The establishment on the Far East of the orthodox Church and cultural stereotypes of the traditional Russian city occurred through active church building. The temples of the Far Eastern cities by its position in urban...The establishment on the Far East of the orthodox Church and cultural stereotypes of the traditional Russian city occurred through active church building. The temples of the Far Eastern cities by its position in urban environment played a role of the basic exponents of the spiritual-state ideals of Russia. Ussumption cathedrals in Khabarovsk and Vladivostok, Nikolsky cathedral in Nikcolsk-Ussurisk, Shadrinsky cathedral in Blagoveshchensk, Saint-Nikolaevsky at Russiand iplomatic mission in Seoul and other orthodox temples of the last thirty years of the XIX-the beginning of the XX-th centuries inherited ancient Russian tradition and were designed in the Byzantian style, style of the Moscow XVII century architecture, in Russian style. The ideas of ″the orthodox, the autocracy and the nationality″ in town-planning are expressed also in devotions of temples and names of new settlements. For example, a large number of temples is devoted to Saint Nicholas. Only in the Primorye Territory they are about 20. Harbin’s Saint-Nikolaevsky cathedral also in a name Nicholas. Harbin’s the Sofia church is devoted to a great symbol Ancient Russia and Russian Empire - church of Saint Sofia in Constantinople. The general plans of settlements and cities of the Far East of the second half of the XIX and boundary XIX-XX centuries were realized by two leading directions of town-planning of Russia: the first is based on the norms of regular town-planning, the second is one connected with the realization of the city - garden concept. The priority remains for classicismical tradition. At the same time, the general plans of Harbin, Dairen realized the innovative idea of the time-the concept of city-garden. On the Russian Far East social town-planning ideas of the city -gardens in a certain measure were embodied in 1910-s in the project of Alexseevsk town; Anutovsky country settlement on Ocean station near Vladivostok, later it was officially named-Garden-City; in a settlement for the railway servicemen on Nikolskay station of the Ussuriskay railway and others. Russian architectural town-planning tradition was enriched by new understanding of the social and town-planning purposes, realized in cities of the Far East in the end of the XIX-the beginning of the XX centuries.展开更多
The Russian Far East and Northeast（NE）China are located in the eastern part of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt（CAOB）,which consists of a series of micro-continental massifs including the Erguna,Xing’an,Songnen–Z...The Russian Far East and Northeast（NE）China are located in the eastern part of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt（CAOB）,which consists of a series of micro-continental massifs including the Erguna,Xing’an,Songnen–Zhangguangcai Range,Bureya,Jiamusi,and Khanka massifs.The Khanka Massif is located in the easternmost part of the CAOB,mainly cropping out in the territory of Russia,with a small segment in NE China.To the north and west of the Khanka Massif are the Jiamusi and Songnen–Zhangguangcai Range massifs,respectively.The boundary between these massifs is marked by the Dunhua–Mishan Fault.To the south lies the North China Craton,and to the east is the Sikhote–Alin Orogenic Belt separated by the Arsenyev Fault.However,the early Paleozoic evolution and tectonic attributes of the Khanka Massif are debated.These conflicting ideas result from the lack of systematic research on early Paleozoic igneous rocks from the Russian part of the Khanka Massif.It is generally accepted that the CAOB represents the largest known Phanerozoic accretionary orogenic belt.However,questions remain concerning the nature of the deep crust beneath the Khanka Massif,and whether Precambrian crust exists within the massif itself. In this paper,we report new zircon U–Pb ages,Hf isotopic data,and major-and trace-element compositions of the early Paleozoic intrusive rocks from the Khanka Massif of the Russian Far East,with the aim of elucidating the early Paleozoic evolution and the tectonic attributes of the Khanka Massif,as well as the nature of the underlying deep crust. New U–Pb zircon data indicate that early Paleozoic magmatism within the Khanka Massif can be subdivided into at least four stages:;02 Ma,;92 Ma,462–445 Ma,and;30 Ma. The;02 Ma pyroxene diorites show negative Eu anomalies,and the;92 Ma syenogranites,intruding the;02 Ma diorites,show positive Eu anomalies.These observations indicate that the primary parental magmas of these rocks were derived from different origins. The 462–445 Ma magmatism is made up of syenogranites and tonalites.The;45 Ma Na-rich tonalites contain low REE concentrations,and are enriched in Eu