A Historical Approach on the Opportunity to Acquire Technology Development Capability in Turkish Automobile Industry

Turkey has given importance to the development of the automobile industry since the Ottoman period.While the Ottomans,who were aware of the development process of the automobile industry in the world,provided transportation by horse-drawn carriage,they thought of importing automobiles for the Sultan and high-level bureaucrats in an effort to switch to automobile transportation.However,after the proclamation of the Republic,automobile production started,just like airplanes.While a factory was established for the production of a domestic aircraft,the first automobile production facility was established in Istanbul in 1929 by the American Ford company.This factory was closed after a short time due to the world economic crisis.After the activities of the Kayseri Aircraft Factory,which lasted until 1948,came to an end,this time,Revolution car prototypes could be manufactured completely domestically in 1961.After the project,which did not go into mass production,the KoçGroup started to produce the domestically-made Anadol car with technology transfer from multiple sources in 1967,but the production of Anadol continued until 1984.In 1971,Renault cars started to be produced under the French Renault license,and TOFAŞcars under the Italian FIAT license.Towards the end of the 1970s,creative imitation applications were made in TOFAŞcars with the bird series.In the 1990s,the production of Japanese Honda and Toyota and South Korean Hyundai cars started.In 2011,the idea of producing a domestic automobile emerged,the Devrim automobile was taken as an example in this project,the first Togg prototype was manufactured with technology transfer from multiple sources in December 2018,and it was announced that mass production would begin in March 2023.The 12-year period from 2011 to 2023 is too long for the creation of a domestic automobile.It has been understood that this long process has been passed in order to regain the pre-1980 level of technological ability.However,the most important thing is the transition from the creative imitation stage to the innovation stage.Our wish is that this process can be shortened with phase skipping approaches.

Coordination Mechanism and Empirical Research on Marine Science Technology Innovation and Marine Eco-civilization:A Case Study of Coastal Areas of China

Marine science technology innovation provides power and guarantees for marine eco-civilization construction,which provides direction and material support for marine science technology innovation.Therefore,the coordinated development of the two is of great significance to the marine economy sustainable development in China’s coastal areas.On the basis of clarifying the connotations of marine science technology innovation and marine eco-civilization in China’s coastal areas from 2006 to 2019,the mechanism for their coordinated development was analysed.A comprehensive indicator system based on the connotation of the two was constructed,and the coordinated development relationship was empirically tested using the coupled coordination model and the panel vector autoregressive(PVAR)model.The results show that:1)the level of China’s coastal marine science technology innovation continues to improve,gradually forming the core of the development of marine science technology innovation in the north,east and south of Shandong,Shanghai and Guangdong;the level of marine eco-civilization development fluctuating upward trend,showing obvious spatial differentiation characteristics.2)The degree of coordination of marine science technology innovation and marine eco-civilization is growing over time.There is no causal relationship between marine science technology innovation and marine eco-civilization in the northern marine economic circle,but there is a two-way causal relationship between the two in the eastern and southern marine economic circles.3)Marine eco-civilization shows a significant positive and continuous impact on marine science technology innovation,and marine science technology innovation shows a long-term,continuous,fluctuating,and lagging impact on marine eco-civilization.The overall role of marine eco-civilization on marine science technology innovation is dominant,and there are significant differences in the impact effects of the two major marine economic circles.

DEVELOPING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY TO INVIGORATE THE CHINESE NATION

Owing to the rapid and vigorous development of science and technology,the world today is entering a period of profound changes in both the economy and society. The information society and intelligent age are approaching.Information is being communicated by computers,optical fibers and satellites to every comer of the world,breaking down all the barriers and restrictions and involving individuals, enterprises, regions and countries into the world market, which is intensely competitive, turbulent and fluctuating. Operation at

Research Progress on the Development of Modern Agricultural Science and Technology Park

This paper summarizes the typical models,construction theory and development status of modern agricultural science and technology parks at home and abroad,in order to provide a reference for the sustainable development of modern agricultural science and technology parks in China.It is found that at present,the agricultural science and technology park in China is in the stage of quantitative development,neglecting the qualitative construction of the park.This paper points out that the balanced relationship among ecology,economy and society should be adjusted to promote the sustainable development of the park.

