Analysis of Application Status and Recommendations for Shade-Tolerant Lawns and Ground Cover Plants in the West Lake Scenic Area

Taking 8 parks in Xihu Scenic Area as the survey objects, this study found that there are 77 kinds of shade-tolerant lawns and ground cover plants under the forest in good growth condition, and there are 3 types of application forms: dense forest, sparse forest and forest edge. In response to the existing problems, it is proposed that it is necessary to adhere to principles of ecology, adapt to local conditions and plant suitable varieties in accordance with local conditions, develop and use new varieties of wild shade-tolerant lawns and ground cover plants, and strengthen the promotion of the mixed planting model of shade-tolerant lawns and ground cover plants, so as to provide guidance for the better use of shade-tolerant lawns and ground cover under the forest in the West Lake Scenic Area in the future.

Application of Pb isotopic tracing technique to constraining the source of Pb in the West Lake Longjing tea

This paper dealt with the Pb contents and Pb isotopic composition of the West Lake Longjing tea. The results showed that in the tea leaves, from young leaf →old leaf →tea limb, the Pb contents tend to increase gradu-ally from 1.63 →4.84 →6.07×10-6, wich revealed that the Pb was accumulated gradually in the tea. After cleaned, the Pb contents of tea leaves were significantly reduced. This indicated that the deposits on the surface of tea leaves made a great contributuion to Pb contents. The survey results for soils in the relevant tea gardens showed that soil from the Longjing tea garden has higher Pb contents, with an average level of 49.6×10-6, two times those of common soils (24×10-6) in China. Results of the systematic analysis for tea, tea garden soil and the samples with the relevant background of the Pb isotopic composition displayed that the Pb isotopic ratio of tea is 206Pb/207Pb=1.164±0.005 (2σ). The ratio of 206Pb/207Pb for the soil gradually decreased from residue phase, soil dilute acid extract phase, and then to urban topsoil, i.e., 1.175 →1.171 →1.170. The 208Pb/(206Pb+207Pb) ratios also show a similar variation trend. 206Pb/207Pb ratios in the samples with the relevant background were: vehicle exhaust, 1.124; coal-combustion, 1.156; atmosphere, 1.168; and water, 1.166. Comparative studies have shown that Pb pollution is popular in the environ-mental media (soil, atmosphere, water) in Hangzhou. With the aggravation of Pb pollution, the Pb isotopic composi-tion gradually changed from the natural background (soil residues) to the direction of automobile exhaust. This phe-nomenon could illustrate that the pollution source was the vehicle exhaust, while the coal-combustion contributed little to environmental pollution in Hangzhou. The Pb of the Longjing tea came mostly from soluble phase Pb in the polluted soil. Moreover, secondary pollution was caused by vehicle exhaust.

Effects of pH and Eh on release of nitrogen and phosphorus from sediments of West Lake

The effects of pH and Eh on release of nitrogen and phosphorus from sediments of West Lake under different conditions were investigated by simulation test. Results showed that the net flux of NH4^+ -N re-lease from sediments increased with pH, but NO3^- -N showed negative-going release at all tested pH levels.The net flux of NH4^+ -N release from sediments was higher under anaerobic or aerobic condition of the overly-ing water, but only under aerobic condition would net release of NO3^- -N occur. It was also shown that phos-phorus released was mainly in its inorganic form, higher pH and anaerobic conditions of overlying water greatly stimulated release of phosphorus. In situ measurement at several West Lake locations indicated that sediment resuspension induced by boat propeller stimulated nutrients release from sediment into overlying water.

Studies on the changes of West Lake＇s zoobenthic communites after Qiantang River water was pumped into it