and Sr.These observations,together with the positiveεHf（t）values,indicate that they were derived from magmas generated by partial melting of cumulate gabbros. The;30 Ma I-type granodiorites and monzogranites from the northern Khanka Massif,and the A-type monzogranites from the central Khanka Massif display zirconεHf（t）values ranging from–5.4 to+5.8.This suggests that they formed from magmas generated by partial melting of heterogeneous lower crustal material. Zircon Hf isotopic data reveal the existence of Precambrian crustal material within the Khanka Massif.The geochemistry of the Middle Cambrian intrusive rocks is indicative of formation in an extensional setting,while Late Cambrian–middle Silurian magmatism was generated in an active continental margin setting associated with the subduction of a paleo-oceanic plate beneath the Khanka Massif.Regional comparisons of the magmatic events indicate that the Khanka Massif has a tectonic affinity to the Songnen–Zhangguangcai Range Massif rather than the Jiamusi Massif.展开更多
326 species of spiders belonging to 26 families are recorded from the Bolshekhekhtsyrski State Nature Reserve,of them 70 are new records for the reserve and six are new to the fauna of Russia:Asperthorax borealis Ono ...326 species of spiders belonging to 26 families are recorded from the Bolshekhekhtsyrski State Nature Reserve,of them 70 are new records for the reserve and six are new to the fauna of Russia:Asperthorax borealis Ono et Saito,2001; Cyclosa kumadai Tanikawa,1992; Cyclosa okumae Tanikawa,1992(earlier it was identified as C. argenteoalba Bosenberg et Strand,1906); Haplodrassus taepaikensis Paik,1992; Hypselistes fossilobus Fei et Zhu,1993; and Pachygnatha gaoi Zhu et al.,2003. The name Pronous minutus (S. Saito,1939) is synonymized with Pronoides brunneus Schenkel,1936. The male of H. taepaikensis is illustrated for the first time. Composition of the fauna is briefly discussed; 41% of the recorded species have their ranges confined to the SE Palaearctics. By its species diversity,the reserve's fauna is the second largest local fauna eastward of the Urals. An expected spider diversity of this reserve is likely to be over 400 species.展开更多
Decades after ecologist realized the negative effects of species alien to local floras and faunas, and started investigating the effects of them, particularly those that cause invasions, governments started accepting ...Decades after ecologist realized the negative effects of species alien to local floras and faunas, and started investigating the effects of them, particularly those that cause invasions, governments started accepting the importance of this issue and biological invasions became a well-known environmental problem. In spite of this, not many countries have so far made a detailed assessment of their alien invasive species. The United Kingdom, USA, and other developed countries are in the lead but their economically less developed counterparts are lagging behind. Thus, it is surprising that whilst a freshly published report on the invasive alien species of South Africa was highlighted on the pages of Nature (Wild,2018), the extensive two- volume book on the invasive species of China, published by Springer in 2017, gained less attention.展开更多
This study presents new chemical and isotopic data on the two types of cold high pCO2 groundwaters located in the Mukhen deposit (Far East of Russia). The first type belongs to HCO3-Ca-Mg waters with a relatively low ...This study presents new chemical and isotopic data on the two types of cold high pCO2 groundwaters located in the Mukhen deposit (Far East of Russia). The first type belongs to HCO3-Ca-Mg waters with a relatively low TDS (up to 1.7 g/l) and high concentrations of Fe2+, Mn2+, Ba2+, and SiO2. The second type is of HCO3-Na water with high TDS (up to 14 g/l) and elevated Li+, B, Sr2+, Br?, and I?. New isotopic data of water (δ18O, δD and 3H) and gas (δ13CTIC) phases along with a detailed geological and hydrogeological investigation of the study area allowed identifying genesis of both the mineral waters. The residence time of groundwaters were calculated as well. It was established that the origin of the high pCO2 groundwaters was caused by active faulting and CO2 venting in the subsurface zone.展开更多
