Research on the Balanced Development of Urban and Rural Compulsory Education Through Education Resource Allocation

With the rapid development of our country’s economy,education has gradually become the focus of social attention.The problem of unbalanced distribution of urban and rural educational resources has become increasingly prominent,urban educational resources are relatively rich,while rural educational resources are relatively scarce,and the balanced development of urban and rural compulsory education has become an urgent task.This paper mainly investigates and studies the distribution of urban and rural educational resources,discusses the unbalanced distribution of urban and rural educational resources and analyzes the reasons,and puts forward a series of corresponding solutions to promote the balanced development of urban and rural compulsory education.

The balanced development of basic education in the context of globalization

Basic education is not only an essential means for eliminating stratification and differences in society but also one of the main reasons for the enlargement of the gap between the rich and the poor.Because it faces pressure in the context of globalization,a balanced development of basic education would be a good way to relieve this pressure.This paper summarizes the international experience of balanced development of basic education in five aspects:policies and laws,educational funds,teacher resources,disadvantaged groups and conditions for running a school.On the basis of these,the authors put forward relevant suggestions concerning the balanced development of basic education in China.

A Brief Analysis on the Development of Internationalization of Basic Education from"External"to"Internal"

In view of globalization,the internationalization of basic education has become a world trend.It is an important strategic tool for each country to actively deal with the challenges of globalization,and it is also the main way to improve the quality of education around the world.The development of the internationalization of basic education requires the active participation of all countries around the world,in which it will have an impact and influence on the educational development,educational concept,and teaching management of all countries.However,only by conforming to the historical and inevitable trend of the internationalization of education,understanding the actual situation of the country's economic development,social development,and educational context,studying and implementing development strategies,as well as integrating healthy internationalization into the educational practice,then the internationalization of education can develop further so as to promote the rapid development of the whole world's education cause.

A Retrospective and Prospective Look at Human Rights Education in Chinese Universities and Colleges——A Simultaneous Discussion of the Basic Effects of Human Rights Education on the Human Rights Development Environment

1. The Role of Human Rights Education in Promoting Human Rights Development 1. Human rights education shapes the soft environment for human rights development

Universal Basic Education and National Development:Issues and the Way Out

Education has been identified as one of the best financial investitment any government can make.Education is a human right and indispensible means of realising other human right..Studies has shown that a good basic education is a sine qua non for subsequent progress in the life of an average citezen.The Nationalm Policy on Education 2004 opined that basic education is the key to the success or failure of the whole system since the rest of the education is built on it.A good basic education provides a background and foundation that gruarantees better educational attainment in the future.The Universal Declarattion of Human Right in article 13(1)of the convention stated that“education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality”.It also added in Article 13(2)that primary education must be universal,ensure that basic learning needs of all children are satisfied and take into account the culture,needs and opportunities of the community.The above stated policies and conventions have serious implication for the financing and management of educational programmes and provision of funds for the realization of the objectives of basic education.Based on this therefore,the paper focused on the discusion of brief over view of universal primary education,conceptual clarification,impact of universal basic education on national development,issues in universal basic education and national developmen.The papewr finally made some suggestions on the way out in solving problems facing universal basic education in Nigeria.

Impact of Rural Basic Human Capital Investment on Regional Development Ability

From the perspective of human resources development and regional economic cooperation,this paper expounds the basic conditions for socio-economic transformation and development in underdeveloped rural areas,and the ways to acquire basic human capital.On the basis of this,this paper further analyses the regional competitiveness difference arising from human capital difference,and proposes that we should solve this problem through sufficient supply of rural compulsory education.

Rural Quality Education and the Balance between Urban and Rural Compulsory Education

On the basis of analyzing the gap between urban and rural quality education and the existing limiting factors to that in rural areas,a suggestion was proposed to promote the balanced development of rural quality education.

Geospatial-Based Analysis of Balance in Elementary Education—Taking Elementary Schools in Changsha Five Core Districts as Examples

The balanced development of the elementary education sector has been a long goal pursued by the education departments of various places, and is also an outcome expected by the people. Based on a study of the equilibrium of the spatial distribution of the capacity saturation models of all the primary schools in Changsha’s (China) five core districts, the results show that the overall geographical distribution of the primary schools in Changsha is relatively balanced, based on the natural characteristics of Changsha, such as human geography, and the moderate gradient between the central urban area and the primary schools in the suburbs and outer suburbs. Then the Theil index model was introduced, and the results of the model analysis show that the differences between elementary schools in Changsha urban area are relatively small, and the main differences originate from between districts rather than within districts, and subtle differences among regions mainly reflect in the teacher strength.

