Research on Expansive Soils Encountered in Middle Route Project of South-to-north Water Transfer Canal

The main canal of the Middle Route Project of South-to-North Water Transfer totals more than 1 240 km in length. In Henan Province and Hebei Province, there will be a section of more than 120 km passing through an expansive soils area. Expansive soils is a special kind of tenacious clay, which swells when meeting with water and shrinks when losing water. With complicated mechanical properties, it changes with the variation of water content. As a result, expansive soils become the key object of study on unsaturated soils mechanics for the project. From the status of study on unsaturated soils at home and abroad, this paper covers an analysis on stability analysis method of expansive soils slope, determination of expansive soils strength, rational design of canal slope ratio and support, and forecast of landslide for the Middle Route Project of South-to-North Water Transfer.

Optimal Operation for Baoying Pumping Station in East Route Project of South-to-North Water Transfer

Baoying pumping station is a part of source pumping stations in East Route Project of South-to-North Water Transfer in China. Aiming at the characteristics of head varying, and making use of the function of pump adjustable blade, mathematical models of pumping station optimal operation are established and solved with genetic algorithm. For different total pumping discharge and total pumping volume of water per day, in order to minimize pumping station operation cost, the number and operation duties of running pump units are respectively determined at different periods of time in a day. The results indicate that the saving of electrical cost is significantly effected by the schemes of adjusting blade angles and time-varying electrical price when pumping certain water volume of water per day, and compared with conventional operation schemes （namely, the schemes of pumping station operation at design blade angles based on certain pumping discharge）, the electrical cost is saved by 4.73%-31.27%. Also, compared with the electrical cost of conventional operation schemes, the electrical cost is saved by 2.03%-5.79% by the schemes of adjusting blade angles when pumping certain discharge.

Geological conditions and key rock mechanics issues in the Western Route of South-to-North Water Transfer Project

In terms of special geological conditions of the Western Route of South-to-North Water Transfer Project, the classification method for surrounding rocks is discussed by combining with the construction method of tunnel boring machine （TBM）. The classification standard of surrounding rocks is put forward on the basis of physical simulations and engineering practices. Damage, deformation and evolution of surrounding rocks induced by TBM excavation are discussed. Meanwhile, the long-term deformation mechanisms and stability of surrounding rocks are also studied. On this basis, a three-dimensional constitutive model for interbedded sandstone slate and a fiat shell-joint element-foundation system for calculating internal forces of segment lining are established. The deformation features of surrounding rocks of deep and steep interbedded sandstone slate and their influences on internal forces of segment lining are presented. Finally, the design methods of segment lining constructed in deep and steep flysch are proposed.

Forecasting Loss of Ecosystem Service Value Using a BP Network: A Case Study of the Impact of the South-to-north Water Transfer Project on the Ecological Environmental in Xiangfan, Hubei Province, China

Objective To recognize and assess the impact of the South-to-north Water Transfer Project (SNWTP) on the ecological environment of Xiangfan, Hubei Province, situated in the water-out area, and develop sound scientific countermeasures. Methods A three-layer BP network was built to simulate topology and process of the eco-economy system of Xiangfan. Historical data of ecological environmental factors and socio-economic factors as inputs, and corresponding historical data of ecosystem service value (ESV) and GDP as target outputs, were presented to train and test the network. When predicted input data after 2001 were presented to trained network as generalization sets, ESVs and GDPs of 2002, 2003, 2004... till 2050 were simulated as output in succession. Results Up to 2050, the area would have suffered an accumulative total ESV loss of RMB 104.9 billion, which accounted for 37.36% of the present ESV. The coinstantaneous GDP would change asynchronously with ESV, it would go through an up-to-down process and finally lose RMB89.3 billion, which accounted for 18.71% of 2001. Conclusions The simulation indicates that ESV loss means damage to the capability of socio-economic sustainable development, and suggests that artificial neural networks (ANNs) provide a feasible and effective method and have an important potential in ESV modeling.

Price Analysis of Water Supply for South-to-North Water Transfer Project

The factors influencing the water supply price of a hydraulic project include natural conditions and economic policies. This paper thoroughly demonstrates the water price of South-to-North Water Transfer Project from the viewpoint of economic policies. It is considered that if the project is assigned as a profitable one and built depending on commercial loan from bank completely or mostly, the water price will be too high to be undertaken by users,and if the project places the public good at first while considering the economic benefit, its investment mainly relies on the state (national or local governments) appropriation and self-raised funds and a little from the bank loan on favorable terms, the price determined according to the principle of satisfying the cost and reasonable profit will be relatively lower and can be undertaken by the users in the North China where water shortage is serious. The problem of higher water price of agricultural irrigation to the north of the Yellow River can be tackled by taking measures such as "compensating agriculture by industry" according to foreign practical experiences and relevant suggestions.

