Sino-Russian Strategic Cooperative Partnership: Heading for Road of Solidity

Since the independence of Russia, Sino-Russian relations have been develop-ing all along in a progressive momentum. At present, the two countrieshave established the "21st century-oriented strategic cooperative partnership of e-quality and mutual trust". Serving the basic interests of both sides with solid po-litical basis, the state relationship of this new type has proved to be the bestchoice of the Chinese and Russian people for the further development of bilateralties in the 21st century. Its major characteristics are as follows: A. Strategic cooperative partnership is established on the basis of the com-prehensive and gradual development of the Sino-Russian relations.

Reflections on Sino-Russian Strategic Partnership

China and Russia announced“their resolve to develope a strategic partnership ofequality.mutual confidence and mutual coordination toward the 21stcentury" during President Yeltsin’s China visit in April 1996。 The partnership represents a new type of slate-to-state relations based on e-quality and mutual confidence.It aims at safeguarding each other’s national inter-ests and building a fair,just international political and economic order.It is charac-

ZTE Establishes Strategic Partnership with Microsoft in Telecom Field

On September 25 2003, ZTE Corporation, thelargest listed telecom equipment manufacturer inChina, and Microsoft(China)Co. Ltd., the globalleading software supplier, signed a memo forstrategie cooperation in Beijing.The cooperation focuses on setting up a ZTE-Microsoft Software Teehnology Lab at ZTE. It willmake use of advanced technologies and products ofMicrosoft in the software platform field and ZTE’sample communication product lines to conduct co-operation in multiple communication product

Brazil and Indonesia:Horizons of a Strategic Partnership

There are many similarities between the national growth of Brazil and Indonesia.Both countries are rich in natural resources,play a vital role in the establishment of regional blocs,are members of G-20 and adhere to the principles of preventive diplomacy.The objective of this article is to show the role of the concept of strategic partnerships in the foreign policy of Brazil,whose international influence in the UN and other global structures is actively growing,and also to identify the characteristics of such partnership with Indonesia.Southeast Asia is becoming extremely important for the international economic system,and Indonesia,located on 17,000 islands,has an important geostrategic position,since all major sea routes in the Indian and Pacific Ocean pass through it.Indonesia is currently distinguished thanks to its steady economic growth,political stability,integration into the global economy,and increased activity on international platforms.Consequently,it is no surprise that Brazilian-Indonesian strategic partnership has started to manifest itself not only in the development of comprehensive ties,but also in the cooperation in upholding the ideas of sustainable development,disarmament,as well as the peaceful resolution of conflicts on the global level.The authors utilized a problematic-chronological method that allowed to analyze the areas of contacts between Brazil and Indonesia in the global arena,to find the problems and promising areas of partnership—including the oil and gas sector,the exchange of technologies,the creation of favorable investment climate,the coordination of activity in international organizations,and willingness to take into consideration mutual interests.

China-Russia Partnership and Competition Impact on Strategic Security in Asia

Russia and China are celebrating their“strategic partnership”,and have been vastly expanding their cooperation since 2014.Their close alliance is based on economic and geopolitical considerations.While it is mutually beneficial,it also has its limitations.China and Russia mostly agree with each other on structural issues such as redefining the parameters of international governance.However,they also continue to encounter disagreements and conflicts over conjectural issues such as energy and arms trade.We conclude that in the Asia-Pacific,China and Russia will likely develop a more comprehensive relationship that may have greater practical implications for the region's security and stability.China and Russia continue to seek to align their strategies more comprehensively against the backdrop of the evolving geopolitical environment by working to overcome existing disagreements and exploring new areas of cooperation.

The Romania-US Strategic Partnership and the Security of the Wider Black Sea Region: Historical Landmarks

The Strategic Partnership,launched in 1997 with the purpose of becoming an advanced mechanism of bilateral cooperation between Romania and the United States regarding fields of strategic interest for both countries,is an important element of maintaining peace and stability in South-Eastern Europe and in the Black Sea area.The Partnership determined a substantial evolution of the bilateral relations based on an intense political speech,as an important aspect for the regional security,and promoted democracy near the Euro-Atlantic community.Romania’s relation with the United States,being focused on security aspects,proves its utility,considering that to this day the North Atlantic Alliance and the European Union do not have a common strategic vision regarding the Wider Black Sea Region.This is due to conceptual differences and to the fact that,unlike Central and Eastern Europe—where the integrations of NATO and EU were linked,in the Black Sea area,the situation is different,having in mind that only Romania and Bulgaria have been part of these structures.This study’s purpose is to present both the evolution of this cooperation format between Romania and the United States in the last two decades and its relevance for the new regional security system.In the circumstances in which the events in Ukraine in 2014 lead to unprecedented tension(Post-Cold War)between the Russian Federation and the Occident,the USA’s involvement in ensuring the security of the extended Black Sea Region gains even more relevance.

Japan and India: Forging the “Strategic and Global Partnership”

From August 21 to 23, 2007, Shinzo Abe, then Japanese prime minister, paid a three-day visit to the Republic of

TOWARD A 21ST CENTURY-ORIENTED SINO-US STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP

Consensus has been reached on a broad range of issues between China andin striving for a lasting,stable,bilateral relationship during the firststate visit in 12 years by China’s head of state to the United States. The recentJiang-Clinton Summit plus the Sino-US Joint Statement jump-started the endeav-ors toward a constructive strategic partnership oriented to the 21st century. Indeedwhat lies in store for the relationship across the Pacific Ocean in the unfolding.

