Research on the Reform of"Separation of Three Rights"for Rural Homesteads in Juancheng County,Shandong Province

In order to realize rural revitalization in an all-round way and promote the sustainable and healthy development of the economy and society,China is committed to deepening the pace of building a new countryside with Chinese characteristics.The reform of the"Separation of Three Rights"of rural homesteads is a key measure,which aims to activate rural resources,enhance the vitality of rural economic development,and then promote the overall process of rural revitalization.This study selects Juancheng County,Heze City,Shandong Province as a typical case.Through an in-depth analysis of the relevant policy orientation of the national homestead reform and the specific practice of local promotion work,it systematically sorts out the registration of homestead rights,transfer of use rights and relevant policy measures adopted in paid use,qualification conversion,policy publicity and system establishment.After in-depth research on the system reform practice of the"Separation of Three Rights"of homesteads in Juancheng County,this paper reveals the main problems existing in the current reform,including the lack of clear policy support for the mechanism of paid use of homesteads,difficulties in the process of identifying qualification rights and challenges,the imperfection of the transfer mechanism of use rights,and the lack or lag of relevant policies.A series of problem-oriented policy suggestions are put forward,including establishing and improving the system of paid use of rural homesteads,improving the income distribution mechanism,promoting the innovation of the mortgage guarantee system for the right to use homesteads,and optimizing the homestead qualification certification procedures.These suggestions aim to provide a useful reference for the Juancheng County Government in promoting the reform of"Separation of Three Rights"of homesteads,and then promote the rational allocation and efficient utilization of rural homestead resources.

A Summary of Research on the Realization Process of "Separation of Three Rights" of Rural Land

In order to comply with the needs of rural social and economic development,promote new industrialization,informatization,urbanization and agricultural modernization,and realize industrial transformation,the central government clearly puts forward that the traditional ' separation of two rights' mode of rural land( collectives have ownership and farmers have contracting management right) should be transformed into the ' separation of three rights' mode( collectives have ownership,farmers have contracting right,and operators have management right) to solve the problems of farmers’ financing difficulties and agricultural land abandonment,promote the moderate scale operation of agriculture,and improve land use efficiency. It is found that the following points should be noted in the later stage of realizing the ' separation of three rights' of rural land. Firstly,the transfer of farmland management right in the process of realizing the ' separation of three rights' faces market risk,system design flaws,policy coordination failures and other problems. Secondly,the impact of implementation of ' separation of three rights' on rural and social development should also be noted.

Analysis of Secondary Separation of China's Rural Land Rights from the Perspective of Analytical Jurisprudence

China's rural land rights are incomplete in structure of land rights and functions due to status restriction. Settling dispute and problem of status in rural land right and function structure is of great significance for determining and guaranteeing subjects of rural land rights. The point connecting and solving rural land circulation issue is demonstration and settlement of status. Separating the status right from rural land property right,namely the secondary separation of right,is to realize such purpose. Currently,China's rural land right is a bundle of rights,not the right described in property pedigree in strict sense. Using theory of rights of Hohfeld,this paper discussed and analyzed legal relationship of secondary separation of China's rural land rights,in the hope of realizing real return from practice to theory and to practice again.

The reform of mode idea of ＂separation of powers＂ for China＇s rural land property system

By briefly reviewing the history of farmland property right in China, it puts forwards the conception of separation of three powers, which is to divide it into ownership, fight of contract, right of use, of farmland property right. In addition, it specifies the practical operational methods to realize the reform that make peasants become the only owner of land in the category of public ownership. It expects to promote the communication and concentration of farmland, so that we can realize the industrialization of agriculture to promote the agricultural productivity level.

Knowledge, Understanding and Attitude Toward Civic Rights and Duties in Administrative Affairs and People＇s Participation in Local Administration of Mahasarakham Municipality

This research aimed to study on the people and the local government. The samples were 395 respondents over 18 years old, selected locally of Mahasarakham Municipality, Thailand. The research found that the level of knowledge, understanding, and attitudes toward civic rights and duties of administrative affairs was at a high level but participation in the local administration was rated at a low level. The relationship between knowledge, understanding, and attitudes toward civic rights and duties of administrative affairs of the community was positive correlated. The relationship between knowledge and understanding toward civic rights and duties and participation in the community administration and the relationship between attitudes toward civic rights and duties in administrative affairs and participation in the local government administration were not correlated. Some recommendations were the local government organizations should promote and provide more information to build the right understandings and improve good attitudes toward civic rights and duties in administrative affairs. Local administrators and local leaders should play an important role to advocate and encourage public opinions toward a political ideology to ensure the public mind and make the vision ＂people-centered＂. Most importantly, the State shall pursue directive principles of State policies in relation to public participation.

