Technology of the Chemical Softening Process of Goat Hair

Under certain conditions,goat hair can be softened bychemicals.After the process,the structure of the macro-molecules in the surfacial area has been changed,and thehair has become soft,crimped and elastic.Thus,hairthat can not be spun before the process can acquire agood spinnability.Woolen woven by processed hairs hasan unique style,of mohair blended fabrics.This articlemainly discusses the technology of the chemical softeningprocess of goat hair.

Sulfur-encapsulated in heteroatom-doped hierarchical porous carbon derived from goat hair for high performance lithium–sulfur batteries

Biomass-derived carbon materials have aroused widespread concern as host material of sulfur to enhance electrochemical performances for lithium–sulfur batteries. Herein, goat hair, as a low-cost and eco-friendly precursor, is employed to fabricate cauliflower-like in-situ nitrogen, oxygen and phosphorus tri-doped porous biomass carbon(NOPC) by a facile activation with H_3PO_4 and carbonization process.The morphology and microstructure of NOPC can be readily tuned by altering pyrolysis temperature. The as-prepared NOPC matrix material carbonized at 600 °C possesses 3D hierarchical porous structure, high specific surface area(535.352 m^2 g^(-1)), and appropriate pore size and pore size distribution. Encapsulating sulfur into the NOPC depends on a stem-melting technology as cathode materials of Li–S batteries. Due to the synergistic effect of special physical structure and inherent tri-doping of N, O and P, electrons and ions transfer and utilization of active sulfur in the materials are improved, and the shuttle behaviors of soluble lithium polysulfides are also mitigated. Consequently, the S/NOPC-600 composite exhibits excellent electrochemical performance, giving a high initial discharge capacity of 1185 mA h g^(-1) at 0.05 C and maintaining a relatively considerable capacity of 489 m A h g^(-1) at 0.2 C after 300 cycles. Our work shows that a promising candidate for cathode material of Li–S batteries can be synthesized using low-cost and renewable biomass materials by a facile process.

Hoxc13/β-catenin Correlation with Hair Follicle Activity in Cashmere Goat

Seasonal hair follicle activity and fibre growth in some Cashmere-bearing goats （Caprus hircus） is a cyclic process that is well characterized morphologically but understood incompletely at the molecular level. As an initial step in discovering regulators in hair-follicle activity and cycling, we used qPCR to investigate 19 genes expression in Cashmere goat side skin from 12 mon. Many of these genes may be associated with the hair follicle development-relevant genes （HFDRGs） in the literature. Here we show that Hoxc13/β-catenin gene associated with the follicle activity. In addition, Hoxc13 was found to be expressed with an drastic increase between July and November for melatonin treatments. To further investigate the role of Hoxcl3 on HFDRGs, fibroblasts and keratinocytes from Cashmere goat skin were transfected with p-ECFP- Hoxc13. The result suggested that overexpression ofHoxcl3 gene decreased HFDRGs with negative role for hair follicle development and increase HFDRGs with positive role for hair follicle development in vitro. These findings provide data on the Hoxc13 expression profile of normal Cashmere goat skin and Cashmere goat skin with melatonin treatment, and demonstrate hair-follicle-activity dependent regulation of Hoxc13 expression.

Hoxc13 Expression Pattern in Cashmere Goat Skin During Hair Follicle Development

Hoxc13 has an important role in controlling hair formation. In this study, we examine the Hoxc13 RNA expression pattern of skin during embryo development. The result indicated that changes of the Hoxe13 gene expression and thickness of skin have a similar trend during hair follicle morphogenesis. In interpreting these results, we investigated whether the regulation motifs is in Hoxc13 intron, which is a 5.4 kb fragment. To blast with other mammals, we found a very conservative region in all mammal animals and two regions in livestock, such as cow, sheep, horse, dog, and so on, which are not in other Hox genes. We have examined putative pre-miRNA in this region, providing an entry point for elucidating currently unknown mechanisms that are required for regulating quantitative levels of Hoxc13 gene expression.