The paper describes the sedimentary features and biostratigraphy of the transitional Jurassic to Cretaceous deposits in the continental basins of Priamurie formed after the collision between the Siberian and North Chi...The paper describes the sedimentary features and biostratigraphy of the transitional Jurassic to Cretaceous deposits in the continental basins of Priamurie formed after the collision between the Siberian and North China blocks.In Upper Priamurie,the collision occurred in the late Early Jurassic as dated by the emplacement of the post-collisional granites (191 Ma).While in Lower Priamurie and West Priokhotie it could take place in the late Middle Jurassic on the basis of fossil evidence from an accretionary turbidite complex.This event reflected the environmental change from coastal-marine to alluvial plains,often boggy,where coals accumulated.The environmental change is in harmony with that of biota.Systematic study of floral and spores/pollen assemblages,particularly in the sections of interbedded marine and non-marine deposits,makes clear the chronostratigraphic succession of floral associations and shows the possibility of their application for subdivision and correlation of the continental deposits of Priamurie.The coastal-marine environment of the residual post-collisional sublatitudinal basins in the western part of Priamurie (Upper Amur and Dep basins) was replaced by the continental in the late Middle Jurassic and in the eastern part in the Berriasian-Valanginian (Torom Basin).Similar environmental change commenced in the submeridional rift basins:the Bureya Basin in the Callovian and the Partizansk Basin in the Hauterivian.Changes in ecosystems occurred frequently during the Middle Jurassic--Neocomian,but the most substantial changes took place in the late Middle Jurassic and in the end of Late Jurassic.展开更多
Although Blakiston’s Fish Owl(Bubo blakistoni) is widely treated as a single species,marked differences in the structure of pair duets between continental and insular populations have been documented.However,no study...Although Blakiston’s Fish Owl(Bubo blakistoni) is widely treated as a single species,marked differences in the structure of pair duets between continental and insular populations have been documented.However,no study has quantitatively assessed these vocal differences.We obtained 192 duets from 22 pairs of Blakiston’s Fish Owl:15 pairs of B.b.blakistoni from the Japanese island of Hokkaido and the Russian Kuril island of Kunashir,and seven pairs of B.b.doerresi from Primorye on the Russian mainland.This is a sizeable dataset for such a large,retiring,and rare owl.We conducted bioacoustic examinations of 14 vocal parameters using principal component analysis and the Isler criterion to quantitatively test species boundaries within the B.blakistoni complex.We found that the insular populations on Hokkaido and Kunashir emerged as vocally similar to each other but markedly different from the continental populations of B.blakistoni,corresponding closely with presently accepted subspecies limits.Bioacoustic differences in the duets of the insular and continental groups are greater than the pairwise comparisons of territorial vocalisations between other sympatric owl species.Based on the reproductive importance of vocal duets in owl biology,we propose the taxonomic elevation of the continental subspecies to species level as Northern Fish Owl B.doerriesi.Our study corroborates the importance of bioacoustics in ascertaining species boundaries in owls and has important implications for the management of the two newly delimited species,each likely to be assessed as Endangered.Both species should be managed independently to optimise conservation outcomes.展开更多
China’s Chang’e-4 probe touched down on the far side of the moon on January 3,the first spacecraft soft-landing on the moon’s uncharted side never visible from Earth.The probe,comprising a lander and a rover,landed...China’s Chang’e-4 probe touched down on the far side of the moon on January 3,the first spacecraft soft-landing on the moon’s uncharted side never visible from Earth.The probe,comprising a lander and a rover,landed at the preselected landing area at 177.6 degrees east longitude and 45.5 degrees south latitude on the far side of the moon at 10:26 a.m.Beijing time,the China National Space Administration announced.The far side of the moon has never been closely observed before.Therefore,getting first-hand information about the terrain and lunar soil components,as well as other scientific data,will help enrich human understanding of the moon.展开更多
Prey availability is one of the principal drivers of tiger distribution and abundance.Therefore,formulating effective conservation strategies requires a clear understanding of tiger diet.We used scat analysis in combi...Prey availability is one of the principal drivers of tiger distribution and abundance.Therefore,formulating effective conservation strategies requires a clear understanding of tiger diet.We used scat analysis in combination with data on the abundance of several prey species to estimate Amur tiger diet and preference at 3 sites in the Russian Far East.We also examined the effect of pseudoreplication on estimates of tiger diet.We collected 770 scats across the 3 sites.Similar to previous studies,we found that tigers primarily preyed on medium to large ungulates,with wild boar,roe,sika and red deer collectively comprising 86.7%of total biomass