Lithium-sulfur battery(LSB)has brought much attention and concern because of high theoretical specific capacity and energy density as one of main competitors for next-generation energy storage systems.The widely comme...Lithium-sulfur battery(LSB)has brought much attention and concern because of high theoretical specific capacity and energy density as one of main competitors for next-generation energy storage systems.The widely commercial application and development of LSB is mainly hindered by serious“shuttle effect”of lithium polysulfides(Li PSs),slow reaction kinetics,notorious lithium dendrites,etc.In various structures of LSB materials,array structured materials,possessing the composition of ordered micro units with the same or similar characteristics of each unit,present excellent application potential for various secondary cells due to some merits such as immobilization of active substances,high specific surface area,appropriate pore sizes,easy modification of functional material surface,accommodated huge volume change,enough facilitated transportation for electrons/lithium ions,and special functional groups strongly adsorbing Li PSs.Thus many novel array structured materials are applied to battery for tackling thorny problems mentioned above.In this review,recent progresses and developments on array structured materials applied in LSBs including preparation ways,collaborative structural designs based on array structures,and action mechanism analyses in improving electrochemical performance and safety are summarized.Meanwhile,we also have detailed discussion for array structured materials in LSBs and constructed the structure-function relationships between array structured materials and battery performances.Lastly,some directions and prospects about preparation ways,functional modifications,and practical applications of array structured materials in LSBs are generalized.We hope the review can attract more researchers'attention and bring more studying on array structured materials for other secondary batteries including LSB.展开更多
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi （AMF） can enhance plant stress resistance against biological and abiotic factors, playing an important role in increasing crop yield and reducing pesticide use. It is also of great devel...Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi （AMF） can enhance plant stress resistance against biological and abiotic factors, playing an important role in increasing crop yield and reducing pesticide use. It is also of great development potential in agriculture, horticulture, forestry and environmental remediation. We summarized preparation of AMF inoculants from the components of inoculant preparation system, including mycorrhizal fungi, host plants, culture matrix and nutrition, and pointed out the direction and prospect of inoculants market in the future.展开更多
A concept is introduced for initiating the design study of a special class of tokamak,which has a magnetic confinement configuration intermediate between contemporary advanced tokamak and the recently established sphe...A concept is introduced for initiating the design study of a special class of tokamak,which has a magnetic confinement configuration intermediate between contemporary advanced tokamak and the recently established spherical torus (ST,also well known by the name "spherical tokamak").The leading design parameter in the present proposal is a dimensionless geometrical parameter, the machine aspect ratio A=R 0/a 0= 2.0,where the parameters a 0 and R 0 denote,respectively,the plasma (equatorial) minor radius and the plasma major radius.The aim of this choice is to technologically and experimentally go beyond the aspect ratio frontier (R 0/a 0≈2.5) of present day tokamaks and enter a broad unexplored domain existing on the (a 0,R 0) parameter space in current international tokamak database,between the data region already moderately well covered by the advanced conventional tokamaks and the data region planned to be covered by STs.Plasma minor radius a 0 has been chosen to be the second basic design parameter, and consequently,the plasma major radius R 0 is regarded as a dependent design parameter.In the present concept,a nominal plasma minor radius a 0=1.2m is adopted to be the principal design value,and smaller values of a 0 can be used for auxiliary design purposes,to establish extensive database linkage with existing tokamaks.Plasma minor radius can also be adjusted by mechanical and/or electromagnetic means to smaller values during experiments,for making suitable data linkages to existing machines with higher aspect ratios and smaller plasma minor radii.The basic design parameters proposed enable the adaptation of several confinement techniques recently developed by STs,and thereby a specially arranged central bore region inside the envisioned tokamak torus,with retrieved space in the direction of plasma minor radius,will be available for technological adjustments and maneuverings to facilitate implementation of engineering instrumentation and real time high field side radiation and particle diagnostics,especially for high field side edge physics and plasma surface interaction studies.展开更多
