Application of Curved Surface of Ball Movement in Hydraulic Engineering

The curved surface of ball movement is a connecting bent pipe commonly used in hydraulic engineering. The curved surface poses a complicated problem with computation. The mathematic model of the circular curved surface of ball movement in engineering is set up by adopting the concept of envelope curved surface.

Experimental study of evaporation of sessile water droplet on PDMS surfaces

Evaporation of sessile water droplet on polydimethylsiloxane （PDMS） surfaces with three different curing ratios （5：1, 10：1, and 20：1） was experimentally investigated in this paper. We show that the constant contact radius （CCR） evaporation on surface with high curing ratio lasts longer than that with low curing ratio. We also measured Young＇s moduli of PDMS films by using atomic force microscopy （AFM） and simulated surface deformation of PDMS films induced by sessile water droplet. With increasing curing ratio of PDMS film, Young＇s modulus of PDMS film is getting lower, and then there will be larger surface deformation and more elastic stored energy. Since such energy acts as a barrier to keep the three-phase contact line pinned, thus it will result in longer CCR evaporation on PDMS surface with higher curing ratio.

Extension of covariant derivative(Ⅱ): From flat space to curved space

This paper extends the classical covariant deriva tive to the generalized covariant derivative on curved sur faces. The basement for the extension is similar to the pre vious paper, i.e., the axiom of the covariant form invariabil ity. Based on the generalized covariant derivative, a covari ant differential transformation group with orthogonal duality is set up. Through such orthogonal duality, tensor analy sis on curved surfaces is simplified intensively. Under the covariant differential transformation group, the differential invariabilities and integral invariabilities are constructed on curved surfaces.

Frequency Time Analysis (FTAN) and Moment Tensor Inversion Solutions from Short Period Surface Waves in Cameroon (Central Africa)

Short period surface waves generated by a local earthquake recorded by broadband seismometers at distances of about 186 to 778 km from the earthquake’s epicenter located in Cameroon (Central Africa) were processed for group velocity maps and dispersion waveforms using the frequency time analysis (FTAN) method. The resulting group velocity fundamental modes of the extracted Rayleigh and Love waves were used for a joint amplitude spectral and P polarity inversion using moment tensor inversion. The corresponding group velocity dispersion curves, the residual as a function of depth, the amplitude spectra and the moment tensor solutions of the regions from the epicenter to the different stations up to a depth of about 10 km were obtained.

Multiresolution for Closed Curves and Surfaces Using Wavelets

Multiresolution modeling is becoming a powerful tool for fast display, and geometric data compression and transmission of complex shapes. Most of the existing literatures investigating the multiresolution for B-spline curves and surfaces are concentrated on open ones. In this paper, we focus on the multiresolution representations and editing of closed B-spline curves and surfaces using wavelets. A repetition approach is adopted for the multiresolution analysis of closed B-spline curves and surfaces. Since the closed curve or surface itself is periodic, it can overcome the drawback brought by the repetition method, i.e. introducing the discontinuities at the boundaries. Based on the models at different multiresolution levels, the multiresolution editing methods of closed curves and surfaces are introduced. Users can edit the overall shape of a closed one while preserving its details, or change its details without affecting its overall shape.

Resilience surface for quantifying hazard resiliency of transportation infrastructure

Resilience assessment of transportation infrastructure is a crucial aspect of ensuring the continued functionality of a city or region in the face of various disruptions.However,these infrastructures are also vulnerable to various types of disruptions,such as natural disasters.The ability of transportation infrastructures to withstand and recover from such disruptions is referred to as their resilience.This research presents a comprehensive framework to develop the resilience surface for assessing the resilience of transportation infrastructure such as bridges,roads,and tunnels.The framework involves the identification of the unique damage configurations through performing the fragility analysis,and the restoration of the infrastructures through developing recovery curves for each damage configuration by considering the relevant restoration data.The framework also considers the inherent uncertainty in the hazard intensity,modeling uncertainty,and restoration process.The framework is illustrated through the application to a case study of a highway bridge in Canada.The aim of this paper is to provide a useful tool for decision-makers to evaluate and improve the resilience of transportation infrastructures.

Extension of covariant derivative(Ⅲ): From classical gradient to shape gradient

This paper further extends the generalized covari ant derivative from the first covariant derivative to the sec ond one on curved surfaces. Through the linear transforma tion between the first generalized covariant derivative and the second one, the second covariant differential transformation group is set up. Under this transformation group, the sec ond class of differential invariants and integral invariants on curved surfaces is made clear. Besides, the symmetric struc ture of the tensor analysis on curved surfaces are revealed.