Asynchronism-synchronism of regional precipitation in South-to-North Water Transfer planned areas

This paper proposes a method on analyzing the asynchronism-synchronism of precipitation of different hydrological regions regarding the S-to-N water transfer areas of eastern China. The general process of the analysis includes three steps. Firstly, we created the rainfall series of the region concerned by calculating the regional average rainfall of the stations in the area with the help of the classical Thiessen Polygon method. Secondly, the standards of assessment indices for wetness or dryness are set according to Gamma distribution function with a certain probability P 37.5% or 62.5% given respectively. Finally, the frequency of nine combinations are counted as the quantitative feature of asynchronism and synchronism in three time scales, that is the yearly, seasonal and monthly scales. The asynchronism-synchronism of two region pairs has been estimated. The results show that the frequency of precipitation asynchronism in 1957–1998 is larger than the synchronism frequency for both the North China-middle and lower Yangtze River pair and for the North China-upper Hanjiang River pair. As for the synchronism phenomena, the frequency of Nd?Sd is rather low. As the combinations that are suitable for water transfers are Nd?Sw, Nn?Sw, Nd?Sn and Nn?Sn, the total frequency of these combinations for North China-middle and lower Yangtze River is 40% on an annual basis, but only 28% in spring when water shortages are most likely to occur. The total frequency of these combinations for North China-upper Hanjiang River is about 24% on an annual basis, but 35% in spring and winter. It should be noted that if future precipitation patterns are similar to that of the period 1957–1998, it is very important to change the natural character of asynchronism-synchronism by enhancing the capability of hydro-projects regulation and improving management of the water transfer project.

Quantitative standard of eco-compensation for the water source area in the middle route of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project in China

The Middle Route Project(MRP)of the Southto-North Water Transfer Scheme(SNWT)in China will require a very large financial expenditure to ensure the water supply and the associated water quality to northern China.An eco-compensation mechanism between the water service source areas and its beneficiaries is essential.This paper establishes an analytic framework of ecocompensation standard for the protection of the water source area,including both the calculation of ecocompensation based on opportunity cost method(OCM)and calculation of the burden sharing of eco-compensation between the water source area and the external water reception area based on the deviation square method(DSM).Taking Shiyan City,Hubei Province in China as a case study,our results show that the eco-compensation in the first-phase of MRP for the water source area in Shiyan,Hubei Province should be 1.63×10^(10) CNY,about four times of planned eco-construction investment budget(4.33×10^(9) CNY).In addition,the burden sharing of eco-compensation varied greatly in terms of different methods.It would be better to integrate the results of different single-factor burden sharing methods by determining the corresponding weighting coefficient with DSM and form one unanimous consent result by the interested parties.

Simulation of Transport Channel in China's Middle Route South-to-North Water Transfer Project

The unsteady flow in the Middle Route South-to-North Water Transfer Channel was simulated numerically using an implicit solution procedure for the Saint Venant equations. An equivalent roughness was used to simulate the effect of many transfer structures on the water levels in the main channel. Various gate operating and control methods were analyzed to study the response to disturbances produced by varying the flow rates through the Tianjin outlet. The results show that when the inflow at the head changes in the same way as the sum of the flow rates through all the outlets, the transition time and the fluctuation of the water levels using the timed gate operation method are less than when using the simultaneous gate operation method, but the variations of the gate openings and flow rates through each control gate are much larger. The flow disturbances produced by the Tianjin outlet can be rectified within several channel sections and the transition time can be greatly shortened by allowing the water levels immediately upstream of the control gates to vary within proscribed ranges, rather than being held constant.