半胱氨酸、蛋氨酸对体外培养绒山羊次级毛囊生长及毛乳头细胞增殖的影响

旨在探讨半胱氨酸(Cys)、蛋氨酸(Met)对体外培养燕山绒山羊次级毛囊(SF)生长及毛乳头细胞(DPCs)增殖凋亡的影响。本研究选取1只1周岁左右健康雄性燕山绒山羊皮肤若干,完整分离的次级毛囊随机分成Cys试验组和Met试验组,每组各浓度3个重复,每个重复8根毛囊,Cys试验组添加浓度分别为0、40、80、120、160和200μg·mL^(-1);Met试验组添加浓度分别为0、10、15、20、25和30μg·mL^(-1)。毛囊培养7 d,每隔24 h观察毛囊生长形态并测量毛囊生长长度。从燕山绒山羊次级毛囊中提取、纯化DPCs,细胞计数并绘制DPCs生长曲线,将DPCs随机分为Cys试验组和Met试验组,每组各浓度6个重复,Cys试验组添加浓度分别为0、20、40、60、80、100μg·mL^(-1);Met试验组添加浓度分别为0、2、4、6、8、10μg·mL^(-1)。培养2 h后用CCK-8试剂盒进行细胞增殖活力测定,确定燕山绒山羊DPCs中Cys和Met的最适培养浓度,利用qRT-PCR技术检测不同浓度Cys和Met的DPCs增殖相关基因(PCNA、CCND1、CDC42、CDK 4)、凋亡相关基因(P21、P53、Bax、Caspase-3、Bcl-2)、皮肤细胞分化相关基因(IVL)及角蛋白相关基因(K10、K 14)mRNA表达水平。结果表明,与对照组相比,添加80和120μg·mL^(-1) Cys与10、15、20和25μg·mL^(-1) Met均可显著影响次级毛囊生长速率和累计生长长度(P<0.01),且120μg·mL^(-1) Cys和20μg·mL^(-1) Met促生长效果最好;添加20、40和60μg·mL^(-1) Cys可以显著影响DPCs增殖(P<0.05),添加40μg·mL^(-1) Cys显著上调PCNA、CCND1、CDK4、Bcl-2、K10、K 14和IVL基因mRNA表达量(P<0.05);添加6μg·mL^(-1) Met可以显著影响DPCs增殖(P<0.05),并显著上调PCNA、CCND1、CDK4、P21、Bcl-2、K 10和K 14基因mRNA表达量(P<0.05)。综上,添加Cys和Met可以显著促进长绒期燕山绒山羊次级毛囊生长,最适添加量分别为120μg·mL^(-1)和20μg·mL^(-1);添加Cys和Met可通过上调细胞增殖、分化、角蛋白等基因mRNA、下调细胞凋亡基因mRNA表达,促进乳头细胞增殖、抑制细胞凋亡进而促进燕山绒山羊次级毛囊生长。

绒毛用羊毛囊干细胞研究进展

产毛(绒)量是绒毛用羊主要的经济性状,毛(绒)的质量和产量受毛囊发育的影响。众所周知,毛囊控制羊毛(绒)的生长,而毛囊干细胞决定着毛囊形态的发生。因此,文章从绒毛用羊毛囊干细胞的分离培养方法、鉴定、增殖与分化等方面的相关研究进展进行了综合阐述,为进一步开展毛囊生长发育的分子调控机制研究、选育绒毛性状优良的绒毛生产用羊提供参考资料。

