Formation environment and hydrocarbon potential of the Paleogene Enping Formation coal measures in the ZhuⅠDepression of northern South China Sea

The coal-measure source rock in the Chinese sea area plays a significant role as a hydrocarbon source rock,with its genetic environment,development and distribution,and hydrocarbon generation potential serving as essential factors for the exploration of coal-type oil and gas fields.This study focuses on the coal-measure source rock of the Paleogene Enping Formation in the ZhuⅠDepression,located in the northern South China Sea.The main geological insights obtained are as follows.The coal measures of the Enping Formation are developed in a warm and wet tropical-subtropical climate.The development environment of the coal-measure source rock in the Enping Formation includes the braided river delta upper plain peat swamp,characterized by dry forest swamp coal facies with relatively thick coal seams and a small number of layers.The braided river delta lower plain swamp-interdistributary bay of braided river delta front represents a forest edge-wetland herbaceous swamp coal facies with numerous layers of thin coal seams and poor stability.The shore swamp corresponds to an open water swamp coal facies with multiple layers of thin coal seams and poor stability.The organic matter abundance in the braided river delta upper plain is the highest,followed by the braided river delta lower plain-braided river delta front,and the shore-shallow lake.The organic matter type is predominantly typeⅡ1.Thermal evolution analysis suggests that the organic matter has progressed into a substantial oil generation stage.The hydrocarbon generation potential of the coal-measure source rock in the Enping Formation is the highest in the braided river delta upper plain,followed by the braided river delta lower plain-braided river delta front and the shore-shallow lake.Overall,this study proposes three organic facies in the coal-measure source rock of the Enping Formation:upper-plain swamp-dry forest swamp facies,lower plain-interdistributary bay-forest-herbaceous swamp facies,and lake swamp-herbaceous swamp facies.

Differences of tuffaceous components dissolution and their impact on physical properties in sandstone reservoirs: A case study on Paleogene Wenchang Formation in Huizhou-Lufeng area, Zhu I Depression, Pearl River Mouth Basin, China

The element geochemical characteristics and diagenetic alteration products of tuffaceous components in sandstone reservoirs of Paleogene Wenchang Formation in typical subsags of the Huizhou-Lufeng area of the Zhu I Depression,Pearl River Mouth Basin,were identified through microscopic analysis and quantitative analysis of main and trace elements.The impacts of dissolution of different tuffaceous components on physical properties of reservoirs were discussed through quantitative characterization of reservoir physical properties.The results show that there are mainly four types of tuffaceous components in the study area,which are acidic,intermediate,basic and alkaline tuffaceous components.The acidic tuffaceous components evolved in a process of strong alteration and weak dissolution of alteration products,with a large amount of kaolinite precipitated during alteration to disenable the improvement of porosity and permeability.The intermediate and alkaline tuffaceous components evolved in a process of strong dissolution of tuffaceous components and strong alteration of residual tuffaceous components;the dissolution of tuffaceous components created intergranular pores,but the alteration products such as autogenic quartz,apatite and illite deteriorated the pore structure;ultimately,the dissolution of tuffaceous components resulted in the increase of porosity but no increase of permeability of the reservoir.The basic tuffaceous components dominantly evolved in a process of dissolution of tuffaceous components to strong dissolution of alteration products;both tuffaceous components between particles and laumontite generated from alteration can be strongly dissolved to create pores;thus,the dissolution of tuffaceous components can significantly increase the physical properties of the reservoir.

Study on Basin-Filling and Reservoir Sedimentology of Zhu Ⅲ Depression of Pearl River Mouth Basin,South China Sea

Through basin-filling analysis, one coarsening-upward and two fining-upward sequences have been identified in Zhu Ⅲ depression. In accondance with the general model proposed by Ravnas and Steel (1998), the basin-filling has two large cycles—rift (sediment-balanced and -overfilled) and postrift (sedimentunderfilled and starved). During the rifting process, the rifted lake developed through three stages: early, climax and late. The sedimentary characteristics of reservoir rocks show that barrier bar, lagoon and tidal channel facies well developed in Zhuhai Formation; offshore, tidal and barrier bar well developed in Zhujiang Formation. Neighborly, Shenhu, Wenchang and Enping formations deposited in rifted lakes during Paleogene time; Zhujiang Formation deposited in bay, lagoon and shoreface in late Paleogene. Zhujiang and other formations deposited in offshore and open shallow sea to shelf.