consumed on average.According to Jacobs’index,tigers preferred wild boar,and avoided sika deer.Variation in preference indices derived from these scat analyses compared to indices derived from kill data appear to be due to adjustments in biomass intake when sex–age of a killed individual is known:a component missing from scat data.Pseudoreplication(multiple samples collected from a single kill site)also skewed results derived from scat analyses.Scat analysis still appears useful in providing insight into the diets of carnivores when the full spectrum of prey species needs to be identified,or when sample sizes from kill data are not sufficient.When sample sizes of kill data are large(as is now possible with GPS-collared animals),kill data adjusted by sex–age categories probably provides the most accurate estimates of prey biomass composition.Our results provide further confirmation of the centrality of medium ungulates,in particular wild boar,to Amur tiger diet,and suggest that the protection of this group of species is critical to Amur tiger conservation.展开更多
The Russian Far East is a region between China and the Russian Arctic with a diverse climatological,geophysical,oceanic,and economical characteristic.The southern region is located in the Far East monsoon sector,while...The Russian Far East is a region between China and the Russian Arctic with a diverse climatological,geophysical,oceanic,and economical characteristic.The southern region is located in the Far East monsoon sector,while the northern parts are affected by the Arctic Ocean and cold air masses penetrating far to the south.Growing economic activities and traffic connected to the China Belt and Road Initiative together with climate change are placing an increased pressure upon the Russian Far East environment.There is an urgent need to improve the capacity to measure the atmospheric and environmental pollution and analyze their sources and to quantify the relative roles of local and transported pollution emissions in the region.In the paper,we characterize the current environmental and socio-economical landscape of the Russian Far East and summarize the future climate scenarios and identify the key regional research questions.We discuss the research infrastructure concept,which is needed to answer the identified research questions.The integrated observations,filling in the critical observational gap at the Northern Eurasian context,are required to provide state-of-the-art observations and enable follow-up procedures that support local,regional,and global decision making in the environmental context.展开更多
文摘The establishment on the Far East of the orthodox Church and cultural stereotypes of the traditional Russian city occurred through active church building. The temples of the Far Eastern cities by its position in urban environment played a role of the basic exponents of the spiritual-state ideals of Russia. Ussumption cathedrals in Khabarovsk and Vladivostok, Nikolsky cathedral in Nikcolsk-Ussurisk, Shadrinsky cathedral in Blagoveshchensk, Saint-Nikolaevsky at Russiand iplomatic mission in Seoul and other orthodox temples of the last thirty years of the XIX-the beginning of the XX-th centuries inherited ancient Russian tradition and were designed in the Byzantian style, style of the Moscow XVII century architecture, in Russian style. The ideas of ″the orthodox, the autocracy and the nationality″ in town-planning are expressed also in devotions of temples and names of new settlements. For example, a large number of temples is devoted to Saint Nicholas. Only in the Primorye Territory they are about 20. Harbin’s Saint-Nikolaevsky cathedral also in a name Nicholas. Harbin’s the Sofia church is devoted to a great symbol Ancient Russia and Russian Empire - church of Saint Sofia in Constantinople. The general plans of settlements and cities of the Far East of the second half of the XIX and boundary XIX-XX centuries were realized by two leading directions of town-planning of Russia: the first is based on the norms of regular town-planning, the second is one connected with the realization of the city - garden concept. The priority remains for classicismical tradition. At the same time, the general plans of Harbin, Dairen realized the innovative idea of the time-the concept of city-garden. On the Russian Far East social town-planning ideas of the city -gardens in a certain measure were embodied in 1910-s in the project of Alexseevsk town; Anutovsky country settlement on Ocean station near Vladivostok, later it was officially named-Garden-City; in a settlement for the railway servicemen on Nikolskay station of the Ussuriskay railway and others. Russian architectural town-planning tradition was enriched by new understanding of the social and town-planning purposes, realized in cities of the Far East in the end of the XIX-the beginning of the XX centuries.