During Jan. 1995 to Dec. 1996, monthly investigations on the zoobenthic conummities of West Lake, samples were collected from six sampling stations. A total of 26 species of macmzoobenthes were identified. The seasonal changes in density and biomass of zoobenthos in this lake were analyzed. The annual mean densities were 980- 2751 ind/m^2 and mean biomass was 19.69 - 122.80 g/m^2. The densities in winter and early spring were higher than those in sumr^r and autunm. Comimrafive study of theprevious data ( 1982 to 1983) collected by the authors, showed that the succession of zoobenthic conammities, dominated by Procludius choreus in density and Bellamya purificata in biomass, had been occurred in Xiaonan sub-lake after Qiantang River water was drawn into it; and that the species and biomass of zoobenthes were then increased and the density was decreased. In other sub-lakes, the dominant species were Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri and Tokunag-ayusurika akamusi in density and Branchiura sowerbyi and Tokunagayusurika akamusi in biomass. The water quality was bad in these sub-lakes because these dominant species are indicators of eutrophication. According to the Margalef index and Goodnight index, West Lake is still an eutrophic lake. Only the water quality of Xiaonan sub-lake was improved after water drawn from the Qiantang River was introduced into it.

An Evolutionary Economic Geography Perspective on Types of Operation Development in West Lake, China

The types of operation play a key role in facilitating tourism consumption and economic development in a tourism destination. By adopting evolutionary economic geography theory, the paper analyzes the types of operation in West Lake Scenic Area from 1978 to 2013. First, an evolution process consisting of four stages is underpinned, and they are: the new establishment stage, the preliminary development stage, the speedup development stage, and the stabilized maturity stage. Specifically, the distinct characteristics associated with operation types are compared and evaluated at different stages throughout the process. The evolution trees are introduced to scrutinize types of operation development. The results of evolution trees demonstrate the substantial increase in both numbers and types. Second, by applying GIS spatial analysis, the paper also analyzes the spatial evolution characteristics on the types of operation, and the results unveil the co-existence of centripetal and centrifugal forces: the processes of spatial agglomeration and spatial dispersion. More specifically, we recognize the spatial process includes the emergence of node and concentration(1978–1995), the sparse distribution and intensity reduction(1996–2002), the patchy distribution and spatial agglomeration intensification(2003–2008), the dispersed distribution and core area agglomeration(2009–2013). Lastly, path dependence on resource endowment, government and market innovation, knowledge learning and spillover can reasonably explain the types of operation evolution. In conclusion, the evolutionary economic geography theories provide new theoretical and empirical perspectives for tourism policy analysis. At the same time, our comprehensive evidences impart more comprehensive insights and offer useful managerial and policy implications.

Phytoplankton Community Dynamics in West Lake After Drawing Water from the Qiantang River

Seventeen phytoplankton dominant species of 218 taxa were found to have contributed to more than 80% of the biomass after analysis of the January, 1955 to December, 1996 phytoplankton population at five stations in West Lake after Qiantang River water had been drawn into the lake for a decade. The seasonal fluctuations were obvious; the maximum cell density of 90.91×10 7-93.58×10 7 cells/L and biomass of 57.41-58.61 mg/L occurred mainly in summer of 1996,largely as a result of the development of Lyngbya contorta, Merismopedia tenuissima, Oscillatoria limnetica, Spirulina laxissima and Scenedesmus quadricauda, etc. at Stations 2 and 4. At Station 1 located near the inlet for drawing water from the Qiantang River, the species number, cell density, biomass, chlorophyll a concentration and physico-chemical parameters (except for total nitrogen) were obviously greater than those at the other four stations, also greater than the corresponding parameters before the drawing of water from the Qiantang River into the lake. Compared with the results of study on the phytoplankton community in 1980 before the drawing of Qiantang River into the lake, the species number and the total individual density were increased, the dominant species changed somewhat, the biomass was decreased. The water quality was improved (especially at Station 1) after the drawing of river water into the lake. Based on criteria for evaluating trophic status, the biological and chemical indicators such as species composition and dominant species, and other parameters such as annual mean value cell densities (36.06×10 7-51.27×10 7 cells/L), biomass (29.03-39.74 mg/L), chl a concentrations (41.29-67.67μg/L), total nitrigen (1.72-2.89 mg/L), total phosphorus (0.12-0.16 mg/L) obtained at Stations 2, 3, 4 and 5, showed that West Lake is still at eutrophic lake.