DO OUR BEST FOR THE PROMOTION OF BIOLOGY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT IN ASIA

The Asian Inaugural Science-BasedInnovation, Life Sciences & TechnologySummit co-sponsored by the China Councilfor the Promotion of International Trade andthe Pacific Rim Forum is being held heretoday.

Analysis on the Relationship between Socio-economy and Development of Science and Technology in Jiaxing City

Currently, the progress of science and technology has become a key factor in promoting economic development. And the backwardness of science and technology at the grassroots level has undoubtedly restricted the process of China’s construction of socialist new countryside. Taking socio-economy and the devel- opment of science and technology in Jiaxing as a breakthrough point, and based on the related data of Jiaxing during 1998?2004, this paper analyzes thoroughly the interactive relationship be- tween socio-economy and the development of science and tech- nology. This paper strives to summarize the development track and model of the grassroots work of science and technology so as to provide local governments with references and grounds for drawing up policies for the local work of science and technology.

Consider Science, Technology, Environment and Human Rights as a Whole to Achieve Scientific Development

The 18th National Congress of CPC, which concluded not long ago, put forward the ambitious goal ofcompletely building up a better-off society by 2020. Since the reform and opening of 1978, especially in the past decade, the human rights construction of China has made enormous achievements. The complete building up of a better-off society requires taking comprehensive consideration of many aspects, such as the economy, politics, culture,

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION PROMOTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

On the occasion of celebrating the 45th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS), in recalling the development history of the CAS’s international exchange and cooperation,we feel gratified to see that it has entered into an unprecedented era of dynamic expansion and progress. The CAS’s international cooperation experienced a stage of "exchange only with eastern countries" in its inceptive years and at a time of actual stagnation in"cultural revolution". It was the Third Session of the Eleventh Congress of the Chinese Communist

JOINT EFFORTS FOR FURTHER DEVELOPMENT——Prospects for Science and Technology Cooperation between Hong Kong and the Mainland

There is a long tradition of friendly exchange and cooperation between the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and the universities in Hong Kong. In recent years, both sides have been increasingly realizing the importance of furthering their Collaboration and exchange and the cooperation has become more active, laying greater

Historical Development in the Automotive Industries of Argentina and Turkey

It is possible to say that the automotive industries of Argentina,Brazil,and Turkey are each developed as an assembly industry and show great similarities to each other in this context.Since the 1980s,the development direction of the world automotive industry has been trying to make the country’s investment environment attractive for foreign international companies to produce in their countries in all three countries.However,with the 1980s,their adaptation to the flexible production system and other new technologies being implemented in the Japanese automotive industry took time,meaning that the learning time took a long time,and local contribution rates fell.This has made the slow development mechanism that has been going on since the past work even slower,and they have suffered the punishment for not being able to develop technologies in all three countries by falling behind in the automotive industry.In the 2000s,with technological advances in electric vehicles,when the use of electric vehicles began to become widespread,we can say that all three countries began to experience a new adaptation problem in the automotive industry more severely.In Turkey,this problem was experienced with all its weight along with the other country;in 2006,the policy of attracting foreign investment to the automotive industry was partially abandoned and the approach to producing domestic cars began to be considered,and in 2011,a decision was made to produce domestic cars.As of December 2019,a prototype of the domestic car has been produced by the automobile initiative group of Turkey and work has started for mass production.Thus,the problem of adaptation to the production of electric vehicles was desired to be overcome by moving to a new stage in the path of technology development.The South Korean automotive industry used this approach in the 1980s and was successful and soon gained the ability to develop technology.In order to see the success of the application of this method in Turkey,it is thought that it is necessary to wait for the result of the domestic car project.

Evaluation for Innovation Ability of National Agricultural Science and Technology Parks in Jiangxi Province

Innovative ability is an important indicator for judging the effectiveness of the national agricultural science and technology park construction. Based on the statistical data of four national agricultural science and technology parks built in Jiangxi Province, this paper constructs an evaluation system consisting of three first-level indicators, eight second-level indicators and 24 three-level indicators. Based on the combined weighting method, the comprehensive scores of the innovation capabilities of the parks are obtained. It is found that the gap in innovation capability of each park is wide, and the radiation-driven function has not yet appeared. It is necessary to promote the improvement of innovation capabilities by promoting the synergy and innovation of agricultural science and technology in the park, encouraging the park to construct agricultural technology business incubators, and building and improving innovation platforms.