文摘The Russian Far East and Northeast（NE）China are located in the eastern part of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt（CAOB）,which consists of a series of micro-continental massifs including the Erguna,Xing’an,Songnen–Zhangguangcai Range,Bureya,Jiamusi,and Khanka massifs.The Khanka Massif is located in the easternmost part of the CAOB,mainly cropping out in the territory of Russia,with a small segment in NE China.To the north and west of the Khanka Massif are the Jiamusi and Songnen–Zhangguangcai Range massifs,respectively.The boundary between these massifs is marked by the Dunhua–Mishan Fault.To the south lies the North China Craton,and to the east is the Sikhote–Alin Orogenic Belt separated by the Arsenyev Fault.However,the early Paleozoic evolution and tectonic attributes of the Khanka Massif are debated.These conflicting ideas result from the lack of systematic research on early Paleozoic igneous rocks from the Russian part of the Khanka Massif.It is generally accepted that the CAOB represents the largest known Phanerozoic accretionary orogenic belt.However,questions remain concerning the nature of the deep crust beneath the Khanka Massif,and whether Precambrian crust exists within the massif itself. In this paper,we report new zircon U–Pb ages,Hf isotopic data,and major-and trace-element compositions of the early Paleozoic intrusive rocks from the Khanka Massif of the Russian Far East,with the aim of elucidating the early Paleozoic evolution and the tectonic attributes of the Khanka Massif,as well as the nature of the underlying deep crust. New U–Pb zircon data indicate that early Paleozoic magmatism within the Khanka Massif can be subdivided into at least four stages:;02 Ma,;92 Ma,462–445 Ma,and;30 Ma. The;02 Ma pyroxene diorites show negative Eu anomalies,and the;92 Ma syenogranites,intruding the;02 Ma diorites,show positive Eu anomalies.These observations indicate that the primary parental magmas of these rocks were derived from different origins. The 462–445 Ma magmatism is made up of syenogranites and tonalites.The;45 Ma Na-rich tonalites contain low REE concentrations,and are enriched in Eu and Sr.These observations,together with the positiveεHf（t）values,indicate that they were derived from magmas generated by partial melting of cumulate gabbros. The;30 Ma I-type granodiorites and monzogranites from the northern Khanka Massif,and the A-type monzogranites from the central Khanka Massif display zirconεHf（t）values ranging from–5.4 to+5.8.This suggests that they formed from magmas generated by partial melting of heterogeneous lower crustal material. Zircon Hf isotopic data reveal the existence of Precambrian crustal material within the Khanka Massif.The geochemistry of the Middle Cambrian intrusive rocks is indicative of formation in an extensional setting,while Late Cambrian–middle Silurian magmatism was generated in an active continental margin setting associated with the subduction of a paleo-oceanic plate beneath the Khanka Massif.Regional comparisons of the magmatic events indicate that the Khanka Massif has a tectonic affinity to the Songnen–Zhangguangcai Range Massif rather than the Jiamusi Massif.
文摘326 species of spiders belonging to 26 families are recorded from the Bolshekhekhtsyrski State Nature Reserve,of them 70 are new records for the reserve and six are new to the fauna of Russia:Asperthorax borealis Ono et Saito,2001; Cyclosa kumadai Tanikawa,1992; Cyclosa okumae Tanikawa,1992(earlier it was identified as C. argenteoalba Bosenberg et Strand,1906); Haplodrassus taepaikensis Paik,1992; Hypselistes fossilobus Fei et Zhu,1993; and Pachygnatha gaoi Zhu et al.,2003. The name Pronous minutus (S. Saito,1939) is synonymized with Pronoides brunneus Schenkel,1936. The male of H. taepaikensis is illustrated for the first time. Composition of the fauna is briefly discussed; 41% of the recorded species have their ranges confined to the SE Palaearctics. By its species diversity,the reserve's fauna is the second largest local fauna eastward of the Urals. An expected spider diversity of this reserve is likely to be over 400 species.
文摘Decades after ecologist realized the negative effects of species alien to local floras and faunas, and started investigating the effects of them, particularly those that cause invasions, governments started accepting the importance of this issue and biological invasions became a well-known environmental problem. In spite of this, not many countries have so far made a detailed assessment of their alien invasive species. The United Kingdom, USA, and other developed countries are in the lead but their economically less developed counterparts are lagging behind. Thus, it is surprising that whilst a freshly published report on the invasive alien species of South Africa was highlighted on the pages of Nature (Wild,2018), the extensive two- volume book on the invasive species of China, published by Springer in 2017, gained less attention.