Study on fault-controlled hydrocarbon migration and accumulation process and models in Zhu I Depression

Through the analysis of the faults and their internal structure in Zhu I Depression,it is found that the internal structure of the late fault is obviously segmented vertically.It develops unitary structure(simple fault plane)in shallow layers,binary structure(induced fracture zone in hanging wall and sliding fracture zone in footwall)in middle,layers and ternary structure(induced fracture zone in hanging wall and sliding fracture zone in middle,and induced fracture zone in footwall)in deep layers.Because the induced fracture zone is a high porosity and permeability zone,and the sliding fracture zone is a low porosity and ultra-low permeability zone,the late fault in middle layers has the character of"transporting while sealing".The late fault can transport hydrocarbon by its induced fracture zone in the side of the hanging wall and seal hydrocarbon by its sliding fracture zone in the side of the footwall.In deep layers,the late fault has the character of"dual-transportation",induced fracture zones in both sides of hanging wall and footwall can transport hydrocarbon.The early fault that only developed in the deep layers is presumed to be unitary structure,which plays a completely sealing role in the process of hydrocarbon migration and accumulation due to inactivity during the hydrocarbon filling period.Controlled by hydrocarbon source,early/late faults,sand bodies and traps,two reservoir-forming models of"inverted L"and"stereo-spiral"can be proposed in middle layers,while two reservoir-forming models of"cross fault"and"lateral fault sealing"are developed in the deep layers of Zhu I Depression.

A Discussion on the Characteristics of Tectonic Transformation and Its Mechanism of 2nd Episode of Zhu-Qiong Movement in Zhu 1 Depression, South China

Based on the detailed interpretation of high-accuracy 3D seismic data, the characteristics of regional unconformities, fracture systems, sedimentary filling and paleo-stress field in Zhu 1 depression were comprehensively analyzed. The results showed that 2nd episode of Zhu-Qiong movement was an important tectonic transformation that occurred during rifting, basin structure patterns above and below the regional angular unconformity caused by 2nd episode had distinct differences. The orientations of those basin-controlling faults changed from NE, NEE to EW, NWW, which indicated that the paleo-stress field veered from NNW extension clockwise to sub-NS extension and basin structures patterns transformed from NE, NEE strong rifting to sub-EW, NWW weak rifting. The depocenter showed seesaw-like migration from S to N. And the sedimentary systems transformed from semi-deep-deep lacustrine facies to braided river delta facies developed in shore-shallow lacustrine. Combined with its tectonic recombination of periphery plates that period, the mechanism of above tectonic transformation had direct correspondence to the readjustment of the Indian plate and the Pacific plate. The southward subduction of the pro-to-south China Sea is the direct cause of this tectonic transformation.

Study on Sequence Stratigraphy of Zhujiang and Zhuhai Formations, Zhu Ⅲ Subbasin, Pearl River Mouth Basin, South China Sea

The early Miocene in the Zhu Ⅲ subbasin, the Pearl River Mouth basin, includes two formations-Zhujiang and Zhuhai. There are 8 third-order sequences, S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7 and S8 from the bottom of Zhuhai to the top of Zhujiang in thee two formations. There are only one transgressive systems tract (TST) and one highstand systems tract (HST) in each sequence because the whole Zhu Ⅲ subbasin was located updip the shelf break during sequence deposition. The boundaries and maximum flooding surfaces (mfs) are in good response to both gamma and acoustic log curves in the study area. In seismic profile 1249, sediments obviously onlap over the unconformity (SB0, the bottom of Zhuhai Fm), SB1 and SB2, but obviously over only SB2 in seismic profile 1283 since the well- devel-oped faults in the subbasin. The sand bodies with high porosity and permeability for Petroleum migration and accumulation had been reworked by tidal currents before their burial. Hence, the tidal influenced parasequence sets occur both in TST and HST. Through detailed analysis, the sand bodies in TST are more favorable for Petroleum to migrate and accumulate than those in HST.

