Since the 1980s, a whole class of economic capable persons has emerged along with China＇s rural economic development. This class actively participates in grassroots politics and even leads local village governance, c...Since the 1980s, a whole class of economic capable persons has emerged along with China＇s rural economic development. This class actively participates in grassroots politics and even leads local village governance, creating a unique, novel pattern of village governance in China. This pattern has far-reaching implications for the use of power in China＇s villages and for the management of grassroots communities. First, it represents democracy-based authoritarian politics （democracy-authority politics） and a transition away from traditional rural village ＂squireship＂ governance. Second, governance by economic capable persons surpasses the unitary, centralized People＇s Commune governance, replacing it with a pluralistic model that utilizes grass-roots community management. Third, the self-governing pattern that is emerging, wherein the general public participates in a government that is dominated by an economic capable persons, demonstrates a modification of ideal villager self-governance and also a pragmatic invention based on local political realities. In the long run, this new class emergence has the potential to evolve into a new type of localized politics; with further economic differentiation in rural areas, village governance will become increasingly diversified, where governing by capable persons will be just one feasible option. This pattern is already becoming common in many rural areas, especially those where the nonagricultural economy is relatively developed展开更多
Village Head Nyima Cering Ready to Leave His Office Omda is a village within the jurisdiction of Chewei Township of Qamdo County, lying some 80 km from Qamdo Town, the county headquarters. About 40 km to the north of ...Village Head Nyima Cering Ready to Leave His Office Omda is a village within the jurisdiction of Chewei Township of Qamdo County, lying some 80 km from Qamdo Town, the county headquarters. About 40 km to the north of Omda Village is Garma Monastery of the Garma Gagyu Sect, famous for its Buddhist images展开更多
At the invitation of the Chinese Association for International Understanding (CAFIU), a seven-member young political leader delegation headed by Dong Soo CHUNG, President of National Strategy Institute (NSI) of Republ...At the invitation of the Chinese Association for International Understanding (CAFIU), a seven-member young political leader delegation headed by Dong Soo CHUNG, President of National Strategy Institute (NSI) of Republic of Korea (ROK) visited China from November 1-7. NSI, established in 1991, is composed of personnel from political and economic circles, mainly engaging in research regarding national development strategies and so on. Kang KyongShik,former展开更多
Modernization occurs through societies adopting and sustaining reforms that have socio-economic and political implications for individuals of that society. It is impossible for reforms that are ineffective on economic...Modernization occurs through societies adopting and sustaining reforms that have socio-economic and political implications for individuals of that society. It is impossible for reforms that are ineffective on economic and political lives of large social classes, and that even have negative effects on such lives to achieve a social basis. During the Tanzimat era, although the Ottoman society lacked land ownership, small farmers and agricultural labourers who earned their living from the land served the elite class. In other words, the peasantry was the backbone of the Ottoman society. In this paper, the changes of the socio-economic and political structure of the peasantry were investigated during the modernization of the Tanzimat era during 1839-1876. The research was based on descriptive methods consisting of literature and archive reviews. As a result, although the Tanzimat era has modern civilization characteristics, there were no positive effects on social-economic and political conditions of the peasantry and moreover, the conditions for the peasantry greatly worsened.展开更多
文摘Since the 1980s, a whole class of economic capable persons has emerged along with China＇s rural economic development. This class actively participates in grassroots politics and even leads local village governance, creating a unique, novel pattern of village governance in China. This pattern has far-reaching implications for the use of power in China＇s villages and for the management of grassroots communities. First, it represents democracy-based authoritarian politics （democracy-authority politics） and a transition away from traditional rural village ＂squireship＂ governance. Second, governance by economic capable persons surpasses the unitary, centralized People＇s Commune governance, replacing it with a pluralistic model that utilizes grass-roots community management. Third, the self-governing pattern that is emerging, wherein the general public participates in a government that is dominated by an economic capable persons, demonstrates a modification of ideal villager self-governance and also a pragmatic invention based on local political realities. In the long run, this new class emergence has the potential to evolve into a new type of localized politics; with further economic differentiation in rural areas, village governance will become increasingly diversified, where governing by capable persons will be just one feasible option. This pattern is already becoming common in many rural areas, especially those where the nonagricultural economy is relatively developed
文摘Village Head Nyima Cering Ready to Leave His Office Omda is a village within the jurisdiction of Chewei Township of Qamdo County, lying some 80 km from Qamdo Town, the county headquarters. About 40 km to the north of Omda Village is Garma Monastery of the Garma Gagyu Sect, famous for its Buddhist images
文摘At the invitation of the Chinese Association for International Understanding (CAFIU), a seven-member young political leader delegation headed by Dong Soo CHUNG, President of National Strategy Institute (NSI) of Republic of Korea (ROK) visited China from November 1-7. NSI, established in 1991, is composed of personnel from political and economic circles, mainly engaging in research regarding national development strategies and so on. Kang KyongShik,former
文摘Modernization occurs through societies adopting and sustaining reforms that have socio-economic and political implications for individuals of that society. It is impossible for reforms that are ineffective on economic and political lives of large social classes, and that even have negative effects on such lives to achieve a social basis. During the Tanzimat era, although the Ottoman society lacked land ownership, small farmers and agricultural labourers who earned their living from the land served the elite class. In other words, the peasantry was the backbone of the Ottoman society. In this paper, the changes of the socio-economic and political structure of the peasantry were investigated during the modernization of the Tanzimat era during 1839-1876. The research was based on descriptive methods consisting of literature and archive reviews. As a result, although the Tanzimat era has modern civilization characteristics, there were no positive effects on social-economic and political conditions of the peasantry and moreover, the conditions for the peasantry greatly worsened.