文摘This study presents new chemical and isotopic data on the two types of cold high pCO2 groundwaters located in the Mukhen deposit (Far East of Russia). The first type belongs to HCO3-Ca-Mg waters with a relatively low TDS (up to 1.7 g/l) and high concentrations of Fe2+, Mn2+, Ba2+, and SiO2. The second type is of HCO3-Na water with high TDS (up to 14 g/l) and elevated Li+, B, Sr2+, Br?, and I?. New isotopic data of water (δ18O, δD and 3H) and gas (δ13CTIC) phases along with a detailed geological and hydrogeological investigation of the study area allowed identifying genesis of both the mineral waters. The residence time of groundwaters were calculated as well. It was established that the origin of the high pCO2 groundwaters was caused by active faulting and CO2 venting in the subsurface zone.
文摘The paper describes the sedimentary features and biostratigraphy of the transitional Jurassic to Cretaceous deposits in the continental basins of Priamurie formed after the collision between the Siberian and North China blocks.In Upper Priamurie,the collision occurred in the late Early Jurassic as dated by the emplacement of the post-collisional granites (191 Ma).While in Lower Priamurie and West Priokhotie it could take place in the late Middle Jurassic on the basis of fossil evidence from an accretionary turbidite complex.This event reflected the environmental change from coastal-marine to alluvial plains,often boggy,where coals accumulated.The environmental change is in harmony with that of biota.Systematic study of floral and spores/pollen assemblages,particularly in the sections of interbedded marine and non-marine deposits,makes clear the chronostratigraphic succession of floral associations and shows the possibility of their application for subdivision and correlation of the continental deposits of Priamurie.The coastal-marine environment of the residual post-collisional sublatitudinal basins in the western part of Priamurie (Upper Amur and Dep basins) was replaced by the continental in the late Middle Jurassic and in the eastern part in the Berriasian-Valanginian (Torom Basin).Similar environmental change commenced in the submeridional rift basins:the Bureya Basin in the Callovian and the Partizansk Basin in the Hauterivian.Changes in ecosystems occurred frequently during the Middle Jurassic--Neocomian,but the most substantial changes took place in the late Middle Jurassic and in the end of Late Jurassic.
基金financial and logistical support from the Wildlife Conservation Society and the Amur-Ussuri Center for Avian Biodiversityfinancial support from Columbus Zoo and Aquarium+1 种基金a Singapore Ministry of Education Tier 2 grant for financial support (WBS R154-000-C41-112)supported by the Lady Yuen Peng McNeice Graduate Fellowship during the execution of this project
文摘Although Blakiston’s Fish Owl(Bubo blakistoni) is widely treated as a single species,marked differences in the structure of pair duets between continental and insular populations have been documented.However,no study has quantitatively assessed these vocal differences.We obtained 192 duets from 22 pairs of Blakiston’s Fish Owl:15 pairs of B.b.blakistoni from the Japanese island of Hokkaido and the Russian Kuril island of Kunashir,and seven pairs of B.b.doerresi from Primorye on the Russian mainland.This is a sizeable dataset for such a large,retiring,and rare owl.We conducted bioacoustic examinations of 14 vocal parameters using principal component analysis and the Isler criterion to quantitatively test species boundaries within the B.blakistoni complex.We found that the insular populations on Hokkaido and Kunashir emerged as vocally similar to each other but markedly different from the continental populations of B.blakistoni,corresponding closely with presently accepted subspecies limits.Bioacoustic differences in the duets of the insular and continental groups are greater than the pairwise comparisons of territorial vocalisations between other sympatric owl species.Based on the reproductive importance of vocal duets in owl biology,we propose the taxonomic elevation of the continental subspecies to species level as Northern Fish Owl B.doerriesi.Our study corroborates the importance of bioacoustics in ascertaining species boundaries in owls and has important implications for the management of the two newly delimited species,each likely to be assessed as Endangered.Both species should be managed independently to optimise conservation outcomes.