Assembly variation analysis of flexible curved surfaces based on Bézier curves

Assembly variation analysis of parts that have flexible curved surfaces is much more difficult than that of solid bodies, because of structural deformations in the assembly process. Most of the current variation analysis methods either neglect the relationships among feature points on part surfaces or regard the distribution of all feature points as the same. In this study, the problem of flexible curved surface assembly is simplified to the matching of side lines. A methodology based on Bézier curves is proposed to represent the side lines of surfaces. It solves the variation analysis problem of flexible curved surface assembly when considering surface continuity through the relations between control points and data points. The deviations of feature points on side lines are obtained through control point distribution and are then regarded as inputs in commercial finite element analysis software to calculate the final product deformations. Finally, the proposed method is illustrated in two cases of antenna surface assembly.

Simplified Step-by-Step Nonlinear Static Program Investigating Equilibrium Conditions of Electrons in Atom and Ionization Energies: Case Study on Argon

For investigation of equilibrium conditions of electrons in an atom, and Ionization Energies of Elements, a simplified deterministic static model is proposed. The electrons are initially uniformly and sparsely arranged on the outer surface of nucleus. Then, by taking into account the nucleus-electron interaction (attractive and repulsive) and the mutual electron-electron repulsions, and by a simple step-by-step nonlinear static analysis program, all the electrons are found to equilibrate on the outer surface of the same sphere, which is concentric and larger than nucleus. In a second stage, starting from an equilibrium sphere of electrons, one of the electrons is subjected to gradual forced removal, radially and outwards with respect to nucleus. Within each removal step, the produced work increment is determined and the increments are summed. When no more significant attraction is exerted by nucleus to removed electron, the total work gives the Ionization Energy. After removing of single electron, the remaining electrons fall on a lower shell, that is, they equilibrate on the outer surface of a smaller concentric sphere. For nucleus-electron interaction, an L-J (Lennard-Jones) type curve, attractive and repulsive, is adopted. When the parameter of this curve is n > 1.0, the Ionization Energy exhibits an upper bound. As parameter n increases from 1.0 up to 2.0, the attractive potential of L-J curve is gradually weakened. The proposed model is applied on Argon. It is observed that, as the number of electrons increases, the radius of equilibrium sphere increases, too, whereas the attractive nucleus-electron potential is reduced;thus the Ionization Energy is reduced, too. Particularly, as the number of electrons and the radius of equilibrium sphere exceed some critical values, the above two last quantities exhibit abrupt falls. A regular polyhedron is revealed, which can accommodate Elements up to atomic number Z = 146, that is 28 more than Z = 118 of existing last Element, as guide for initial locations of electrons in the above first program.

城市轨道交通轨面短波不平顺谱实测研究

针对城市轨道交通诱发的振动噪声问题,对轨面短波不平顺进行研究.首先,对上海市轨道交通线路轨面短波不平顺实测数据进行零均值化、剔除异常值、消除趋势项等预处理.其次,利用改进的协方差法计算得到轨面短波不平顺功率谱,分析轨道类型、曲线半径及钢轨接头对轨面短波不平顺功率谱分布规律的影响.然后,基于非线性最小二乘法对轨面短波不平顺谱进行拟合.最后,提出我国城市轨道交通轨面短波不平顺统计谱表达式.研究结果表明:直线段接头区轨面短波不平顺功率谱密度曲线在整个分析波长范围内具有较多特征峰值;直线段接头区上、下行短波不平顺功率谱密度值随波长的分布特征和数值相差不大,说明上、下行的轨面不平顺状态基本相同;钢轨的磨耗程度与曲线半径呈负相关,内、外轨面不平顺功率谱密度的差异随曲线半径的增大而减小,曲线半径是影响轨面不平顺状态的主要因素之一;线路类型对轨面短波不平顺功率谱的影响不大,不同曲线半径、焊接接头影响明显,在对轨道进行维护和养护时需关注小曲线半径区段以及焊接接头区段的不平顺状态.

地铁钢轨波磨对车辆-轨道振动及噪声特性的影响

钢轨波磨作为地铁线路中最为常见的轨道损伤问题之一,始终未得到根本性的解决。为研究不同轨道结构形式产生钢轨波磨后车辆内部振动噪声以及轨道结构振动的时频域特性,探究钢轨波磨对车辆和轨道的影响,对某地铁线路进行现场动静态测试,获取了钢轨波磨激励下车辆内部的振动和噪声响应以及轨道各部件的振动响应,使用时域指标统计、1/3倍频程谱分析等方法分析轨道振动响应特征和车内振动及噪声响应特征。结果表明:在小半径曲线地段,浮置板轨道产生了特征波长约为200 mm的钢轨波磨,整体道床轨道产生了特征波长约为60 mm的钢轨波磨;浮置板轨道的钢轨、道床板、隧道壁振动加速度有效值分别是整体道床的1.8、5.8倍及0.3倍;钢轨波磨对轨道振动的影响主要体现在中高频范围,在300~400 Hz附近,浮置板轨道振级从钢轨至隧道壁共衰减66 d B,而整体道床共衰减49 d B;列车通过测试区域时,转向架上方与客室中部垂、纵向振动加速度有效值基本一致,而客室中部横向振动加速度有效值约为转向架上方的2倍;车内转向架位置处的异常振动主要来源于钢轨波磨的激励,且短波长波磨所激励的车内振动及噪声更加剧烈。因此,地铁钢轨波磨产生后在轨道及车辆的振动噪声响应中均占主要成分,应及时对钢轨进行打磨处理,研究结果可为地铁工务维修提供理论指导。