Emerging monolayer molecular crystals(MMCs)have become prosperous in recent decades due to their numerous advantages.First,downsizing the active layer thickness to monolayer in organic field-effect transistors(OFETs)i...Emerging monolayer molecular crystals(MMCs)have become prosperous in recent decades due to their numerous advantages.First,downsizing the active layer thickness to monolayer in organic field-effect transistors(OFETs)is beneficial to elucidate the intrinsic charge-transport behavior.Next,the ultrathin conducting channel can reduce bulk injection resistance to extract mobility accurately.Then,direct exposure of the conducting channel can enhance the sensing performance.Finally,MMCs combine the merits of ultrathin thickness and high crystallization,which will improve the optoelectronic performance and realize complex device architectures for future advanced optoelectronic applications.In this Review,recent research progress in precise preparations and advanced applications of solution-processed MMCs are summarized.We present the current challenges related to MMCs with specific structures and desired performances,and an outlook regarding their application in next-generation integrated organic optoelectronics is provided.展开更多
目的:系统评价和整合晚期癌症病人家庭照顾者死亡准备过程中的体验及需求的质性研究,为制订针对性的死亡准备干预方案提供参考。方法:检索PubMed、Web of Science、Embase、CINAHL、the Cochrane Library、中国知网、万方数据库、维普...目的:系统评价和整合晚期癌症病人家庭照顾者死亡准备过程中的体验及需求的质性研究,为制订针对性的死亡准备干预方案提供参考。方法:检索PubMed、Web of Science、Embase、CINAHL、the Cochrane Library、中国知网、万方数据库、维普科技期刊数据库等中英文数据库,筛选关于晚期癌症病人家庭照顾者死亡准备相关的质性研究,检索时限为建库至2024年2月28日。结果:共纳入10篇文献,提炼出43个主题,归纳形成10个新类别,综合出3个整合结果:照顾过程中面临多方面挑战;促进死亡准备的因素;重构苦难的意义,获得精神成长。结论:医护人员应加强对晚期癌症病人家庭照顾者死亡准备的动态评估,促进多元支持系统的建立,以需求为导向制定个性化死亡准备干预方案,使其平稳度过丧亲期。展开更多
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52203066,51973157,61904123)the Tianjin Natural Science Foundation(18JCQNJC02900)+3 种基金the National innovation and entrepreneurship training program for college students(202310058007)the Tianjin Municipal college students’innovation and entrepreneurship training program(202310058088)the Science&Technology Development Fund of Tianjin Education Commission for Higher Education(Grant No.2018KJ196)the State Key Laboratory of Membrane and Membrane Separation,Tiangong University.
文摘Lithium-sulfur battery(LSB)has brought much attention and concern because of high theoretical specific capacity and energy density as one of main competitors for next-generation energy storage systems.The widely commercial application and development of LSB is mainly hindered by serious“shuttle effect”of lithium polysulfides(Li PSs),slow reaction kinetics,notorious lithium dendrites,etc.In various structures of LSB materials,array structured materials,possessing the composition of ordered micro units with the same or similar characteristics of each unit,present excellent application potential for various secondary cells due to some merits such as immobilization of active substances,high specific surface area,appropriate pore sizes,easy modification of functional material surface,accommodated huge volume change,enough facilitated transportation for electrons/lithium ions,and special functional groups strongly adsorbing Li PSs.Thus many novel array structured materials are applied to battery for tackling thorny problems mentioned above.In this review,recent progresses and developments on array structured materials applied in LSBs including preparation ways,collaborative structural designs based on array structures,and action mechanism analyses in improving electrochemical performance and safety are summarized.Meanwhile,we also have detailed discussion for array structured materials in LSBs and constructed the structure-function relationships between array structured materials and battery performances.Lastly,some directions and prospects about preparation ways,functional modifications,and practical applications of array structured materials in LSBs are generalized.We hope the review can attract more researchers'attention and bring more studying on array structured materials for other secondary batteries including LSB.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(41401496)Startup Foundation for Doctors of Xi'an University of Technology(2014QDJ061)
文摘Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi （AMF） can enhance plant stress resistance against biological and abiotic factors, playing an important role in increasing crop yield and reducing pesticide use. It is also of great development potential in agriculture, horticulture, forestry and environmental remediation. We summarized preparation of AMF inoculants from the components of inoculant preparation system, including mycorrhizal fungi, host plants, culture matrix and nutrition, and pointed out the direction and prospect of inoculants market in the future.
