On How to Guess Meanings of Unknown Words in Reading Materials the Importance of Context

While reading plays a very important role in English study, many English language learners find it very difficult to fully comprehend some reading materials on account of many unknown words in them. This essay mainly discusses one technique of guessing meanings of new words according to context clues, thus emphasizing the importance of context.

The Special Meaning of Color Words in Chinese and Western Culture

In Chinese and western culture,color words are both as many as the sands in the Ganges river and stars in the blue sky.And its meanings have something in common and also something that is different.To find out the same points and differentias and to avoid mistakes in intercommunication,the writer will analysis the meanings of some main color words and makes an explain for the differences from the aspect of culture between Chinese and western countries by the means of comparison and analysis.After the analysis,the writer discovers that the meanings of the colors are basically different except the purple,and which are deeply affected by their each culture.And the meanings of them would change in the situation of intercommunication.Therefore,we should use these words properly.

Study on new words and their evolutions

Language change is the manner in which the phonetic, morphological, semantic, syntactic, and other features of a language are modified over time. Vocabulary can change quickly as new words are borrowed from other languages, or as words get combined or shortened. Information and communication technologies （ICT） are one of the major driving forces in the process of globalization. This paper focuses on some lexicon changes over the last two decades. In particular, affixation, compounding, blending, and meaning shift are illustrated in detail.

“Words”and“Meaning”in the Horizon of Philosophical Hermeneutics

The article holds that the problem of the relationship between"words"and"meaning"has always been the philosophical proposition.Through analyzing the relationship between"words"and"meaning"and probing into"disoourse","text"and"space-time history",the author thinks that the interpreters'preconceptions,preexistence,pre-structure and different perspectives have resulted in diverse forms of interpretations,and the being of each kind of form has its own rationality.Moreover,the process in which the interpreters interpret"words","discourse","text"and"history"is also the process to interpret themselves.Nevertheless,being able to say and being unable to say are soaked in the whole process of interpretation,and,as a result,human beings will always be confronted with a kind of"say and cannot say"embarrassment.

Some Symbolic Meanings of Color Words in Chinese and English Cultures

In Chinese and English languages, there are very abundant words that can describe different colors. Not only should we pay attention to their basic meanings, but also should pay attention to their profound symbolic meanings. Because the symbolic meanings of color words often have different characteristics in different national languages, some characteristics even form people to the advocating and taboo to the colors after being guided, stretched and transferred by people. The big difference of the symbolic meanings of color between different cultures is due to the different nations, different cultures, different historical backgrounds, and different aesthetic psychologies. It is sanctified by usage in the sediment of history and the development of society. It is a kind of enduring culture phenomenon. From the angle of comparison between Chinese and English cultures, this essay attempts to probe into the development of different cultures has the impact on symbolic meanings of color words.

How to Deal with New Words in Material——What is a Word and its Relations to the Reading

When you mention lexicology,absolutely it is a branch of linguistics,inquiring into the origins and meanings of words.The lexicologist Mc Carthy(1990)have given us his opinion about it.He said,grammar is important,and it indeed plays a vital rolein English study,but that is not all.In fact,tar from this.From this we can see,vocabulary and the study and learning of vocabularytake an outstanding place in the study of language,it will improve his skills of using reference books and raise his problem-solvingability and efficiency of individual study.And it will make you much more receptive and productive in language processing and lan-guage production.Knowledge of English Lexicology can offer a great help to the work of the teachers of English.Armed with thisknowledge,they can better control the teaching materials,especially the concerning words.They can also select and organize mate-rials to teach in a more effective way.What is more,they can make use of the different sense relations to group vocabulary,inter-pret words and explain meanings to the students;At last,their teaching will prove better if they have the knowledge of dictionaries.In my thesis,I will talk about how to deal with new words in material.

Elementary Introduction to the differences in Vocabulary between British English and American English

With the development of the two countries, the differences in some fields are clear and are also reflected in their languages. This paper discusses the differences in vocabulary between British English and American English through three aspects - - - the same words but different meaning, the same meanings but different words,characteistic words.