Managing Soil Erosion Potential by Integrating Digital Elevation Models with the Southern China's Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation——A Case Study for the West Lake Scenic Spots Area of Hangzhou,China

In China,many scenic and tourism areas are suffering from the urbanization that results from physical development of tourism projects,leading to the removal of the vegetative cover,the creation of areas impermeable to water,in-stream modifications,and other problems. In this paper,the risk of soil erosion and its ecological risks in the West Lake Scenic Spots (WLSS) area were quantitatively evaluated by integrating the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) with a digital elevation model (DEM) and geographical information system (GIS) software. The standard RUSLE factors were modified to account for local climatic and topographic characteristics reflected in the DEM maps,and for the soil types and vegetation cover types. An interface was created between the Arcinfo software and RUSLE so that the level of soil erosion and its ecological risk in the WLSS area could be mapped immediately once the model factors were defined for the area. The results from an analysis using the Arcinfo-RUSLE interface showed that the risk value in 93 % of the expanding western part of the WLSS area was moderate or more severe and the soil erosion risk in this area was thus large compared with that in the rest of the area. This paper mainly aimed to increase the awareness of the soil erosion risk in urbanizing areas and suggest that the local governments should consider the probable ecological risk resulting from soil erosion when enlarging and developing tourism areas.

ABRUPT CHANGE OF LAKE ENVIRONMENT IN WEST CHINA: AN EVIDENCE FOR GLOBAL CLIMATE WARMING

Expanding or shrinking of lakes, especially in the closed basin, directly reflects the balance situation of water\|heat regime in the catchment. Fluctuations of the water\|level can be used as an indicator of climatic and environmental changes. Authors have investigated many lakes in West China in recent years, including lakes in the Tibet Plateau and in the arid area in the northwest China. We found that all lakes have been in shrinkage, some of them were changed into swamp and some dried dramatically up, which caused the abrupt change of the lake environment. This change led the grassland to be retrogression and desertification, and made the eco\|environment deterioration in West China.The Xingcuo Lake, in the height of 3425m ASL with 29km\+2 drainage area, located in the Zoige Basin, Northeastern Tibet Plateau, had changed into swamp in the area of 2km\+2 , and the vast area of peripheral marsh changed into grassland by the years of 1990. But the topographic map in the scale of 1/100000 and aerial photography surveyed at the end of 1960’s show clearly that this lake was in the area of 3 3km\+2 and surrounded by vast area of marshland. In the north central part of the Tibet Plateau, the Gourencuo Lake, in the height of 4650m ASL, was in the area of 23 5km\+2 with the average water depth of 1 3m in 1990. Then a dramatic change had been appearing in the recent years. When authors went there again in 1998,they found that the lake dried fully up. A thin salt crystal layer with saturated brine covered the flat central lake floor. This means that at least 30×10 6 m 3 water volume stored in the lake had been lost by the evaporation in 8 years, and many sand dunes had been formed. This abrupt change of lake environment could be recognized as the result of natural process or climate warming because of no human activity there.

Qualitative Comparison of Cultural Resources in Famous Scenic Areas: A Case Study of the West Lake and the Yunhu Lake

Theories and basic methods of evaluating cultural resources in famous scenic areas were explored, on the basis of which quantitative evaluation model and evaluation indexes were established, such as abundance, density, historical value, cultural value and social value of cultural resources, influence, peculiarity, integrity, development and utilization capacity. The West Lake in Hangzhou City and the Yunlong Lake Scenic Area were taken for example.

Transitivity Analysis on Stylistic Features:A Comparative Study of Two Texts Describing the West Lake

Transitivity is regarded as an effective methodology for analyzing literary works. This paper based on M. A. K. Halliday's transitivity system, analyzed two different texts describing the West Lake. One is from the wikipedia, the other is a tourist material from the website named AT-China. This paper demonstrates that for one thing, transitivity system can be used in analyzing relations between implicit or not obvious conflicting parties. For another, transitivity system manifests that there are some different stylistic features in texts of different styles, such as different participants, material processes, sentence patterns, literariness, etc.

Outdoor Sculptures by the West Lake

Noted for its elegant gardens, Gushan(Solitary Hill) Park in Hangzhouhas recently embellished its land-scape with over 50 sculptures, byartists from China, the U.S., the U.K., Italy,the Republic of Korea and Slovakia.

West Lake

West Lake is surrounded on three sides by ＂cloud capped hills＂ and on the forth by the city of Hangzhou. Its beauty has been celebrated by writers and artists since the Tang Dynasty （618 907）.