基于RNA测序技术鉴定和分析绒山羊毛囊不同生长期mRNA的可变剪接

可变剪接(Alternative splicing,AS)是在转录后水平调控基因表达的一种重要方式。为挖掘调控绒山羊毛囊周期性生长相关的关键可变剪接,通过比较绒山羊绒毛不同生长时期的皮肤转录组数据,以P<0.05,|Inc‐LevelDifference|>0.1为标准筛选差异的可变剪接,并进行功能分析。结果显示,转换期Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ中分别鉴定到1615、1667、1387和1522个差异可变剪接,分别对应了1202、1268、1073、1170个基因;这些基因主要富集于Notch、Hedgehog、mTOR、AMPK、PI3K-Akt、Wnt、TGF-β等与毛囊发育相关的信号通路;蛋白互作网络结合富集分析表明,Ctnnb1、Gsk3b、Tgfbr1、Vegfa、Gli1等基因产生的可变剪接可能参与调控毛囊周期性生长。综上可知,可变剪接在绒山羊毛囊周期性生长过程中普遍存在,且在不同发育阶段间存在差异;鉴定到调控绒山羊毛囊周期性生长发育相关的关键差异可变剪接基因及其重要信号通路。

基于转录组测序筛选疆南绒山羊次级毛囊周期发育相关的circRNA

【目的】探讨疆南绒山羊皮肤毛囊的生长发育机制,加深对次级毛囊发育相关候选基因遗传调控和功能的认识,为指导疆南绒山羊后期培育,改善其绒产量提供参考。【方法】利用高通量测序技术对疆南绒山羊次级毛囊生长期、退行期和休止期皮肤组织中环状RNA(circRNA)进行分析,筛选出不同比较组的差异表达circRNA(DE circRNA),对其宿主基因进行GO功能、KEGG通路及蛋白互作(PPI)分析,并联合前期转录组数据构建竞争性内源RNA(ceRNA)网络。【结果】在9个疆南绒山羊皮肤组织中共鉴定到2482个circRNAs。其中包含138个DE circRNAs,退行期和生长期、退行期和休止期、休止期和生长期比较组中分别存在54、74、65个DEcircRNAs。GO功能和KEGG通路分析揭示,DEcircRNA宿主基因主要富集在细胞黏附、整合素介导信号通路、细胞整合素复合物等功能通路,以及一些与毛囊生理过程有关的信号通路,如MAPK、TGF-beta、Hedgehog等。结合PPI网络推测14个circRNAs可能参与调控疆南绒山羊皮肤次级毛囊生长发育。通过6个DEcircRNAs、20个DE miRNAs、3个DEmRNAs和2个DElncRNAs构建了疆南绒山羊ceRNA网络。【结论】本研究通过转录组测序筛选出与疆南绒山羊次级毛囊周期发育相关的关键circRNAs,包括novel-gene5238-2、novel-gene7855-1、novel-gene4455-1等。研究结果为circRNA在绒山羊次级毛囊发育中的生物学功能和调控特性提供理论依据,也为疆南绒山羊育种提供了新的方向。

ZB416A包装机铝箔纸润滑装置改造研究

针对ZB416A包装机组的铝箔纸润滑不均匀,涂油装置安装在输送辊与切刀辊对之间,油量大小难以把控,对产品的内在质量产生安全隐患。通过对工作原理及结构进行分析,利用气缸伸缩的工作原理对关键部件进行改造,将原来的喷雾式涂油装置改造为伸缩毛刷式涂油装置。经过改造后,烟包盒内衬纸涂油均匀,折叠良好,避免了因内衬纸涂油不均匀而导致的卷烟内部缺陷。同时减少了维修人员的工作量和机台操作人员的劳动强度,减少维修耗时,提升产品质量,达到提质增效的目的。