文摘A concept is introduced for initiating the design study of a special class of tokamak,which has a magnetic confinement configuration intermediate between contemporary advanced tokamak and the recently established spherical torus (ST,also well known by the name "spherical tokamak").The leading design parameter in the present proposal is a dimensionless geometrical parameter, the machine aspect ratio A=R 0/a 0= 2.0,where the parameters a 0 and R 0 denote,respectively,the plasma (equatorial) minor radius and the plasma major radius.The aim of this choice is to technologically and experimentally go beyond the aspect ratio frontier (R 0/a 0≈2.5) of present day tokamaks and enter a broad unexplored domain existing on the (a 0,R 0) parameter space in current international tokamak database,between the data region already moderately well covered by the advanced conventional tokamaks and the data region planned to be covered by STs.Plasma minor radius a 0 has been chosen to be the second basic design parameter, and consequently,the plasma major radius R 0 is regarded as a dependent design parameter.In the present concept,a nominal plasma minor radius a 0=1.2m is adopted to be the principal design value,and smaller values of a 0 can be used for auxiliary design purposes,to establish extensive database linkage with existing tokamaks.Plasma minor radius can also be adjusted by mechanical and/or electromagnetic means to smaller values during experiments,for making suitable data linkages to existing machines with higher aspect ratios and smaller plasma minor radii.The basic design parameters proposed enable the adaptation of several confinement techniques recently developed by STs,and thereby a specially arranged central bore region inside the envisioned tokamak torus,with retrieved space in the direction of plasma minor radius,will be available for technological adjustments and maneuverings to facilitate implementation of engineering instrumentation and real time high field side radiation and particle diagnostics,especially for high field side edge physics and plasma surface interaction studies.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Plan of China(2022YFB3603800 and 2020YFB0204802)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(T2225028 and 22075295)+2 种基金Chinese Academy of Sciences(Hundred Talents PlanYouth Innovation Promotion Association,Young Scientists in Basic Research(YSBR-053))the Strategic Priority Research Program of Science(XDB0520201).
文摘Emerging monolayer molecular crystals(MMCs)have become prosperous in recent decades due to their numerous advantages.First,downsizing the active layer thickness to monolayer in organic field-effect transistors(OFETs)is beneficial to elucidate the intrinsic charge-transport behavior.Next,the ultrathin conducting channel can reduce bulk injection resistance to extract mobility accurately.Then,direct exposure of the conducting channel can enhance the sensing performance.Finally,MMCs combine the merits of ultrathin thickness and high crystallization,which will improve the optoelectronic performance and realize complex device architectures for future advanced optoelectronic applications.In this Review,recent research progress in precise preparations and advanced applications of solution-processed MMCs are summarized.We present the current challenges related to MMCs with specific structures and desired performances,and an outlook regarding their application in next-generation integrated organic optoelectronics is provided.
文摘目的:系统评价和整合晚期癌症病人家庭照顾者死亡准备过程中的体验及需求的质性研究,为制订针对性的死亡准备干预方案提供参考。方法:检索PubMed、Web of Science、Embase、CINAHL、the Cochrane Library、中国知网、万方数据库、维普科技期刊数据库等中英文数据库,筛选关于晚期癌症病人家庭照顾者死亡准备相关的质性研究,检索时限为建库至2024年2月28日。结果:共纳入10篇文献,提炼出43个主题,归纳形成10个新类别,综合出3个整合结果:照顾过程中面临多方面挑战;促进死亡准备的因素;重构苦难的意义,获得精神成长。结论:医护人员应加强对晚期癌症病人家庭照顾者死亡准备的动态评估,促进多元支持系统的建立,以需求为导向制定个性化死亡准备干预方案,使其平稳度过丧亲期。