China-ASEAN Cooperative Diplomacy within a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership

Since the official establishment of the China-Association of Southeast Asian Nations(ASEAN)dialog 31 years ago,the relationship between China and ASEAN has achieved fruitful results.The establishment of the China-ASEAN Comprehensive Strategic Partnership comes in a timely manner.Within this partnership,both China and ASEAN will face opportunities and challenges.Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership,public health governance,and the Belt and Road Initiative are important directions for cooperation between China and ASEAN in this new stage,and they are priorities for deepening the comprehensive strategic partnership between the two entities.Changes in the international situation,the interference of states outside the region,and the idea of vaccine diplomacy,together with other propaganda that stigmatizes China,have led to a certain negative impact on China-ASEAN relations.On the whole,China-ASEAN relations are a model of regional cooperation for East Asia,showing strong vitality and development potential.Promoting regional cooperation through openness and inclusiveness,handling regional affairs through building consensus,and properly resolving differences by seeking common ground while shelving differences remain the guiding principles of China-ASEAN cooperation diplomacy.

Friendly Neighbor, Strategic Partner——Commemorating the 50th Anniversary of the Establishing of Sino-Russian Relations

I On the occasion of the 5 0th anniversary of the founding of the People’S Re-public of China and of the establishment of diplomatic ties between the PRC andRussia,both countries have pledged to take this opportunity to further strengthenand develop bilateral relations in the coming 21st century. Looking back at the 50-year relationship between China and Russia,it is notdifficult to see that it underwent not only close cooperation,but also severe con-

Pushing Forward Sino-US Strategic Partnership

President Jiang Zeming’s U.S.visit together with Jiang-Clinton WashingtonSummit last October has worked out the direction and a basic framework forChina-U.S.relations in the 21st century.It represents a landmark in the annualsof bilateral ties between the two great nations.This is the first year,when bothshores of the Pacific Ocean are working hard to lay bricks for a constructive strate-

China＇s Strategic Partnership Diplomacy

One of the most distinctive features of China's recent foreign policy strategy is partnership diplomacy. It represents China's new approach to gaining influence over the global landscape. It is aimed at avoiding rivalry and conflict and reforming international relations to a more stable and friendly state. It also indicates China's intention to adopt a much more flexible and practical foreign policy. China will build a network of partnerships across the globe, forging a new kind of diplomacy with Chinese characteristics.

Continental Airlines and China Southern Airlines Announce Strategic Partnership

Frequent flyer reciprocity to start in September;coclesharing to start in November.

Challenges and Opportunities for China-EU Comprehensive Strategic Partnership——from the Perspective of Different Ideas inside the EU on the China-EU Comprehensive Strategic Partnership

Although the EU President Van Rompuy expresses the belief that the EU-China strategic partnership and the people-to-people friendship will continue to flourish,more and more European intellectuals express their doubts about the strategic partnerships of EU-China relations.The reasons for the doubts are firstly European scholars place more emphasis on the differences between China and EU in ideology and political system;secondly,they believe that the establishment of the strategic partnership between China and EU was the result of EU and its Member States having implemented an "unconditional engagement" with China;thirdly,a series of differences between China and the EU on issues like trade,Africa,climate change in recent years.However the different ideas towards China EU strategic partnership have caused the partnership to face challenges as well as significant opportunities for development.

Substantive Strategic Partnership

The China-Africa relationship has a solid platform from which to gain momentum in 2011 by Liu Wei The Chinese Government will help African countries to build 50 China-Africa friendship schools,admit 200 middle-and high-level African administrative personnel to MPA programs in China,and train 1,500 school headmasters and teachers for primary,secondary and vocational schools in Africa. The ambitious three-year plan is part of the follow-up action of the Fourth Ministerial Conference of FOCAC(Forum on China-Africa

Reevaluating Africa’s Strategic Partnerships

Africa＇s strategic partnerships are aimed at mobilizing the necessary financial and technical support for the implementation of regional and continental programs, including the recently adopted Agenda 2063 and its First lO-Year Implementation Plan. However, although the strategic partnerships have proven relevant in the past, their objectives, scope and modus operandi need to be regularly reviewed in order to make them more balanced, productive and action-oriented.

全面战略伙伴关系下中国与巴西经贸合作:现状、挑战与对策

中巴两国于2013年两国建立全面战略伙伴关系,2023年是中巴两国建交50周年及建立战略伙伴关系20周年。全面战略伙伴关系建立以来,两国经贸合作持续深化,货物贸易总量持续上升,但两国贸易仍面临制成品贸易摩擦、服务贸易及投资发展短板、大国博弈以及逆全球化背景下区域经济合作不协调等挑战。基于此,两国应通过推动争端解决多元化、拓展新兴领域中巴经贸合作、深化服务贸易及投资合作,以及推动两国发展战略对接等举措,促进中巴两国经贸合作持续深化。

美国海权合作战略视域下的美英澳安全伙伴关系

海权理论是国际关系理论中重要的地缘政治流派。继马汉“海权论”和莱曼“制海权理论”之后,美国海权理论在后冷战时代以海军战略转型为核心进行了新一轮发展与演进。海权合作战略是这一时期美国海权理论的重要组成部分,美国海军分别于2007年和2015年颁布了两个版本的《21世纪海权合作战略》。拜登执政后,美国开始在实践层面强化推进海权合作战略。2021年成立的美英澳安全伙伴关系是一次重要尝试,为美国海权合作战略提供了实践案例,也对中国的海洋安全构成了严重威胁。中国须采取有效反制措施进行对冲,使美英澳安全伙伴关系对中国国家利益的损害减小到最低程度。