Vertical Migration of Petroleum via Faults in Zhu Ⅲ Subbasin, Pearl River Mouth Basin, South China Sea

The problem that faults act as a conduit for hydrocarbon bearing fluid flow has been under debate for a long time. The southern boundary fault (F S) and No.2 fault belt in the Zhu Ⅲ subbasin in the Pearl River Mouth basin (PRMB) of South China Sea (SCS) are considered as the conduit of hydrocarbons for the oil and gas fields in the hydrocarbon generating half grabens. Based upon the basin modeling and seismic velocity inversion simulation, there are abnormal pressure compartments in the central part of half grabens. Wenchang, Enping and Zhuhai FormationⅡare seated within the abnormal pressure zone, while the Zhuhai Formation Ⅰ is within the pressure transition zone. The abnormal pressure was mainly caused by undercompaction due to the high rate of sedimentation for layers with an abnormal pressure. The increase of temperature of inclusions as the increase of depth supports vertical migration via faults in the study area.

南海北部深水区古近系沉积物源演变及古地理意义

南海北部深水区古近纪经历了由陆到海的环境转换过程,沉积物源也随时间发生明显改变。由于水深的限制,目前对深水区的沉积物来源及古地理背景存在争议。通过碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄谱系源汇对比方法,对南海北部珠二坳陷古近系沉积物来源进行系统研究。结果发现,在早中始新世,珠二坳陷沉积物以近源输入为特征,沉积物主要来自坳陷周缘的局部隆起区;晚始新世,源自坳陷西侧的昆莺琼古河为盆地提供大量沉积物,坳陷北侧的珠江沉积物对珠二坳陷影响较小;渐新世,珠江沉积物从北向南越过番禺低隆起进入珠二坳陷,与昆莺琼古河沉积物在白云凹陷北部和中西部混合沉积,形成大型河流三角洲体系。南海北部深水区古近系物源演变过程明显受中生代末区域构造古地理控制,查明该时期物源演变对恢复区域古地理格局具有重要意义。

珠江口盆地珠三坳陷文昌组有机质碳同位素异常成因

部分中国近海湖盆和大西洋裂谷盆地发现了腐泥型有机质碳同位素偏重的现象,并伴随异常高总有机碳含量和生烃潜力。本文依据泥岩有机碳测试、孢粉分析、主微量元素、泥岩和原油碳同位素及饱和烃色质色谱资料,并结合现代湖泊盘星藻发育特征,从有机质来源、古环境条件和有机质保存改造三个方面探讨了珠江口盆地珠三坳陷古近系文昌组碳同位素正偏移的成因机制。珠三坳陷文昌组碳同位素异常与气候、古生产力、古水深和藻类勃发等古环境因素有关。然而,从三级层序尺度看,古水深可能是一个不可忽视的重要因素:指示水深的Rb/K比值随深度加深而增加,与碳同位素和TOC含量变化趋势一致。同时现代湖泊研究也证实了盘星藻分布于不同水深范围,因此“深水型盘星藻”的繁盛很可能是珠三坳陷文昌组二段烃源岩碳同位素偏重的根本原因。

合理情绪疗法对骨性Ⅲ类错颌畸形患者术前心理状况的影响

目的探讨合理情绪疗法对骨性Ⅲ类错颌畸形患者术前心理状况的影响。方法将40例骨性Ⅲ类错颌畸形患者随机分为观察组和对照组各20例。对照组给予口腔科术前常规护理,实验组在此基础上应用合理情绪疗法进行心理干预,分为心理诊断阶段、领悟阶段、修通阶段、再教育阶段4个阶段采取相应的干预措施。干预前和干预后即刻采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)进行评估。结果干预后观察组SCL-90改善幅度显著优于对照组,HAMA评分显著低于对照组(均P<0.05)。结论合理情绪疗法能够明显改善骨性Ⅲ类错颌畸形患者术前焦虑程度,让患者更积极参与治疗。