Roles of Science and Technology in Soil and Water Conservation in the New Era

Firstly,current situation and main problems of science and technology development of soil and water conservation were analyzed,and then roles of science and technology in soil and water conservation were studied. At last,exploration ways of roles of science and technology in soil and water conservation were proposed.

Shenzhen Science and Technology Development Co.Ltd.

The Shenzhen Science and Technology Devleopment Co. Ltd., founded in 1985, has takes first place on the international market for its large export volume of high-tech products—magnetic heads for computer hardware discs in 1996. So far, the product has achieved a firm position on the international market through continuous efforts to renew the technical performance of its products. The products, functioning as a large storage capacity for hard disc drives, is internationally recognized as a high-tech product. During

Development Mode and Recommendations for Industrialization of Tropical Agricultural Science and Technology

Industrialization of tropical agricultural science and technology is an essential part of tropical agricultural technological innovation.This paper firstly analyzed development mode of industrialization of tropical agricultural science and technology in Chin and then came up with recommendations for developing industrialization of tropical agricultural science and technology.

Research on the Construction of Application-Oriented Undergraduate Data Science and Big Data Technology Courses

In order to conduct research and analysis on the construction of application-oriented undergraduate data science and big data technology courses,the professional development characteristics of universities and enterprises should be taken into consideration,the development trend of the big data industry should be scrutinized,and professional application-oriented talents should be cultivated in line with job requirements.This paper expounds the demand for capacity-building professional development in application-oriented undergraduate data science and big data technology courses,conducts research and analysis on the current situation of professional development,and puts forward strategies in hope to provide reference for capacity-building professional development.

CHINA: MEDICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

Ⅰ. ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL At present there are 795 research institutes in China (in 1987 there were 351 independent ones and 441 affiliated ones) under the Chinese Academy of Medical Science,the Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine,the Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine and the Chinese Academy of Military Medicine.They are playing the role of research centers for basic and clinical medicine,preventive medicine,traditional Chinese medicine,and mili-

Selecting method of districts with science and technology program’s priority support and its positive analysis

According to growth pole theory, this paper puts forward that when allocating regional science and technology (S&T) innovation resources based on S&T program, should abide the principle that important area receives priority support; Meanwhile, it designs method to ascertain district S&T advantage and S&T innovation resources utilizing efficiency as well as S&T developing speed by using component analysis and DEA method, and then constructs three-dimension selecting model,by which a positive research on Heilongjiang is made, the purpose of which is to offer scientific method support and decision-making foundation for making regional S&T program.

Present Situation and Thinking of the Evaluation and Management of Biomedical Projects in Shenzhen Industrial Park of Shenzhen-Hong Kong Cooperation Zone

Objective To put forward some suggestions for the improvement of the evaluation system of Shenzhen Industrial Park of Shenzhen-Hong Kong Innovation Cooperation Zone by studying the scientific research project evaluation and management system of Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development(AMED).Methods Through literature review,lessons were drawn from the review and management policies and methods of biomedical projects implemented by Japan AMED.Then some reference was provided to the review and management of the projects in Shenzhen Industrial Park.Results and Conclusion A basic review framework has been set up in Shenzhen Industrial Park,which consists of scientific research management institution of Shenzhen Industrial Park,Third-Party Review Institution and Science Committee.However,there are three problems in this system:unclear selection criteria of review experts,insufficient supervision and lack of project evaluation standards.These problems can be solved by establishing an expert think tank,setting up graded project supervisors to have the dynamic monitoring,and developing a general evaluation scale for evaluating scientific research projects in Shenzhen Industrial Park.

Guarantee Strategy for the Safety of Agricultural Industry in Hunan Province

The safety of agricultural industry in Hunan Province shows an upward trend from"basically safe"to"very safe",but the state in the"safe"or"very safe"range is still unstable.In view of this,Hunan Province should guarantee the agricultural production ability,cultivate and enhance the core competitiveness of agriculture,firmly grasp the agricultural control power,attach importance to the export quality of agri-cultural products and other aspects to ensure the safety of agricultural industry.