羊胎儿期皮肤毛囊发育及调控机制的研究概述

中国绵山羊养殖历史悠久,品种资源丰富,在国民经济中起重要作用。羊毛按纤维类型可分为同质毛和异质毛,同质毛的特点是被毛由同一类型的羊毛纤维组成,其特点是羊毛的纤维直径、长度、卷曲等外表特征基本相同,异质毛的特点是被毛中兼有绒毛、有髓毛、无卷曲和少卷毛等不同类型的羊毛纤维,其化学、物理性能均不相同。毛囊是控制哺乳动物被毛生长的重要器官,是唯一具有周期性发育并可终生再生的器官,控制着被毛发生发育与自然脱落。毛囊依据其形成时间和结构可分为初级毛囊(primary follicles)和次级毛囊(secondary follicles),初级毛囊生长髓质发达的粗毛,次级毛囊产生无髓毛的绒毛。有髓毛较粗长且弯曲少,多用于加工粗纺织品、毛毯、地毯、毡制品;无髓毛直径一般不超40μm,弯曲多,是毛纺工业的优质原料。毛囊的发育受到不同信号通路和基因的影响,如Wnt信号通路、骨形态发生蛋白质(BMP)信号通路、成纤维细胞生长因子(FGF)信号通路、音猬因子(SHH)信号通路、Notch信号通路等以及角蛋白家族基因、BMPs家族基因、同源异型盒基因(Hox)等。作者对国内外对绵山羊胎儿期皮肤毛囊发育及调控机制进行综述,以期为提高以绵山羊被毛产量及改善被毛品质为主要育种目标的选育提供参考。

CSDC2蛋白免疫优势肽段分析及其多克隆抗体的制备

目的为制备含有C2的冷休克结构域(cold shock domain containing C2,CSDC2)的特异性抗体,本试验预测了CSDC2蛋白的免疫优势肽段并制备多克隆抗体,可为进一步探究其功能奠定基础。方法本研究以绒山羊CSDC2蛋白全长氨基酸序列为基础,应用在线分析工具Expasy分析亲疏水性;SOPMA和Predictprotein共同分析二级结构;DNAstar分析抗原指数、表面可及性、柔韧性;TMHHM 2.0预测跨膜结构;SWISS-MODEL预测三级结构;SignalP 5.0预测信号肽;NetPhos 3.1预测磷酸化位点;SVMTriP在线分析软件预测抗原表位,综上分析获得CSDC2免疫优势肽段,制备多克隆抗体;ELISA检测多克隆抗体效价,Western blot验证抗体特异性。结果CSDC2为不稳定亲水蛋白,无跨膜结构和信号肽区域,具有22个磷酸化位点,二级结构主要由无规则卷曲、α-螺旋和延伸链构成。最终选取绒山羊CSDC2蛋白N-端15-33氨基酸序列(HSPKSPVWPTFPFHREGSR)为特异免疫肽段,诱导兔产生CSDC2蛋白特异性IgG抗体,Western blot结果表明该抗体可以与绒山羊CSDC2蛋白进行特异性结合。结论本研究得出绒山羊CSDC2的免疫优势肽段为15~33 aa(HSPKSPVWPTFPFHREGSR)并免疫试验兔制备了多克隆抗体,进一步实验证明该抗体具有较好生物学效价,为后续深入研究CSDC2在绒山羊绒毛周期性生长调控的作用奠定了理论基础。

COL 1A1在绒山羊次级毛囊生长周期中的表达模式

COL1A1为I型α1胶原蛋白(Collagen type I alpha 1),在动物体内广泛存在。为了解其在绒山羊次级毛囊生长周期中的表达模式,利用实时荧光定量PCR技术、免疫组化技术、蛋白质印迹技术,从基因和蛋白水平分别对次级毛囊生长3个不同时期的COL1A1基因表达量及表达差异、表达部位进行了检测。结果表明,COL1A1基因在绒山羊次级毛囊的生长期(9月)表达量最高,退行期(12月)表达量其次,休止期(2月)表达量相对最低。COL1A1主要表达于次级毛囊的外根鞘。由此说明,COL1A1通过调控绒山羊次级毛囊生长从而促进绒毛的生长。

Production of transgenic cashmere goat embryos expressing red fluorescent protein and containing IGF1 hair-follicle-cell specific expression cassette by somatic cell nuclear transfer