砂岩储层中凝灰质溶蚀效应的物理模拟实验研究——以珠江口盆地惠州—陆丰地区古近系文昌组为例

为认识埋藏过程中酸性流体对碎屑岩储层中凝灰质的溶蚀改造效应及控制因素,选取珠江口盆地珠一坳陷惠州—陆丰地区古近系文昌组凝灰质砂岩储层,设计开展了岩心尺度的流体—岩石相互作用模拟实验。通过显微镜下观察、流体成分分析、物性表征等方法,对比分析了实验前后不同流体流速、不同凝灰质含量条件下砂岩储层的溶蚀作用和物性响应特征。结果表明,酸性流体环境中凝灰质溶蚀现象普遍,但不同实验条件下,凝灰质溶蚀强度及储层物性响应不同:成岩体系的开放性与封闭性决定凝灰质的溶蚀作用强弱。相同岩石和相同酸性流体条件下,高流速开放体系中凝灰质溶蚀量高于封闭体系,且低流速相对封闭体系中溶蚀产物趋于沉淀,溶蚀作用增孔效应有限。凝灰质含量显著影响溶蚀效应,富凝灰质砂岩中溶蚀作用有限,含凝灰质砂岩和贫凝灰质砂岩能够溶蚀增孔,且含凝灰质砂岩的溶蚀增孔效率更高。凝灰质含量相对中等—较低的储层中,中浅层埋藏阶段的开放成岩流体体系最有利于粒间凝灰质溶孔的发育。经历晚期酸性流体溶蚀改造后,较易形成次生溶蚀型优质储层,这一认识有助于不同地区的溶蚀型储层甜点预测。

朱丹溪情志学说的儒医思想脉络探源

[目的]研究朱丹溪情志学说与儒学思想的深刻关联,阐明其独具儒医特色的思想脉络渊源,拓展丹溪学说的研究思路。[方法]结合朱丹溪所处时代的文化思想背景,通过文献研读与文化思想的综合分析,梳理朱丹溪情志学说与儒学思想的内在联系,阐发儒学对朱丹溪医学理论的深刻影响,探究朱丹溪儒医思想的发展构建过程,从儒学本体论、体用论、修养论三个层次阐述朱丹溪情志学说的儒医思想脉络。[结果]儒学作为重要的时代文化背景,影响了朱丹溪儒医思想的发展构建。朱丹溪继承并发挥儒学本体与大用、格致与修养、人心与情志的思想深意,倡立相火为情志本源,阐发六郁析情志病端,笃行修养指导情志调摄,构建了独具儒医特色的情志学说。[结论]朱丹溪情志学说体现出清晰的儒医思想脉络与源流特征,其援儒入医、创立新说的儒医风范,推动了后世儒医的发展,有益于情志病的诊疗。

从张景岳郁证论治谈对丹溪学说的继承与发展

[目的]探析明代浙江医家张景岳对朱丹溪治郁证经验的继承与发展。[方法]采用文献研究和数据挖掘法,以《朱丹溪医学全书》《景岳全书》为蓝本,构建“郁证方药数据库”,探究用药规律,并研读整理郁证相关内容,从理法方药各角度归纳比较二者临证经验。[结果]二者均认同气血结聚、升降失职的病机理论,然丹溪以脾胃为要,景岳以气机为关键。在临床辨证中,丹溪以病理因素为依据,将郁证分为气血湿食痰热六者;景岳吸收“六郁”理论,将郁证分为五气之郁和情志之郁。在用药上,丹溪从脾、肝、肺经入手,祛邪为要,理气为主,并辅以甘缓养阴;景岳用药,温补为主,又采丹溪之则,尤重滋阴,并以祛邪,故其用药攻补兼施,补益为主。[结论]朱丹溪与张景岳均认同致郁关键为气血怫郁。丹溪分郁证为六郁,以祛邪为要;景岳分郁证为五气之郁、情志之郁二类,攻补兼施,尤重滋阴。景岳在继承丹溪理论之外,形成了独具特色的辨证论治体系。二者的郁证诊疗经验,可为当今郁证治疗提供范本。