A Comparative Study on the Metaphorical Meanings and Translations of Green and绿

Language is not only a part of culture,but also the carrier and container of culture.However,due to differences in cultur⁃al background,customs,historical and geographical environment,language expression is also different.As a part of language,col⁃or words are usually endowed with corresponding metaphorical meaning.Therefore,this paper mainly analyzes the differences be⁃tween English and Chinese color words“green”and“绿”,and explores the translation methods of English and Chinese color words.

Cultural Connotation and Translation of Color Words

This paper aims to analyze the cultural connotations of color words. To successfully translate the expressions relating to colors form Chinese to English or English to Chinese, it is a key step to master the cultural connotations of Chinese and English color words. By comparing the differences of the corresponding color words between Chinese and English, three basic translating methods are generalized.

The Meaning of Words Depends on the Context

This paper starts with stating the importance of context in understanding the meaning of words through the aspects as extra linguistic and linguistic context,which is followed by the analysis of the function of context in defferent time, place, situation and to different people. The purpose is to try and present the actual use of context in our daily life and enhance our awareness of the importance of the role of context.

Lexical Relations： Measuring the Proficiency of the Saudi EFL Learners and Analysing the Obstacles

As teachers of EFL （English as a Foreign Language） in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, we are sometimes flabbergasted by the errors that the/earners make in their English scripts. Apparently, there was no pattern to these errors. However, when the researcher observed the frequency of similar error over a few years of her experience as an EFL faculty for Saudi learners, the theory of Lexical Relations appeared to offer an answer. Therein also lies the genesis of the current study. In a positive development, the study did bring to light certain factors that directly played a role in the Saudi EFL learners＇ English errors. These have been presented in this paper with the hope that with the diagnosis in hand, it will be easier for the EFL teachers to find a solution to the dearth of English proficiency among the Saudi EFL learners.

An Analysis of Borrowed Chinese Trade Words in the Malay Language

This paper discusses Chinese loan words in the Malay language that exhibit trade elements. The Chinese people who migrated to Malaya two centuries ago brought with them many words related to trade. This phenomenon is more prominent now that the current majority of the Chinese in Malaysia are involved in trading and businesses Out of 136 loan words taken from the fourth edition of the Kamus Dewan （the Malay language monolingual dictionary used as a teaching and studying companion in Malaysia, 2005）, 25 Chinese loan words are found to reflect elements of trade and these were used as research data. Semantic analysis was done in order to identify the meaning of these loan words in the Malay language. Borrowing methods were also assayed through the patterns of these loan words. Analyses showed that the Chinese loan words that are borrowed into the Malay language are numerous and have resulted in an enriched collection of Malay trade terms. These loan words are still widely used among speakers of the Malay language. The dominant borrowing method is transliteration. Hokkien or Amoy pronunciation was used as the basis for the formation of these loan words

A Discussion On the Range of Meaning of English Words──An Approach to English Words Learning

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晋北方言中近代汉语词的词义用法变化

晋北方言中留存着许多近代汉语词,其中一些词的词义、语法以及搭配对象、使用场合等发生了变化。词义变化表现在义项数量、意义范围、词义转移及感情色彩等方面,其中以词的义项减少为最,词义转移次之;语法变化表现在词性和组合功能方面。这些变化既受汉语发展规律制约,也与社会发展和晋北文化密切相关,是客体世界、汉语发展规律以及晋北人认知特点综合作用的结果。

基于主题词向量中心点的K-means文本聚类算法

K-means由于其时间复杂度低运行速度快一直是最为流行的聚类算法之一,但是该算法在进行聚类时需要预先给出聚类个数和初始类中心点,其选取得合适与否会直接影响最终聚类效果。该文对初始类中心和迭代类中心的选取进行大量研究,根据决策图进行初始类中心的选择,利用每个类簇的主题词向量替代均值作为迭代类中心。实验表明,该文的初始点选取方法能够准确地选取初始点,且利用主题词向量作为迭代类中心能够很好地避免噪声点和噪声特征的影响,很大程度上地提高了K-means算法的性能。