文摘China’s Chang’e-4 probe touched down on the far side of the moon on January 3,the first spacecraft soft-landing on the moon’s uncharted side never visible from Earth.The probe,comprising a lander and a rover,landed at the preselected landing area at 177.6 degrees east longitude and 45.5 degrees south latitude on the far side of the moon at 10:26 a.m.Beijing time,the China National Space Administration announced.The far side of the moon has never been closely observed before.Therefore,getting first-hand information about the terrain and lunar soil components,as well as other scientific data,will help enrich human understanding of the moon.
基金We thank the Save the Tiger Fund(a joint project of the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation and the Exxon Mobile Corporation),the Liz Claiborne and Art Ortenburg Foundation,the United States Fish and Wildlife Service Tiger Rhino Conservation Fund,the Disney Wildlife Fund,ALTA,the Robertson Foundation,the Starr Foundation,the Wildlife Conservation Society and the Zoological Society of London for financial support to conduct this work.We thank A.A.Laptev and A.I.Myslenkov of Lazovskii State Nature Zapovednik,A.A.Astafiev and Y.Pimenov of Sikhote-Alin Biosphere Zapovednik,and A.Borodin of the Land of Leopard National Park for logistical and administrative support.We thank M.E.Borisenko,A.Bezrukov,V.Kolesnikov,I.Nikolaev,B.Schleyer,N.Rybin,A.Rybin,A.Kostyria,I.Seryodkin,V.Melnikov,A.Saphonov,V.Schukin,V.Storozhuk and E.Gizhko for assistance with data collection,and Paul Kapfer for assistance with data analyses.
文摘Prey availability is one of the principal drivers of tiger distribution and abundance.Therefore,formulating effective conservation strategies requires a clear understanding of tiger diet.We used scat analysis in combination with data on the abundance of several prey species to estimate Amur tiger diet and preference at 3 sites in the Russian Far East.We also examined the effect of pseudoreplication on estimates of tiger diet.We collected 770 scats across the 3 sites.Similar to previous studies,we found that tigers primarily preyed on medium to large ungulates,with wild boar,roe,sika and red deer collectively comprising 86.7%of total biomass consumed on average.According to Jacobs’index,tigers preferred wild boar,and avoided sika deer.Variation in preference indices derived from these scat analyses compared to indices derived from kill data appear to be due to adjustments in biomass intake when sex–age of a killed individual is known:a component missing from scat data.Pseudoreplication(multiple samples collected from a single kill site)also skewed results derived from scat analyses.Scat analysis still appears useful in providing insight into the diets of carnivores when the full spectrum of prey species needs to be identified,or when sample sizes from kill data are not sufficient.When sample sizes of kill data are large(as is now possible with GPS-collared animals),kill data adjusted by sex–age categories probably provides the most accurate estimates of prey biomass composition.Our results provide further confirmation of the centrality of medium ungulates,in particular wild boar,to Amur tiger diet,and suggest that the protection of this group of species is critical to Amur tiger conservation.
基金supported by RFBR project[18-05-60219](РоссийскийФондФундаментальныхИсследований(РФФИ))The work was funded by Academy of Finland[307537,333397,334792]+1 种基金Belmont Forum(through Academy of Finland project 334792)University of Helsinki.
文摘The Russian Far East is a region between China and the Russian Arctic with a diverse climatological,geophysical,oceanic,and economical characteristic.The southern region is located in the Far East monsoon sector,while the northern parts are affected by the Arctic Ocean and cold air masses penetrating far to the south.Growing economic activities and traffic connected to the China Belt and Road Initiative together with climate change are placing an increased pressure upon the Russian Far East environment.There is an urgent need to improve the capacity to measure the atmospheric and environmental pollution and analyze their sources and to quantify the relative roles of local and transported pollution emissions in the region.In the paper,we characterize the current environmental and socio-economical landscape of the Russian Far East and summarize the future climate scenarios and identify the key regional research questions.We discuss the research infrastructure concept,which is needed to answer the identified research questions.The integrated observations,filling in the critical observational gap at the Northern Eurasian context,are required to provide state-of-the-art observations and enable follow-up procedures that support local,regional,and global decision making in the environmental context.