杭州西湖风景名胜区陆生维管植物物种多样性现状与分析

2020年至2022年对杭州西湖风景名胜区内的陆生维管植物进行了调查。通过对历史文献的收集和对本次调查结果的评析,共记录陆生维管植物1223种(含种下单位),隶属156科,610属。记录区域内新增野生或逸生植物15种,并对65种植物在区域内的现存提出质疑;同时对物种的科属组成、生活型组成、珍稀濒危植物现状及外来植物进行了分析;本次调查到珍稀植物14种,记录具潜在风险的外来植物34种,其中新增7种;最后对景区的植物多样性保护提出了合理建议。

南宋临安城的西湖治理与环湖造园

南宋园林是中国古典园林史上最重要的发展阶段之一,为明清江南园林走向成熟与巅峰奠定基础。而其更重要的贡献是大规模开启了中国古代城市生态营造的渊源,深刻影响了杭州的城市山水格局。研究综述了南宋临安城与西湖相辅相融的关系,梳理了西湖的整体治理和环湖园林的兴造,并举例真珠园、聚景园、大石佛院等园林展开复原研究。最后指出兴盛的造园和游园活动推动了社会文化的发展和产业经济的繁荣,也进一步影响了造园的审美取向、工艺技巧和城园体系,这是以往古典园林史研究时容易被忽视的内容。

西湖龙井茶“狮、龙、云、虎、梅”字号的历史形成及其分布

历史上“狮、龙、云、虎、梅”老字号产区是西湖龙井茶核心产区,茶园主要分布在龙井、翁家山、杨梅岭、满觉陇、梅家坞等村落,其字号大致形成于清末民国期间,尤其是民国期间其产地细分已较为详细和明确。1949年后,老字号进行归并,形成了“狮峰龙井”“梅坞龙井”“西湖龙井”3个品类,目前加上后来新增的产地品类,统称为西湖龙井茶。

古代惠州西湖风景教化载体的类型特征

古代惠州西湖风景是当地民众人居环境的重要组成部分,教化民众是其基本功能之一。通过综合风景与教化已有研究成果,指出古代风景教化研究中风景园林史与社会史交叉研究的内在理论关联和风景作为教化载体的类型特征是实现风景教化基本的研究问题。借鉴社会史研究的学术视野和理论方法,将惠州西湖风景教化载体划分为“自然开发对象”“社会仪式场所”和“艺术传播媒介”三种基本类型,并以当地民众为主体视角,提炼和阐释西湖风景教化载体生存主导、政教融合以及形式综合的基本特征。有助于揭示古代风景与民众生存生活的关系,理解风景教化功能的基础,为现代风景名胜的文化传播和培育发展提供一定的历史经验。

城市公园常见植物固碳能力评估

为探究杭州市常见植物在四季生长过程中的固碳能力,以杭州西湖风景名胜区典型的50种植物为研究对象,结合便携式光合仪和植物冠层分析仪创新研究方法,分别测算植物四季的光合速率及叶面积,以评估其固碳能力。结果表明:广玉兰固碳能力最强,樟、三球悬铃木等较强,火棘、绣球、金丝桃较弱;乔木固碳能力强于灌木,常绿乔木固碳能力最强;不同季节植物固碳能力为:夏季>秋季>春季>冬季。因此,在植物群落设计时,应加强高固碳能力植物的应用,增加常绿乔木的比例,最大程度提升植物景观美学价值和生态效益。

杭州西湖公园绿地春季植物群落色彩量化分析

选取杭州西湖花港观鱼及太子湾公园典型植物群落为研究对象,利用Matlab自拟程序提取植物群落图像色彩,结合SBE美景度评价分析植物群落色彩与公众视觉偏好的相关性。结果表明:群落样地的色相占比以黄色系和黄绿色系为主,明度和饱和度主要为中饱和度—低明度模式;美景度评价结果表明,植物群落春季视觉景观质量较好,红色(H1)、橙红色(H2)、橙色(H3)、橙黄色(H4)、灰色(GR)占比及春花类植物物种数量与美景度评价结果呈显著正相关,绿黄色(H7)、草绿色(H8)与美景度评价结果呈显著负相关。最后提出杭州西湖公园绿地植物群落色彩优化策略。