Water transfer determines the regional spread dynamics of non-native fish species

Interbasin water transfer projects(IBWT's)have emerged as dispersal corridors for aquatic species.However,little is known about how water transfer affects regional spread dynamics,or shapes the genetic diversity patterns of non-native populations.Shimofuri Goby Tridentiger bifasciatus is a globally introduced fish species with many wellestablished populations in IBWT's.Here,we used nuclear microsatellites to assess the genetic diversity and population structure of the Shimofuri Goby in its native and introduced sites belonging to two IBWT's in China.Our objectives were to(1)reveal the genetic diversity patterns of the Shimofuri Goby during regional spread,and(2)identify its mode of spreading in water transfer systems.We observed(1)a high level of genetic diversity in non-native populations without evidence of bottleneck effects,(2)that non-native populations with a longer water transfer times had a higher private allele richness,and(3)that non-native populations showed a highly mixed genetic structure,low level of genetic differentiation,and no significant relationship between geographical and genetic distances.Our results indicate that the genetic patterns of diversity of non-native populations are mainly shaped by a linear cascade spread processes due to long-distance movement of larvae,and are probably related to propagule pressure caused by the construction of water transfer.To manage the non-native populations of T.bifasciatus,preventive actions and physical removal should be implemented in IBWT's.

2-D NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF FLOODING EFFECTS CAUSED BY SOUTH-TO-NORTH WATER TRANSFER PROJECT

Since the General Channel designed for the South-to-North Water Transfer Project in China has to cross many rivers and streams flowing from west to east, there are potentially serious effects additional flooding on the western side of the project alignment. Therefore, a 2-D numerical model for forecasting basin flood disasters was established and verified using historical flood data. The model was applied to researching the interaction between the proposed Project and flooding events for 5 streams in the Anyang River reach as a representative case study. Simulated results indicate that the model could correctly forecast the flood, submerged area and depths, and water surface elevations along the left side of the channel. The discharge capacity and location of hydraulic structures in the transfer canal alignment were analyzed. Then adjustments to the dimensions and positioning of proposed hydraulic structures were recommended at intersections, especially the addition of a channel to transfer flood water from one stream to another, which can effectively limit the sluice and protect the Anyang City from flooding.

Ecological assessment of lakeshore wetland rehabilitation on eastern route of South-to-North Water Transfer Project

To evaluate the ecological effects of lakeshore wetland rehabilitation on the eastern route of the Southto-NorthWater Transfer Project,species composition,coverage,height,and biomass of wetland communities at 22 sites of the study area on the shore of Nansi Lake in April and May 2007 were investigated.The wetlands under investigation were divided into platform fields,transition zones,and shallow water zones according to differences in elevations,water levels,and human activities.The species richness index,Shannon-Wiener index,Simpson index,and Pielou Evenness index were adopted to delineate and discuss the ecological effects of lakeshore wetland rehabilitation in 22 quadrates.Results showed that the species richness of the wetland areas after 2 years’rehabilitation amounted to 47 of 24 families,higher than 25 of 20 families in areas without rehabilitation.The biodiversity index and abundance index of rehabilitated areas were also higher than those of platform fields and fish ponds where there was no rehabilitation.In addition,the Shannon-Wiener index,Simpson index,and community evenness index of platform fields in rehabilitated wetland areas were 1.619,0.745,and 0.860,respectively,higher than those of the platform fields before rehabilitating.The results suggested that the constructed lakeshore wetland played an important role in protecting the diversity of species.

南水北调配套工程石津干渠渠道水面线计算与分析

石津干渠因线路较长,控制性水位多由灌溉渠道灌溉水位确定,其下支渠众多,水面线推算是本工程的重中之重。以石家庄市区段为例,对石津干渠总干渠水面线进行推算,经过两年试运行,效果良好。

南水北调中线工程总干渠糙率综合论证

在大量收集与分析国内外输水渠道糙率取值规范和计算方法、混凝土输水渠道实测n值、以及对京密引水渠、引黄济青干渠进行实地考察与调查的基础上,结合理论分析推荐了南水北调中线一期工程n值的计算方法和各渠段的n值。中线工程各渠段推荐糙率系数的平均值为0．014 9(设计流量)及0．015 0(加大流量);推荐的校核值为 0．015 4。

渠道分水扰动可预知算法设计与仿真

维持控制点水位稳定是保证输水渠道安全有效运行的前提。以控制点水位偏差为主要抑制因子,基于线性二次型(LQR)指标,构建了渠道系统水位偏差、偏差变率和流量控制的全状态空间模型,将加入预测模块的线性二次型算法在渠道系统的全状态空间中进行分析和综合,提出了扰动可预知模型的构造方法。通过脉冲响应测试来加深对算法结构的理解,使用南水北调中线电子渠道平台对算法有效性进行验证,验证结果表明,该算法在渠道运行工况改变后,仍能够维持渠道的稳定运行,算法设计极具潜在的应用价值。