In the present study, cashmere goat fetal fibroblasts were transfected with pCDsR-KI, a hair-follicle-cell specific expression vector for insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) that contains two markers for selection (red fluorescent protein gene and neomycin resistant gene). The transgenic fibroblasts cell lines were obtained after G418 selection. Prior to the somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), the maturation rate of caprine cumulus oocytes complexes (COCs) was optimized to an in vitro maturation time of 18 h. Parthenogenetic ooctyes were used as a model to investigate the effect of two activation methods, one with calcium ionophore IA23187 plus 6-DMAP and the other with ethanol plus 6-DMAP. The cleavage rates after 48 h were respectively 88.7% and 86.4%, with no significant difference (P>0.05). There was no significant difference between the cleavage rate and the blastocyst rate in two different media (SO- Faa and CR1aa; 86.3% vs 83.9%, P>0.05 and 23.1% vs 17.2%,P>0.05). The fusion rate of a 190 V/mm group (62.4%) was significantly higher than 130 V/mm (32.8%) and 200 V/mm (42.9%), groups (P<0.05). After transgenic somatic cell nuclear transfer (TSCNT) manipulation, 203 reconstructed embryos were obtained in which the cleavage rate after in vitro development (IVD) for 48 h was 79.3% (161/203). The blastocyst rate after IVD for 7 to 9 d was 15.3% (31/203). There were 17 embryos out of 31 strongly ex- pressing red fluorescence. Two of the red fluorescent blastocysts were randomly selected to identify transgene by polymerase chain reaction. Both were positive. These results showed that: (i) RFP and Neor genes were correctly expressed indicating that transgenic somatic cell lines and positive trans- genic embryos were obtained; (ii) one more selection at the blastocyst stage was necessary although the donor cells were transgenic positive, because only partially transgenic embryos expressing red fluorescence were obtained; and (iii) through TSCNT manipulation and optimization, transgenic cash- mere goat embryos expressing red fluorescence and containing an IGF1 expression cassette were obtained, which was sufficient for production of transgenic cashmere goats.

A Single-cell Transcriptome Atlas of Cashmere Goat Hair Follicle Morphogenesis

Cashmere,also known as soft gold,is produced from the secondary hair follicles(SHFs)of cashmere goats.The number of SHFs determines the yield and quality of cashmere;therefore,it is of interest to investigate the transcriptional profiles present during cashmere goat hair follicle development.However,mechanisms underlying this development process remain largely unexplored,and studies regarding hair follicle development mostly use a murine research model.In this study,to provide a comprehensive understanding of cellular heterogeneity and cell fate decisions,single-cell RNA sequencing was performed on 19,705 single cells of the dorsal skin from cashmere goat fetuses at induction(embryonic day 60;E60),organogenesis(E90),and cytodifferentiation(E120)stages.For the first time,unsupervised clustering analysis identified 16 cell clusters,and their corresponding cell types were also characterized.Based on lineage inference,a detailed molecular landscape was revealed along the dermal and epidermal cell lineage developmental pathways.Notably,our current data also confirmed the heterogeneity of dermal papillae from different hair follicle types,which was further validated by immunofluorescence analysis.The current study identifies different biomarkers during cashmere goat hair follicle development and has implications for cashmere goat breeding in the future.

内蒙古绒山羊与辽宁绒山羊皮肤毛囊周期性变化的比较研究

对内蒙古阿尔巴斯白绒山羊和辽宁绒山羊皮肤及毛囊的组织学周期性变化作了比较研究,结果表明:表皮生发层细胞从3月份开始活动并向下延伸,此时毛囊也开始重建,绒山羊毛囊8—9月份进入兴盛期,12月份进入退行期,2—3月份为休止期。它们进入兴盛期和持续的时间不同,初级毛囊除毛球宽外,其它各性状阿尔巴斯白绒山羊均大于辽宁绒山羊,而次级毛囊各性状辽宁绒山羊都大于阿尔巴斯白绒山羊,在大多数月份二者差异显著。毛囊深、密度、S/P、毛球宽和生长期是影响产绒量的因素。