基于提示学习的篇章级事件论元抽取方法研究

事件论元抽取是指在自然语言文本中识别出事件论元及其对应的角色,是事件抽取的关键。传统事件论元抽取方法将抽取范围局限在单个句子中,在面对长文本中论元分散的情况时表现不佳。近年来,有研究者提出基于提示学习的篇章级事件论元抽取方法,能根据提示信息在输入文本中获取事件论元,实现事件论元抽取。然而现有基于提示学习的方法大多是由人工手动构建提示模板,模板结构固定容易导致论元抽取错误。针对以上不足,该文在以往基于提示学习研究的基础上,提出以文本触发词为关键实现模板自动构建的方法,并在输入文本中融入事件角色语义信息,使模型能更好地捕获文本语义特征,提高事件论元抽取准确率。在篇章级数据集RAMS上的实验结果表明,该模型在事件论元识别和事件论元分类的F1值分别达到54.3%和48.1%,相比最优的基准方法分别提升了1.8百分点和1.2百分点,验证了模型的有效性。

现代汉语贬抑性评价构式“破NP”研究

现代汉语中的“破NP”构式是主观性强的贬抑性评价构式,其构式义丰富,可分为直接贬抑、间接贬抑、假性贬抑、自我贬抑、反预期贬抑五种不同情况,这五种构式义与构素“NP”之间是互相选择的关系,从历时角度来看,“破NP”经过重新分析从动宾结构演变为定中结构,引发了“破”从动词到形容词的词性演变过程,最终“破”虚化为泛义形容词,“破NP”构式由此产生。在东北官话中,“破NP”构式常与方言特征鲜明的程度副词“老”结合成强贬抑性评价构式“老破NP”,“老破NP”构式又派生出“老NP”构式,属于纯粹的强贬抑性评价构式。“破NP”作为现代汉语中最常用的强贬抑性构式之一,其深层的构式义、词义演变过程及其在方言中的派生形式对于接受国际中文教育的留学生来说是很难理解的,因此我们希望通过对以上三个方面的探究修正留学生对“破NP”构式理解上的偏误,并激发留学生对中文当中其他语言现象含义及其演变过程的主动理解和探索。

《朱子语类》词语探释

语言是活的动态的,人们在一定对话语境中发出的言语或多或少所产生的语义变异由词汇语法层的不同形式来表达,具有脱口而出的“活”态。《朱子语类》是朱熹与其门人讲学问答的现场实录或事后追忆的纂辑,其所载“八字打开”“待人接物”“扛”“鲠直”“浃洽”“敛手束脚”“落窠槽”“念念不忘”“拌”“巧”“日头”“衰颓”“讨头”“习熟”“虚灵不昧”“絮”“仗节死义”“圳”“周遮”“筑磕”及相关词语既有旧言新词和历代刻本的文白差异,也有不同地域不同阶层所用词语的雅俗差异,反映了“言语意义←→语言意义”间互动交融的转化,在某种程度上也体现了语言←→人←→客观世界的错综关联及人们具体取舍的价值取向。

《中庸》主旨新解

关于《礼记·中庸》的主旨,朱熹以为是子思论述儒家“道学”之文,学者向来遵用朱熹旧说。而实际上,《中庸》是论证君王的道德修养,其证据有汉唐学者的论断、俞樾的观点、儒家的传统、《中庸》的内证以及历来教育君王成为圣主的重要著作等方面。

甲骨文典型细节特征研究

甲骨文为早期成体系的古代文字,字形仍然保留着较多的形象特征,书写大多不太固定,字形往往呈现出一些差异,如笔画多少不一、形体朝向不定、部件不固定、结构不定型等。但其中的关键细节相对比较一致,具体表现在笔画的曲直、笔画的长短、书写的方向、强化的特征、选取的对象以及部件的组合关系等方面。这些有意为之的细节,除了忠实记录着原始信息之外,也有不少出于区分字形和区别字义的考虑。典型细节中蕴含着的重要的构形信息,对字义的传达至为关键,对字形的演变产生了深远的影响。