Constitutional Environmental Rights: An Investigation and Analysis Based on Constitutional Texts of All Countries

Although the academic community still has some theoretical divergences on whether environmental rights should be a basic human right or a basic constitutional one, there are an increasing number of countries including this right in their constitution. Based on the constitutions in 193 countries, this paper aims to examine the fundamental situation of incorporating environmental rights into a constitution. It has been concluded that environmental protection as a right is written into a constitution in three aspects, namely, as a constitutional right, a civic duty, and a national policy, principle or social goal. Through summarizing these, this paper argues that including environmental rights in a country’s constitution is the means by which all citizens shall enjoy a good, healthy, sustainable and harmonious environment suitable for their development, have timely and comprehensive access to reliable information about environment, participate in making public decisions related to the environment, and ask for legal remedies and compensation for any infringement on their environmental rights, or injury or damage to their environmental property. But even after environmental rights are incorporated into a constitution, there may be theoretical and practical difficulties in their implementation.

A Cool Hand on My Feverish Forehead： An Even Better Samaritan and the Ethics of Abortion

The debate concerning abortion abounds in miraculous narratives. Judith Jarvis Thomson has contrived the most celebrated set among related ones, to wit the ＂violinist analogy,＂ the ＂Good Samaritan＂ narrative, and the ＂Henry Fonda＂ allegory, by virtue of which, she intends, on the one hand, to argue that women＇s right to autonomy outweighs the alleged fetus＇s right to life, and on the other, to prove that no positive moral duties can be derived towards other persons alone from the fact that a moral agent is ascribed certain rights. What this short paper endeavors to prove is that Thomson＇s argumentation by analogy is a weak one, since neither the number nor the relevance of similarities invoked is adequate or satisfactory, while crucial parameters concerning the morality of abortion are being totally overlooked.

Optimum Duty Cycle of Unsteady Plasma Aerodynamic Actuation for NACA0015 Airfoil Stall Separation Control

Unsteady dielectric barrier discharge（DBD） plasma aerodynamic actuation technology is employed to suppress airfoil stall separation and the technical parameters are explored with wind tunnel experiments on an NACA0015 airfoil by measuring the surface pressure distribution of the airfoil.The performance of the DBD aerodynamic actuation for airfoil stall separation suppression is evaluated under DBD voltages from 2000 V to 4000 V and the duty cycles varied in the range of 0.1 to 1.0.It is found that higher lift coefficients and lower threshold voltages are achieved under the unsteady DBD aerodynamic actuation with the duty cycles less than 0.5as compared to that of the steady plasma actuation at the same free-stream speeds and attack angles,indicating a better flow control performance.By comparing the lift coefficients and the threshold voltages,an optimum duty cycle is determined as 0.25 by which the maximum lift coefficient and the minimum threshold voltage are obtained at the same free-stream speed and attack angle.The non-uniform DBD discharge with stronger discharge in the positive half cycle due to electrons deposition on the dielectric slabs and the suppression of opposite momentum transfer due to the intermittent discharge with cutoff of the negative half cycle are responsible for the observed optimum duty cycle.

On the Duty of the Government to Safeguard the Right to Water

The right to water is an emerging sort of human rights aiming to protect the right to water indispensable for the survival and development of individuals. From the perspective of International Human Rights Law, the paper analyzes the standards stipulating the international obligations to safeguard the right to water, inspects the state quo of the protection of the right to water in China and demonstrates the lawful suggestions to safeguard the right to water.

“三权分置”路径下数据产权客体的类型谱系

“数据二十条”在表述数据产权“三权分置”时分别使用了“数据资源”“数据”“数据产品”三项表达来称谓“三权”的客体,从政策上肯认并确立了数据产权的客体对象。从法律视角审视,前述三项政策表达仍需经由学理阐释来论证其在法律上的定位及其相互关系,使之成为具有规范性的法律表达。“三权分置”路径下,“数据”的核心特征应包括信息属性、物理属性和集合属性,并在数据生产和流通使用的“价值链”上延展形成“数据资源”—“数据集合”—“数据产品”的类型层级。在分级分类构建原则下,作为产权客体的“数据”还可在横向上形成以公共数据与企业数据为一级子类型、公用/私用公共数据与公开/不公开企业数据为二级子类型的类型谱系。由此,便可在“三权分置”路径下阐明作为产权客体的数据的规范属性与类型谱系,为数据产权“三权分置”的法律化奠定基础和前提。