南水北调中线膨胀土(岩)地段渠道破坏机理和处理技术研究

南水北调中线工程总干渠穿越膨胀土(岩)地段累计长约386.8 km,膨胀土(岩)的处理是南水北调中线工程的主要技术问题之一。国家"十一五"科技支撑计划课题"膨胀土地段渠道破坏机理和处理技术研究"项目,通过多种研究手段综合研究了膨胀土(岩)渠坡破坏机理,提出了适合的膨胀土(岩)渠坡稳定性分析方法,并针对性地研究了膨胀土(岩)渠道的处理措施,在试验渠段进行了现场验证比较,提出了经济可行的处理方案。较为系统地综述介绍了该课题的研究内容、技术路线、取得进展和主要结论,研究成果不仅为南水北调中线工程膨胀土(岩)渠坡处理提出更为可靠合理的解决方案,其研究思路和成果也可供类似研究和工程应用参考。

京杭大运河的完全价值观

从理论和现实背景出发,提出对京杭大运河价值的初步认识:京杭大运河具有四大基本价值:(1)作为文化遗产的价值,起到彰显民族身份和促进文化认同的作用;(2)作为区域城乡生产与生活的重要保障,具有输水、航运和灌溉等现实功能的价值;(3)作为区域生态基础设施的价值,是保障国土生态安全的关键性格局;(4)运河还具有作为潜在的休闲通道的价值,是国民身心再生和教育的战略性资源。强调只有用完全的价值观充分认识运河廊道,并处理好现实的功能需要与这些价值间的相互关系,才能保护和利用好运河遗产及其相关资源,使之在当代发挥应有的作用。在此基础上提出以建设遗产廊道的方式、结合南水北调和东部生态安全格局及中国南北生态休闲廊道的建设,将保护与利用京杭大运河作为国家战略。当务之急是:(1)应用"反规划"理念进行运河的整体保护规划;(2)展开资源摸底,全面掌握大运河遗产廊道资源情况;(3)制定整体性的管理和发展战略;(4)以申报世界遗产南水北调工程为契机,建立大运河区域间协作机制。任何单一的价值观(如从单一的输水功能考虑)和单一的工程措施,都将给中国大地上这一独特的文化景观和与之相联系的历史文化、生态及社会经济系统带来不可挽回的遗憾。

长距离输水渠道冰期运行控制研究

高纬度地区的渠道在冬季往往采用冰盖下输水,保证冰盖的稳定性是渠道冬季安全输水的前提条件。目前,渠道在冬季的运行控制多依靠经验,开展长距离渠道冰期运行控制研究对实现冰期安全输水是十分重要的。利用数值模拟的方法分析了长距离输水渠道的冰情和水情的变化过程,根据渠道内的冰情演变特性,提出冬季渠道应采用闸前常水位方式运行。鉴于气象预报以及冰情预报可能存在的不确定性,提出采用水位-流量串级的反馈控制算法,建立了渠道冰期运行控制模型,并在控制器内加入解耦环节,以提高渠道的控制效果。并通过南水北调中线干渠的数值模拟实验,对渠道冰期运行控制模型的控制效果进行了验证。结果表明,该冰期运行控制模型可以实现渠道冬季安全、适时、适量的供水目标。

南水北调工程渠道机械化衬砌技术研制概况

结合我国南水北调工程建设和国外大型渠道衬砌技术现状,就南水北调工程渠道机械化衬砌技术,详细介绍了国家立项研制渠道衬砌设备、引进国外先进设备及自主研制滚筒衬砌设备和滑模衬砌设备等情况,分析了国外滚筒设备存在的问题,并提出了优化改造方案。在分析国内现有研制设备和立项研制项目存在的主要问题的基础上,阐述了大型渠道衬砌设备在我国的发展趋势。

大型输水渠道退水口的退水能力研究

选取南水北调中线工程输水干渠中的澎河和澧河退水闸,采用一维非恒定计算软件,模拟计算各种紧急情况下干渠中的非恒定流态,对其退水能力进行分析和校核。结果表明:渠段两端闸门同时紧急关闭且退水闸不启用时,渠段中的水面会发生长时间的振荡。同时关闭草墩河和澎河节制闸以及该渠段间的分水口时,在设计流量下,即使不开启退水闸,也不会引起渠道漫溢;在加大流量的情况下,澎河退水闸和澧河退水闸必须同时启用至少3 h才能有效避免漫溢事故的发生。所关闭的两个节制闸间的渠段越长,退水闸运行的时间也越长。