不同条件对绒山羊体外培养初级毛囊生长的影响(英文)

[Objective] The aim of this study is to lay a foundation for illustrating the biological characteristics and growth regulation mechanism of hair follicles.[Method]Cashmere goat primary hair follicles were separated under aseptic condition and cultured in serum-free DMEM and serum-free Williams E media respectively;subsequently,the growth rate and morphological changes were observed under the inverted microscope.[Result]Hair follicles cultured in serum-free DMEM media showed a growth rate of 0.034 mm/d during the first 3 days,whose structure and morphological characteristics could maintian a stable status for a long time in the growth process.Hair follicles grew much faster in the serum-free Williams E media with a growth rate of 0.077 mm/d during the first 3 days.[Conclusion]There were significant differences(P<0.05)between the growth of cashmere goat hair follicles cultured in the 2 kinds of media.Serum-free Williams E medium was superior to serum-free DMEM medium.

内蒙古成年绒山羊皮肤基因表达的研究

构建了成年绒山羊次级毛囊兴盛期皮肤组织cDNA文库.在GenBank数据库注册非冗余ESTs 392条.序列号为CD051766～CD052157.共有319个已知功能基因.未分类的基因108个;基因和蛋白质表达类70个;代谢类43个;细胞结构类45个;细胞信号和传导类30个;细胞和机体防御的基因15个;参与细胞分裂的基因8个.发现了一些可能和绒毛生长有关的基因:TGFβbinding protein,EDRK enriched factor,growth factor receptor, G protein associated receptor, dermal papilla derived protein 2, homeobox gene otx2, kallikrein7, jagged- 1, thrombospondin- 1 and p 53 inducible protein .

内蒙古阿尔巴斯绒山羊毛囊结构及形态发生过程研究

【目的】了解绒山羊毛囊的组织结构及毛囊形态发生变化过程,为研究绒山羊绒毛发育的分子调控机理奠定组织学基础。【方法】制作内蒙古阿尔巴斯绒山羊胚胎皮肤组织切片,显微镜下观察照相。【结果】绒山羊的毛囊结构同其它动物一样,由毛球、连接组织鞘、外根鞘、内根鞘和毛干几部分组成。在胎龄55～65d毛囊开始发生形成毛芽;胎龄135d,大多数初级毛囊和一部分次级毛囊发育基本成熟;次级毛囊是初级毛囊的一个分支。【结论】了解了绒山羊毛囊的结构组成及毛囊从发生到发育成熟的整个形态变化过程,为相关领域研究者提供借鉴。

内蒙古阿尔巴斯绒山羊胎儿期皮肤毛囊发生发育规律研究

以阿尔巴斯绒山羊胎儿期55d至初生10个阶段的头顶、颈侧、髫甲、颈上缘、肩胛、体侧、背部、荐部、股部、腹部10个部位皮肤为样品，制作横切和纵切切片，观测皮肤毛囊性状的发育规律。结果表明：各部位表皮在胎龄55～65d均形成完整的结构，在胎龄85～95d达到最厚；真皮厚度在胎龄95～125d增长幅度较大。胎龄55d见到初级毛囊原始体，胎龄65d见到次级毛囊原始体，次级毛囊是初级毛囊的一个分支。胎龄85d见到皮脂腺，胎龄95d绒、毛开始形成，见到汗腺，有粗毛长出体表，绒毛在胎龄115d长出体表。各部位初级毛囊在胎龄95～115d增长速度较快，次级毛囊在胎龄105～125d增长速度较快；初级毛囊密度在胎龄75～85d最大，次级毛囊密度在胎龄105～125d达到最大，S／P在胎龄115d至初生时达到最大。胎龄105d已经形成完整的毛囊群结构，主要为三元毛囊群。