The detrimental effects of social capital on the balanced development of compulsory education and their governance

The balanced development of compulsory education,with a focus on the goal of educational equality,is both a matter of policy orientation and a practical educational issue.At present,people are mostly concerned with the unbalanced state of development of compulsory education,its causes,and issues regarding its administration.Various modes of production,policy choices,and institutional arrangements during different periods have been the practical,historical causes of differences in regional compulsory education,differences between urban and rural areas,and differences between schools.A direct consequence of the unbalanced development of compulsory education has been the emergence of irregularities in school selection.During the process of school selection,the strength of family and school social capital is increasingly influential,and it has increasingly negative effects:circumventing the policy of going to school near home,aggravating differences between families because of family and school social capital,and therefore damaging the prospect of educational equality.On this account,we present a constructive proposal for government policy to reduce the detrimental effects of social capital by means of reasonable policy choices and institutional arrangements.With prerequisite balanced allocation of school resources for compulsory education,the government reduces the role that family and social capital play in school selection and constructs a benignly competitive environment wherein school social capital works to placate social issues aroused by the intervention of the social capital of families and schools in school selection.

Reassessing the Balanced Development of Compulsory Education

The balanced development of compulsory education has been given due and lengthy coverage in the“Outline of China’s National Plan for Medium and Long-Term Education Reform and Development(2010-2020)”which,to some extent,reflects the needs of our time and the demands of the general public.However,detailed analyses reveal that many aspects remain to be improved.The authors hold that the balanced development of compulsory education should be people-oriented and a fundamental right of modern citizens.The paper makes a preliminary research on the question of balance in compulsory education,discussing participants,potential to achieve balance,and how to evaluate the ongoing development towards balance.

High-Quality Development Path of Digital Transformation Enabling Basic Education:Taking the National Information-Based Teaching Experimental Areas as an Example

Under the background of rapid development of“digital China,”digital economy,and information technology,how to promote digital transformation in education is an important issue in education.Basic education is in urgent need of guidance for the paths to digital transformation.The paper analyzes the main connotation of digital transformation in education,classifies and summarizes the effects and problems of the exploration and practice of the national information-based teaching experimental areas.On this basis,the paper brings forth the path of digital transformation with continuous iteration as the core concept:Basic education organizations should make clear of the objectives of education development,choose and determine specific paths and measures in terms of the construction of the institutional system and digital capabilities according to their own realities,and promote their implementation.After the implementation for a period,these organizations should,according to the objectives of their work,research and judge the effectiveness of the paths,promptly adjust the paths and measures,and continuously promote their implementation.Through continuous iteration and optimization,basic education organizations will effectively accelerate the process of digital transformation in education and incessantly march toward the objectives of educational work.Finally,the paper,through a case study of the administrative departments of basic education,proposes specific suggestions for stepping up high-quality development of basic education.

Qualities of College Teachers

随着教育改革的深入,新的教育格局对高校教师提出了更高的要求。要求高校教师能够适应和发展崭新的教育思维模式。具备思想政治素质,道德素质,文化素质,业务素质和身体素质是对高校教师的基本要求,也是实施素质教育的决定因素。

Relationship among Teacher,Students and Teaching Material based on Balance Theory

Balance theory holds that when the subject is in the unbalanced state,there is two basic way to eliminate this situation.One is to change his attitude on the cognitive object;the other is to change the subject's attitude on reference person.To ex plain the relationship among teacher,students and teaching material by applying the Balance theory can help us find and solve problems during the education.It can generate motivation to restore a new balance to promote the development of education.

An inspection on the Gini coefficient of the budget educational public expenditure per student for China's basic education

Using statistical data on the implementing conditions of China's educational expenditure published by the state,this paper studies the Gini coefficient of the budget educational public expenditure per student in order to examine the concentration degree of the educational expenditure for China's basic education and analyze its balanced development condition.As the research shows,China's basic education is undergoing an unbalanced development due to diversified factors,which is mainly reflected as follows:firstly,the budget educational public expenditure presents a four-tiered appearance of the strong,the less strong,the less weak and the weak,which lead to a great discrepancy between the two opposing extremes;secondly,the compulsory education in rural areas is still confronted with great difficulties;thirdly,the general senior secondary education is loaded with the crisis of unbalance.Therefore,it is necessary to construct a balanced development policy framework of the basic education and pay close attention to the benefit and effectiveness of the educational input.In addition,it is also important to clearly stipulate the criterion of the government's educational allocation and to support the disadvantaged areas in order to promote the balanced development of the basic education.

Balanced education development:Theory,target and measuring methods

Educational balance refers to the ideal that educational organizations and people who receive education enjoy equal treatment in educational activities under the thought of fair education and principle of educational equity,and the educational policy as well as legal system that guarantee its actual operations.The essence of balanced education development is to pursue educational equity and realize fair education.In terms of macroanalysis,it is the balance of educational supply and demand.In terms of mesoanalysis,it is the balance of educational resource disposition.In terms of microanalysis,it is the balance of school teaching processes,including the balance of the internal curriculum teaching resource disposition,and the balance of educational results as well as educational evaluation.Balanced education development is a historical category,which can be divided into four stages according to its achievement level.It is of great actual significance to establish the balancing index of fundamental educational development,especially the compulsory educational development,which is suitable for our national conditions and realities,to scientifically select the elements and to clarify the target of fundamental balanced education development.The data analysis indicates that the balancing index of our fundamental education in China is approaching this balance.