宅基地“三权分置”助力乡村振兴的作用方向与机制完善——基于三个改革试点典型实践的对比分析

宅基地“三权分置”是农村宅基地制度改革的重要内容,是乡村振兴的重要抓手。宅基地“三权分置”助力乡村振兴具有特定的作用方向,理论上可通过加速农村产业发展、提升农村居住环境、促进城乡文化交流、优化乡村治理结构、增加农民财产收入等途径发挥推动作用,实践上改革试点地区已探索出诸多特色路径模式。基于对上海松江区、安徽金寨县、广西北流市三地典型实践的对比分析发现,宅基地“三权分置”助力乡村振兴既与制度初衷和目标追求精准匹配,也存在作用发挥不充分的离散困境。为此,建议从联动设计相关配套政策、建立分级联动工作机制、相关职能部门协助好服务保障、搞好宣传咨询与跟进引导服务等方面完善相关机制,从而更好地提升宅基地“三权分置”助力乡村振兴的作用效果。

能源法的法权构造及其体系展开

能源法的核心范畴界定较为模糊,亟待澄清。基于能源权利与能源权力的交互性、能源公益与能源私益的均衡性、能源监管与能源市场的协调性等需求考量,法权可作为能源法的核心范畴。能源法法权结构可从本体论、运行论和价值论三个层面予以构造,形成体系化安排。本体论上,应以公民能源权利与国家能源权力的交互为基础,强调公民能源权作为法权结构的逻辑起点、以落脚为能源普遍服务的能源权力作为法权结构的基本保障;运行论上,应以能源合同作为法权结构运行的具体承载;价值论上,应以能源正义作为法权结构价值的最终目的。由此,可仰仗能源法的法权结构构筑能源法学体系。

宅基地使用权依托农房转让的制度沿革、司法裁判与实践创新

宅基地使用权依托农房转让的制度沿革经历了从允许到限制的转变,体现了政府政策的强制驱动和利益诱导的结合。宅基地使用权依托农房转让的司法裁判具有明显的被动性,农户在集体经济组织外部转让农房时,法院一般会认定该转让合同无效,但司法政策又为宅基地改革预留了政策空间,体现了原则性与灵活性的统一。在宅基地使用权依托农房转让的实践创新中,国家并没有直接废除宅基地使用权依托农房限制转让的既有路径,径行允许转让,而是秉持审慎原则,独辟蹊径。试点地区宅基地使用权依托农房转让下受让人范围拓展,与集体经营性建设用地入市衔接,与宅基地资格权退出耦合及与宅基地入股、合作打通,均体现了对宅基地使用权权能受限的克服。

“城乡两栖”视角下农村宅基地“三权分置”问题研究

“三权分置”改革有助于化解“城乡两栖”背景下宅基地的制度困境。在我国城镇化进程和乡村振兴过程中,城乡人口双向流动以及异地居住的“城乡两栖”现象日益明显。人口迁居带来了宅基地及其地上房屋所承载的居住功能弱化,而它们的财产功能和社会情感功能则逐渐增强。总体来看,现有部分制度抑制了宅基地的产权权能开发和资产价值挖掘,造成了闲置、低效利用与隐性流转共存的困局,需要合理推进“三权分置”改革。宅基地“三权分置”改革受到乡村治理机制不完善、产权边界不清晰、农民宅基地权属观念模糊等因素掣肘,面临所有权主体虚置、过度“资本化”等诸多问题,阻碍了相关体制机制创新。为此,“三权分置”改革需要清晰界定“三权”边界,明确宅基地的法权属性,在保障农户资格权的基础上适度拓展宅基地使用权,推动实现宅基地的财产价值;引入市场机制多元盘活闲置宅基地,进而提高土地资源利用效率。

基于集体所有制对农村体育的历史审视及学术反思

新中国成立后,在中国共产党领导下迅速形成的具有社会主义性质的集体所有制,既是组织农业生产的一项基本经济制度,也是治理农村社会的一项基本政治制度,还是改善农民生活的一项基本民生制度。因此,新中国成立后70多年来农村集体所有制的形成、改革与完善,必然左右着农村体育发展的方向和路径,决定着农村体育发展的组织与机制,制约着农村体育发展的规模与形式。该研究采用历史阐释和社会批判的方法,分析集体所有制在不同的历史时期对农村体育发展以何种原因和何种方式产生影响。结果显示:社会主义改造和“农业合作化运动”,使广大农民走上了集体化的合作道路,加速了农民对体育的社会主义认知;社会主义建设和人民公社体制,奠定了农村集体所有制的制度基础,为推动农村体育开展提供了基本的组织方式;改革开放和“家庭联产承包责任制”,重塑了农村的生产关系和社会结构,为农村体育提供了内在的需求与动力;新时代和农村土地制度改革的深化,推进了新型农业经营体系的形成,为农村体育提供了新的发展路径和走向。