光笔视觉测量系统的精确测量研究

光笔视觉测量系统是以光笔为接触式辅助测量工具的一种便携式坐标测量系统,具有便携性好、测量范围大、精度高等优点。但在接触式测量过程中,记录的是测头中心坐标,需要对测头进行半径补偿。结合光笔式测量系统,提出一种针对散乱点云进行半径补偿的可行性方法。利用点云的网格化处理,寻找散乱点云中点的拓扑关系,得到局部点云的矩形拓扑网格。使用拓扑网格点进行NURBS曲面插值拟合,得到网格中心点的法向量。实验表明,该方法求得的法向量误差角度在0.5°左右,测头半径为2.5mm情况下,测量误差在0.030mm以下。

大吨位箱梁曲线段梁上运梁承压箱梁受力分析

研究目的:杭甬高速复线宁波段一期工程S1标段采用大吨位预应力混凝土箱梁(50 m/1650 t),使用YL1800型运梁车采用单车跨双幅梁上运梁方案,为研究大吨位箱梁在小半径曲线段(R=1800 m)进行梁上运梁时下部承压箱梁的受力性能,验证运梁方案的可行性,对下部承压箱梁进行了测试与分析。研究结论:(1)大吨位箱梁在梁上运梁过程中,承压箱梁跨中截面顶板、底板沿纵向均处于受压状态,顶板沿横向处于受压状态,箱梁的受力满足规范要求;(2)随着运梁车偏载距离的增大,承压箱梁的应力和跨中挠度逐渐增大,运梁车向低侧偏载时对箱梁应力和跨中挠度影响较大,建议在梁上运梁时运梁车向高低两侧偏载不应超过1000 mm;(3)本研究成果可为大吨位箱梁梁上运梁施工提供参考。

有轨电车小半径曲线梁桥减隔震措施对比研究

为适应交通路网发展需求,小半径曲线桥被广泛应用,其中有轨电车小半径曲线桥占据较高的比重。为确保地震区有轨电车的抗震安全,常采用减隔震装置以减小地震响应。然而,不同装置类型和布置方式对减隔震效果存在较大差异,因此有必要深入研究优化策略。本文以某典型有轨电车小半径曲线桥为工程背景,基于多个单一减震装置有机组合,依据边墩控制位移、中墩降低内力的组合减震理念,提出了一种新型的组合减隔震装置,并选择适宜参数的摩擦摆支座(FPS)、铅芯橡胶支座(LRB)和液体黏滞阻尼器(FVD)三种减隔震装置,通过动力非线性时程分析,探究了各装置关键参数对于曲线桥减震效果的影响,并对采用不同减隔震装置的有轨电车小半径曲线桥地震响应进行对比分析。研究发现:本文提出的组合减隔震方案能够明显弥补单一减隔震装置的不足,达到更好的减隔震效果,值得在同类桥梁中推广应用;FPS与LRB对墩底内力控制效果较好,但会在一定程度上放大结构的墩梁相对位移;FVD对墩梁相对位移的控制效果更好,但对墩底内力的控制效果比其他两种减隔震装置差。

列车轮缘润滑材料性能分析与应用研究

通过基础摩擦磨损试验研究了干态摩擦和3种轮缘润滑棒条件下的轮箍材料试样的摩擦磨损行为,结合扫描电镜和表面测量仪观察磨损表面形貌、损伤特征和磨痕几何形状,对3种轮缘润滑棒进行能谱分析,探究了润滑成分对轮轨材料减摩的影响,并根据试验结果进行了2个月的现场机车轮缘磨耗跟踪测量.研究结果表明施加轮缘润滑棒作为润滑介质后可降低界面摩擦系数至0.15~0.50,试样表面摩擦损伤均有不同程度降低,3种轮缘润滑棒工况相比干态摩擦工况的试样磨损率分别降低17.21%、28.58%和20.50%;润滑剂成分研究表明,石墨-二硫化钼的轮缘润滑棒能在摩擦接触表面形成延展性强、覆盖率高的致密固体润滑膜,抗磨减摩性能最优;轮缘润滑棒B在DF12机车1轴轮对安装使用后轮缘磨耗有明显减缓,第1、4轴轮对轮缘磨耗之比下降50%.