Balanced development of compulsory education:Cornerstone of education equity

Balanced development of compulsory education is not only the cornerstone of education equity,but also the fundamental part for realizing a harmonious society.There have been several achievements in balancing the development of compulsory education in China,such as narrowing the gaps in compulsory education between rural,urban,and other areas.However,the development of compulsory education is still confronted with several issues,including the gaps between rural and urban schools,the gaps between teacher’s situations in rural and urban area,higher drop-out rates of rural compulsory education than that of the national average level,etc.Based on the analysis of these issues and reasons,the suggestions for the policy-makers are as follows:(1)it must be further clarified that governments at all levels must take all responsibilities for the balanced development of compulsory education so as to integrate local authorities’input and the central government’s subsidies;(2)the allocation mechanism of resources for compulsory education should be set up with“qualitative and fair growth”as its aim;(3)The quality standard for compulsory education based on the national curriculum standard should be worked out for playing the role of quality inspection in the fair development of compulsory education,and a relevant system of responsibility should also be established;(4)A national unified card for compulsory education should be adopted,which would help abolish extra fees for non-permanent-resident students receiving compulsory education in other places and(5)civilian-sponsored schools should be encouraged to offer compulsory education.

Experience and Challenge of Basic Education Development in China:Reflections on PISA 2018 Results

The outstanding performance of students in four Chinese provinces and municipalities in the Program for International Student Assessment(PISA)2018 is inextricably linked to local resource support,excellent education traditions,and ongoing curriculum and teaching reform.However,deepening education reform requires attention to existing challenges,including large inter-school gaps,the shortage of teachers in urban and rural areas,as well as students’heavy schoolwork burden and low level of well-being.Therefore,several policy suggestions are proposed accordingly:gaining insight into and developing higher quality and fairer education,pursuing effective actions of education reform,and exploring innovative pathways to address educational problems.

基础教育集团化办学的“内卷化”困境及其纾解

集团化办学是我国基础教育领域的创新之举,其在扩大优质教育资源配置、带动薄弱学校协同发展、推进教育均衡发展等方面发挥了重要作用,但也出现了办学规模扩大、教育质量下滑或无效发展等问题。研究借助“内卷化”理论话语,透析当前基础教育集团化办学存在“科层制”权力运行模式衍生权力结构内卷化,错综的关系网络环境导致人际关系复杂化,“依赖性”的发展思维与路径致使发展动力外在化,过度的市场迎合取向造成优质资源供需失衡化等“内卷化”困境。纾解基础教育集团化办学“内卷化”困境可夯实学校共同体建设,建构多元主体权力结构;加强监管与法治建设,破除关系网络顽疾;激发薄弱学校内在发展动力,助力优质资源再创生;调适集团化办学规模,回归学校教育初心。

混合同步课堂在地化创新的动因、成效及可持续发展机制

大道之行,天下为公,义务教育均衡发展是中国特色社会主义的应有之义。混合同步课堂是我国构建城乡学校共同体,实现义务教育均衡发展的重要ICT手段。然而,混合同步课堂的区域在地化发展面临管理不当、协同不足、机制缺乏等问题,存在叫停的现象。其中,主要原因在于中小学校缺乏混合同步课堂促进教育均衡发展的一手可靠经验。校长是教育改革创新的代理人。创新扩散理论被广泛用于教育创新实践研究。基于此,研究采用案例研究法,从校长视角,以创新扩散理论为框架,选取合适案例,深入剖析混合同步课堂区域在地化创新的动因、成效及可持续发展机制。研究结果表明,以严峻的现实教育问题为主体,以内部创新意识及外部政策为两翼的先决条件为混合同步课堂的在地化发展提供了适宜孵化场。其次,即使混合同步课堂具有一定的复杂性,但因其相对优势、较好的兼容性、可试验性及可观察性而落地。最后,混合同步课堂促进义务教育均衡发展的立体、多维成效得以确认,富有人文属性的创新机制保障了其在地化的可持续发展。研究结果将为更大范围内混合同步课堂的创新扩散提供经验依循。

数字技术赋能城乡义务教育一体化发展路径研究——数字技术促进乡村教育高质量发展

城乡义务教育一体化发展是党中央、国务院促进教育公平和教育事业协调发展的重大决策。2021年底,尽管全国2895个县级行政单位均通过了国家义务教育基本均衡发展督导评估,但是乡村地区仍存在师生流失、学校萎缩、教育教学条件相对滞后、教育资源配置不足等问题。文章通过文献和调查研究,分析了城乡义务教育一体化演进中存在的问题,并在数字技术赋能机理分析的基础上,主要针对城乡义务教育一体化发展中政策落实不到位、教育质量低下、乡村教师专业发展薄弱、工学矛盾和数字鸿沟等根本性问题,从教育数字化政策的顶层设计、结对帮扶、国家和地方中小学智慧教育平台应用、以校为本的教师培训、智能终端和数字化教学辅助工具完善等层面,提出了数字技术赋能城乡义务教育一体化发展的路径。