朱莹基于“土得木而达”理论治疗溃疡性结肠炎经验

朱莹教授在论治溃疡性结肠炎时强调辨病论治与辨证论治相结合,溃疡性结肠炎临床常见证型为肝脾不和证、湿热郁滞证、肝郁血虚证、脾肾亏虚证、气滞血瘀证。朱教授治疗肝脾不和型溃疡性结肠炎常用柴芍六君子汤加减疏肝健脾;湿热郁滞型溃疡性结肠炎多用香砂六君子汤加黄芩、黄连、苦参、蒲公英清利湿热、调和肝脾、祛湿止泻;肝郁血虚型溃疡性结肠炎常用逍遥散、四物汤化裁;脾肾亏虚型溃疡性结肠炎常用四君子汤合参苓白术散加补骨脂、肉桂、熟地黄、杜仲、干姜等中药温补脾肾;气滞血瘀型溃疡性结肠炎运用分期祛瘀通络之法,在瘀病初期运用丹参、川芎、桃仁等配合白芍达到行气活血、养血合营、缓急止痛之效;滞瘀同病期配伍莪术、牛膝、牡丹皮以行滞通络;虚瘀同病期常用地龙、土鳖虫等血肉有情之品配合山药、当归以搜风通络、攻积破瘀、补脾益气,从而起到标本兼治之功。

珠江口盆地珠Ⅰ、珠Ⅲ坳陷裂陷期湖相分布差异及其控制因素

通过对珠江口盆地珠Ⅰ、珠Ⅲ坳陷裂陷期湖相分布特征的对比发现,2个坳陷内的湖相发育程度存在着明显差异性,即珠Ⅲ坳陷湖相发育程度明显小于珠Ⅰ坳陷。综合分析认为,产生该现象的主要原因是在裂陷期珠Ⅲ坳陷拉张程度小于珠Ⅰ坳陷,导致其不利于湖相发育。裂陷期坳陷的拉张程度受控于多种地质因素,包括应力方向、基岩岩性、区域断裂等。珠Ⅰ、珠Ⅲ坳陷在基底岩性、凹陷分布格局、基底大型隐伏断裂的影响、控凹断裂走向等方面存在着诸多差异,这些因素控制了坳陷拉张程度的差异性,也控制了湖相分布的差异性。

清创后VSD负压创面引流联合游离植皮修复对Ⅲ、Ⅳ度烧伤患者的疗效及HAMA、HAMD评分的影响

目的:研究清创后负压封闭引流技术(VSD)负压创面引流联合游离植皮修复对Ⅲ、Ⅳ度烧伤患者的疗效及汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)评分的影响。方法:选取2019年1月-2021年3月沈阳积水潭医院收治的95例Ⅲ、Ⅳ度烧伤患者,按照随机数字表法将其分为联合组(n=48)和对照组(n=47)。对照组清创后实施游离植皮修复,联合组则于对照组的基础上增用VSD负压创面引流。比较两组临床疗效、血清疼痛介质[5-羟色胺(5-HT)、脑内神经肽(NPY)、前列腺素E_(2)(PGE_(2))]、炎症因子水平[白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-8(IL-8)、C反应蛋白(CRP)]及汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)评分。结果:联合组总有效率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后7 d,联合组5-HT、NPY、PGE;水平均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后7 d,联合组IL-6、IL-8及CRP水平均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后,联合组HAMA、HAMD评分分别为(10.49±2.16)、(11.48±2.73)分,均低于对照组的(16.97±2.74)、(20.05±2.89)分,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:清创后VSD负压创面引流联合游离植皮修复对Ⅲ、Ⅳ度烧伤患者的疗效较佳,可显著改善患者心理负性情绪,降低血清疼痛因子及炎症因子水平。