高速铁路线路轨面坡度及竖曲线半径动态测量方法及应用研究

为揭示高速铁路线路纵断面参数变化,以及和轨道不平顺、路基大桥沉降关系,针对国内尚无轨道纵断面参数动态检测装备,提出基于惯组的轨面坡度及竖曲线半径动态测量方法。首先,建立转向架构架及惯性坐标系,并以重力加速度、水平加速度极小相关性为基准对齐两坐标系;其次,基于转向架构架纵向加速度解算轨面坡度,并补偿列车俯仰运动及与轨道平面纵向倾角误差;然后,以坡度测量值为基础解算竖曲线半径;最后,以高速综合检测列车为平台,在国内某新建高速铁路实车试验。结果表明:坡度和竖曲线曲率重复性偏差绝对均值分别为0.07‰、0.71×10^(-3)rad/km,极差分别为0.22‰、0.005 rad/km。

轨撑加强的小半径曲线动态轨距分析

为控制小半径曲线动态轨距扩大,一般采用轨撑和轨距拉杆对轨道进行加强,但大机捣固道床时需拆除轨距拉杆,增加了养护维修工作量。为提升小半径曲线大机养护的便利性,研究小半径曲线拆除轨距拉杆只采用轨撑的可行性。建立轨撑和轨距拉杆加强的小半径曲线横向受力计算模型,分析轨撑、轨距拉杆以及两者组合使用对小半径曲线动态轨距保持能力的影响。研究表明:仅采用弹性轨撑即可有效保持小半径曲线动态轨距的稳定,建议在曲线半径R<350 m,每隔1根轨枕安装1对轨撑;350 m≤R<450 m,每隔2根轨枕上安装1对轨撑;450 m≤R<600 m,每隔3根轨枕上安装1对轨撑;R≥600 m和直线根据线路状态可适当安装。

小半径PC曲线梁桥分析和设计要点

结合PC曲线梁桥的力学特征,梳理国内规范曲线梁桥的相关条文,从分析方法、支承体系影响、桥墩高度和支座刚度、恒载扭矩、预应力效应、支座横向偏心等方面总结小半径PC曲线梁桥的分析要点,从构造设计、钢束设计、钢筋设计、附属设计等方面总结小半径PC曲线梁桥的设计要点,相关结论可为设计人员提供参考.

曲面摩擦滑移隔震结构的随机地震可靠度分析

曲面摩擦滑移隔震结构(curved surface sliding isolated structure,CSSIS)是一种具有广泛应用潜力的新技术.但在工程实践中,地震波的选取会显著影响CSSIS的抗震设计和风险评估结果.针对缺乏强震记录的情况,提出一个能够反映特定地区地震特征的随机地震动模型,并通过Monte-Carlo模拟算法,评估CSSIS的抗震可靠指标.通过振动台试验和理论分析确定CSSIS力学模型的关键结构参数,采用随机地震动模型生成地震波,以天津宁河地区为例,基于首次超越概率理论,计算了CSSIS的失稳概率Pf.结果表明,地震震级M和震中距D对CSSIS的抗震性能具有显著影响.随着震中距D的增加,上部结构的失稳概率Pf迅速下降;相反,地震震级M的增加会导致Pf升高.所得研究结果将为CSSIS的广泛应用提供重要的设计参考依据.

铁路曲线槽-箱混合连续梁的曲率效应

将槽形梁与箱形梁结合形成的槽-箱混合连续梁是一种适用于铁路小半径曲线区段的新型结构,但较大的曲率会引起显著的弯扭耦合作用,从而导致曲线梁体开裂或支座破坏。为研究曲线半径对铁路曲线槽-箱混合连续梁空间力学行为的影响,以在建揭阳—惠来单线铁路跨梅州—汕头高铁两等跨槽-箱混合连续梁为依托,建立空间梁单元有限元模型,分析该桥在悬臂转体施工和成桥运营阶段的位移、应力和自振特性,并计算曲线半径对转体施工和运营阶段的主梁变形、应力、自振特性等结构受力特性的影响。结果表明:在转体(悬臂)和运营(连续梁)阶段,梁体曲线内外竖向位移差主要是恒载产生的,其他荷载影响较小;对于两跨单线铁路槽-箱混合连续梁桥,在跨径较大且主梁宽度与曲线半径比值较小的情况下,曲线半径并非影响主梁顺桥向正应力和自振频率的敏感参数,但曲线半径对槽-箱混合连续梁桥曲线内外竖向位移差影响较大;最不利工况条件下,两等跨铁路曲线槽-箱混合连续梁桥在转体施工和运营阶段的变形、应力、自振特性等关键静动力性能指标均满足规范要求。该新型结构适用于曲线半径超过300 m、建筑高度受限的桥梁。