乡村振兴战略下农村承包地“三权分置”的政策演进与研究综述

乡村振兴战略是新时代党对农村、农业、农民发展的新形势新任务新目标的重大判断,为新时代我国农业农村改革发展明确了重点、指明了方向。党的二十大报告进一步提出要“全面推进乡村振兴”。作为我国实现农业现代化建设和乡村振兴的必由之路,在乡村振兴战略实施的背景下“三权分置”制度的探索与实行必将得到深化。在乡村振兴战略下,明确实行“三权分置”的必要性,对乡村振兴和“三权分置”的政策演进和研究综述进行梳理,结合相关研究与实践中存在的问题,提出农村承包地“三权分置”研究的展望。

“三权分置”视角下宅基地使用权 放活的运行机制研究 ——基于试点地区的多案例分析

以35个宅基地使用权放活试点地区案例为基础,运用扎根理论构建“三权分置”视角下宅基地使用权放活运行机制的理论框架,从而探究试点地区宅基地使用权放活的内在逻辑,进一步推动“三权分置”下的宅基地使用权制度改革。研究表明,“三权分置”视角下宅基地使用权放活运行机制由运行目标、运行环境、制度安排、运行主体、运行路径五大主范畴构成,各个主范畴之间互相影响,共同推动宅基地使用权放活。具体而言,运行目标指明宅基地使用权放活的方向;运行环境为宅基地使用权放活提供经济、组织、区位等现实依托;制度安排通过加强规范约束,引导运行主体,规范运行路径;运行主体基于自身利益最大化的内生驱动,选择不同运行路径,推动运行机制在不同主体间联动运转;运行路径为宅基地使用权放活拓宽实现路径。为推动宅基地使用权放活,政府应充分界定宅基地使用权,加快推进宅基地“确权到户、确地到人”;注重因地制宜,多元化宅基地使用权放活路径;充分考虑主体诉求,制定宅基地流转的利益分配机制。

《公司法》修改中治理制度的创新、不足及完善

组织设置不合理、权责配置失当、股东行权保障不足、信义义务内容过于抽象是引发我国公司治理实践出现诸多问题的症结所在。在《公司法》修改中,三份草案和修订案都赋予章程设定除股东会及董事会之外的其他公司组织的自主权。新法通过降低股东临时提案权行使门槛、优化知情权行使规则、细化信义义务内容等方式力保股东权行使顺畅。但优化后的公司治理制度仍然存在不足:审计委员会的职能内容、人员构成及保障独立性的手段不合理或缺失,股东提案审查、持股期限要求及救济途径不够具体,针对董事和控股股东的责任规则亟待完善。立法应明确审计委员会的监督职能,区分其与监事会的责权界限;规定股东会召集人作为提案审查主体,增设事前救济机制作为股东行权保障;确认控股股东在公司治理中的实质地位,并实行职权代行制度;还应通过立法强化控股股东的行权规范。

基于开发权的宅基地用途管制体系建构

“三权分置”是显化宅基地财产价值的重大制度改革。本文从开发权的视角,厘清宅基地开发权的法理依据,并在分析我国宅基地用途管制发展历程的基础上,发现其管制模式存在以下问题:一是标准化的宅基地开发权初始配置尚未建立;二是宅基地开发权的管制规则亟待优化;三是宅基地开发权市场尚未建立;四是宅基地开发权转移制度尚未形成。由此提出了以构建标准化的宅基地开发权初始配置、制定适度的宅基地用途管制规则、建立宅基地开发权市场、建构宅基地开发权转移体系为核心的宅基地用途管制体系。

论妨碍探望的民事责任

探望被妨碍的救济问题应纳入债之关系进行处理。增加直接抚养方父母压力不能成为排斥适用债法规范的当然理由。根据双方是否存在探望权行使约定,可相应形成违约损害赔偿责任、法定义务不履行责任与侵权损害赔偿责任等形态。探望权约定作为纯粹身份关系协议具有一定的法律约束力,在不直接损害未成年子女利益的前提下,可根据《中华人民共和国民法典》第464条第2款,参照适用违约责任规范。即使欠缺双方具体约定,双方之间亦存在法定义务,直接抚养方父母不仅有协助间接抚养方父母行使探望权的义务,而且有保护间接抚养方父母相关财产利益的义务。在直接抚养方父母不履行义务时,可经由《中华人民共和国民法典》第468条链接债务不履行责任规范。探望权在对外层面具有绝对权性质,受侵权法保护。无论基于何种责任基础,均应采一般过错归责,无益费用均可纳入损害赔偿范围。