基于频谱属性趋势分析和小波变换的层序界面识别方法——以珠三坳陷中新统珠江组—韩江组为例

珠江口盆地珠三坳陷勘探程度相对较低,建立层序地层格架是有效开展油气勘探的重要基础。文中运用基于测井曲线的频谱属性趋势分析(INPEFA)和小波变换技术,识别各级层序界面和最大海泛面。即通过对自然伽马曲线进行最大熵谱分析,得到INPEFA曲线;利用INPEFA曲线的趋势和拐点,提取自然伽马曲线隐藏的周期性特征,进而划分出不同级次的层序界面;同时利用小波变换技术,对自然伽马曲线重构,分析重构后的小波系数曲线和时频色谱图,并采用曲线的异常震动和时频色谱图的能量变化识别三级层序界面和最大海泛面。研究结果表明,在珠江口盆地珠三坳陷中新统珠江组—韩江组识别出3个二级层序界面及6个三级层序界面,划分了2个二级层序和8个三级层序。利用文中方法,各级层序界面识别更直观、更明显,同时能够提高旋回划分及对比的精度和准确性,为研究区后续勘探开发提供技术支撑。

砂岩储集层凝灰质溶蚀作用的差异性及其物性响应——以珠一坳陷惠州—陆丰地区古近系文昌组为例

以储集层显微分析为基础,通过主微量元素定量分析,对珠江口盆地珠一坳陷惠州—陆丰地区典型洼陷带古近系文昌组砂岩中凝灰质的元素地球化学特征及其成岩蚀变产物组合进行分析,并结合储集层物性特征,探讨不同凝灰质溶蚀作用对储集层物性的影响。结果表明,研究区发育酸性、中性、基性和碱性4类凝灰质杂基;酸性凝灰质经历强蚀变、蚀变产物难溶蚀的演化过程,蚀变沉淀大量高岭石,不能有效增孔升渗;中性和碱性凝灰质则表现出凝灰质强溶蚀、残余凝灰质强蚀变的演化过程,凝灰质溶蚀粒间孔发育,但自生石英、磷灰石和伊利石等蚀变产物使孔隙结构变差,凝灰质溶蚀作用最终导致储集层增孔不升渗;基性凝灰质以凝灰质溶蚀-蚀变产物强溶蚀的演化过程为主,粒间凝灰质与蚀变成因的浊沸石均可溶蚀成孔,凝灰质溶蚀作用能够显著改善储集层物性。

珠三坳陷珠海组海陆过渡相沉积特征及储层控制因素

珠江口盆地珠三坳陷是中国南海北部大陆地区的主要产油区之一,储层物性差异较大,油气不集中。根据珠三坳陷珠海组岩心、钻井、测井和岩石薄片等资料,结合扫描电镜和常规物性分析,分析珠三坳陷珠海组沉积微相类型及储层特征,明确储层物性的控制因素。结果表明:受潮汐作用控制,珠三坳陷珠海组发育扇三角洲、辫状河三角洲和潮坪沉积体系,沉积微相以水下分流河道、河口坝、分流河道间及混合坪为主,其中河口坝物性最好,混合坪和水下分流河道物性次之,分流河道间物性最差。沉积微相的砂岩厚度、岩石粒度及沉积构造不同,储层孔隙度和渗透率也存在差异;成岩作用决定储层后期改造,珠海组以压实作用、胶结作用和溶蚀作用为主,其中压实作用和胶结作用为破坏性成岩作用,溶蚀作用为建设性成岩作用。该研究结果对珠江口盆地珠三坳陷后续勘探具有指导意义。

朱玲从“虚、郁、瘀”论治高龄复发性流产

高龄女性复发性流产发生率较高,朱玲教授认为其病机特点为“虚、郁、瘀”。“虚”指肾精不足,阳明脉衰;“郁”指情志不调,肝气郁结;“瘀”则缘于冲任损伤,瘀阻胞宫。高龄女性复发性流产的治疗以补肾填精、培元固本为基础,同时需重视疏肝解郁,调畅气机,强调活血化瘀,养血固冲。治疗过程中,中药汤剂、丸剂、膏剂可配合使用,持之有效,缓肾精之衰,强后天之本,疏肝气之郁,调气血之畅,养冲任之虚,以筑胎元之源;孕后需尽早安胎,补肾健脾,疏肝活血,则胎元自固,而无流产之虞。