大国家免疫规划对辽宁省流行性腮腺炎发病率的影响

目的评估麻疹-腮腺炎-风疹联合减毒活疫苗(MMR)纳入扩大国家免疫规划(NEPI)对流行性腮腺炎发病趋势的影响。方法收集辽宁省2005年至2019年流行性腮腺炎发病数据,利用中断时间序列分析方法,分析疫苗接种前后发病率变化趋势。结果MMR接种前,流行性腮腺炎月发病率呈上升趋势,均值为2.33/10万,平均逐月增加0.0146/10万(P=0.001)。MMR接种后,月发病率均值为0.8841/10万,发病率立即下降(β2=-1.3065,P<0.0001)。干预后流行性腮腺炎月发病率的斜率为-0.0154,相比干预前下降了0.03,干预前与干预后斜率差异有统计学意义(P<0.0001)。结论MMR纳入NEPI对降低辽宁省流行性腮腺炎的发病率发挥了积极作用。

南通市流动儿童免疫规划相关疾病免疫水平监测结果分析

目的评价南通市外来从事规模种植业农民、砖窑厂工人及渔船民0～7岁子女免疫规划相关疾病免疫水平,为制订流动儿童预防接种管理措施提供依据。方法采用分层整群抽样调查法,对南通市9个县(市、区)外来人口集聚地流动儿童抗体水平进行检测并作统计学分析。结果乙肝抗-HbsAg阳性率76.17%;脊髓灰质炎Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型抗体阳性率和抗体几何平均滴度(GMT)分别为96.11%、97.28%、94.94%和1∶439.43、1∶295.34、1∶93.613;白喉抗体阳性率和抗体GMT分别为76.71%、1∶10.836;百日咳抗体阳性率和抗体水平分别为22.41%、15.976IU/ml;破伤风抗体阳性率和抗体GMT分别为67.87%、1∶33.644;麻疹抗体阳性率和抗体水平分别为94.74%、1 105.1mIU/ml;A群流脑抗体阳性率和抗体GMT分别为64.78%、1∶11.522;乙脑抗体阳性率和抗体GMT分别为62.89%、1∶11.704。结论脊灰、麻疹阳性率和抗体水平均较高,对这部分人群的保护较好。而乙肝、白喉、百日咳、破伤风、A群流脑、乙脑阳性率偏低,显示本市上述行业流动儿童免疫覆盖水平不足,易受到相关传染病的侵袭,预防接种工作有待于进一步加强。

某矿区儿童家长计划免疫知识及态度调查

【目的】了解矿区儿童家长对计划免疫知识的掌握程度及态度,为进一步改善免疫接种工作提供科学依据。【方法】自行设计调查表,采取整群抽样的方法,对某矿区667位儿童家长进行问卷调查。【结果】父母文化程度是影响计划免疫知识掌握情况的主要因素(F=9.28,P<0.01);常住人口知识掌握程度高于流动人口(t=2.089,P<0.05);经多因素Logistic分析显示:儿童的性别、家庭的子女数、家长的知识掌握程度是影响儿童家长态度的主要因素。【结论】在今后的预防接种工作中要加强疫苗知识的普及,以改变儿童家长对疫苗接种的认识态度。

河南省直管县(市)免疫规划工作人员现状调查

目的了解河南省直管县（市）免疫规划工作人员基本情况,为建设和完善省直管县（市）免疫规划工作队伍提出合理建议。方法对10个河南省直管县（市）县、乡两级免疫规划工作基本情况、从事免疫规划工作人员的学历、职称、工作年限等进行调查。结果 2014年河南省直管县（市）免疫规划工作人员1 384人,其中县级64人,乡级1 320人。本科及以上学历占8.45%,大专/中专学历占86.78%,其他学历占4.77%;高级职称占4.91%,中级职称占16.11%,初级职称占48.70%,无职称占30.27%;工作年限小于5年占15.61%,5-10年占21.39%,10-20年占35.12%,20年以上占27.89%。结论省直管县（市）免疫规划工作人员本科及以上学历、中高级职称比例较小,预防接种门诊免疫规划工作人员结构老化,应加强对省直管县（市）免疫规划队伍建设。

火车旅客免疫规划知识知晓情况调查

目的了解公众对免疫规划知识的知晓情况,为今后制定有效的传播策略提供依据。方法在北京西客站随机抽取1180名乘客,采用问卷调查方法调查公众免疫规划知识的知晓情况。结果接受调查的乘客中,87.6%的人认为打预防针/吃糖丸对小孩有好处,61.0%的人知道国家免疫规划疫苗是免费的,能够全部说出5种免疫规划疫苗的占32.1%;知道儿童出生后24小时内应接种乙肝疫苗的占44.2%。知道出生后1天内要接种卡介苗疫苗的占21.0%。39.0%的调查对象知道接种第一针疫苗后建立预防接种证。64.0%的调查对象知道“接种证需要保留到上小学;60%的对象知道入学、入托时要查验预防接种证。结论公众缺乏免疫规划的基本知识是导致免疫规划疫苗接种率低的主要原因之一。文化程度与免疫规划知识的掌握情况有一定关系。在今后的工作中,要加大对文化水平相对较低人群的宣传力度,提高该人群的疾病规划知识知晓率。

甘肃省武山县适龄儿童扩大免疫规划实施效果评价

目的通过甘肃武山县实施扩大免疫规划疫苗接种率评价,探讨适合西部农村县区扩大免疫规划考评的指标,为指导预防接种工作提供依据。方法从武山县15个乡镇中随机抽取8个乡镇,每乡抽取3个村,调查国家实施扩大免疫规划前后出生儿童疫苗接种情况、儿童监护人相关知识,评价接种率。结果共调查720名适龄儿童,建证率和建卡率在扩大国家免疫规划前后没有明显变化,但卡、证相符率由扩大免疫规划前2007年出生儿童的30.0%,提高到扩大免疫规划后2009年度和2010年度出生儿童的44.6%和57.4%。实施扩大免疫规划前后,BCG、HepB、OPV、DTP、MV5种疫苗接种率的差异无统计学意义(χ2=3.066～4.011,P均<0.05),但乙肝疫苗首针及时接种率由扩大免疫规划前的2007年出生儿童的70.8%提高到2010年的96.0%以上。扩大免疫规划后新纳入的HepA接种率达到92.1%;乙脑疫苗接种率由2007年出生儿童的90.0%提高到2010年的97.9%。儿童母亲和父亲疫苗相关知识知晓率明显高于祖父母和外祖父母(χ2=514.76,P<0.001),预防保健机构是获得相关知识的主要来源。结论实施扩大免疫规划对经济社会发展相对落后的西部县区免疫预防工作具有重要的促进作用;卡、证相符率、乙肝疫苗首针及时接种率、新增疫苗合格接种率是扩大免疫规划效果评价的敏感指标。

流动儿童免疫规划服务分类管理模式的研究

目的：探索有效的流动儿童免疫规划分类管理模式。方法：选择浙江省北仑区、上虞市和嘉善县3个项目县开展摸底调研，针对不同地区的特点，建立针对性的免疫规划分类管理干预方案。结果：实施分类管理模式以后，3个项目县流动儿童管理人数合计增加了84．26％，免疫规划疫苗各单苗接种率和全程接种率也均从30％～70％，提高到80％～90％。结论：流动儿童分类管理模式可以适合于不同地区的特点，能完善免疫规划服务网络，有效提高流动儿童管理水平和免疫接种率。