The Effects of Director Ownership on Capital Adequacy and Risk Taking Among Private Commercial Banks in Bangladesh Within the Basel Capital Adequacy Framework

The study examines the effect of director’s ownership on capital adequacy and risk taking of private commercial banks in Bangladesh within the Basel capital adequacy framework.The secondary panel data were obtained from annual report of quoted 20 private commercial Banks in Bangladesh as compiled in the Dhaka Stock Exchange for the period 2015 to 2019.The study finds the director’s ownership concentration plays an important role in capital formation that contributes to reducing excess risk taking.However,the presence of director’s ownership in capital adequacy influences risk-taking practices of banking industries.These results support the research on capital formation and risk taking.The study adds a new dimension to the capital mechanism research that could be a valuable source of knowledge for policy makers and regulators of financial industries.As this study covers the role of director’s ownership on capital adequacy and risk taking,it could be useful for capital formation,regulation,and policy making.

Effects of financial development and capital accumulation on labor productivity in sub‑Saharan Africa:new insight from cross sectional autoregressive lag approach

This study aims to shed light on the effects of financial development and accumula-tion of capital on the productivity of labor in the sub-Sahara African region within the period of 1990–2018.In this work,we used the(dynamic)common correlated effects estimator-mean group and additional techniques such as cross-section autoregressive distributed lag to calibrate the sample into the African subregion to ensure robustness.The findings reveal that financial progress in the region over time leads to an increase in productivity of labor and also the accumulation of capital.Furthermore,financial markets have a progressive impact on the productivity of labor within sub-Saharan African regions.We extend the very limited literature on the nexus between financial development and labor productivity by incorporating capital accumulation into our model which has not been previously studied.

The Research on Determinants of Moving Labors’ Settlement in Urban Area

Based on the analysis of the factors affecting the migration of moving labor and the explanation of becoming permanent urban residents,this research takes migration mode(migration) as the dependent variable,sex(sex) ,age(age) ,monthly income(income) ,education degree(edu) ,working experiences(exp) ,social relation(relation) ,and social security(security) as the independent variables.According to the investigation of China Agricultural University in the year 2009,Logistic Binary Choice Model is used to construct the corresponding econometric model and to measure the effects of influencing factors on the selection of migration mode.Result shows that education degree,personal ability,social relation,and social security are the major influencing factors determining the peasant households becoming permanent urban residents;and human capital and social security construction are of great significance to the improvement of farmers’ income and life quality.

Spatio-Temporal Impact of Rural Livelihood Capital on Labor Migra- tion in Panxi, Southwestern Mountainous Region of China

Labor migration to urban centers is a common phenomenon in the Panxi region of the southwestern mountainous region of China, mainly owing to inadequate livelihood capital in rural areas. Numerous studies have been conducted to explore the relationship between labor migration and its causes, such as individual and family characteristics, but few studies have focused on livelihood capital. This paper examines the impact factors on labor migration employment location selection and duration from a household livelihood capital perspective. A case study of 279 households from 10 villages in the area was carried out in February 2016. We used both qualitative and quantitative methods to analyze the data. On the basis of the 279 questionnaires, the proportion of households with non-labor migration is 48.4%, whereas households with labor migration within a local city and migration across regions account for 28.7% and 22.9%, respectively. Social, financial, and human capitals are the primary factors that influence migrants' employment location choice positively. Among them, social capital has a significant impact on both migration within a local city and across regions; each of the regression coefficients is 1.111 and 1.183. Social, human, and financial capitals also have a positive impact on the duration of labor migration, and similarly, social capital is the highest coefficient with 2.489. However, physical capital only partly impacts labor migration across regions, whereas the impact of labor migration within a local city, and the duration, are not significant. Furthermore, the impact of household natural capital on migration space and time are all negative relationships, especially for labor migration across the regions and duration, with coefficient scores of 4.836 and 3.450, respectively. That is to say, a laborer is inclined to migrate within a local city for a short term, or not migrate at all, if natural capital is abundant. Our analysis results show that household livelihood capital has a strong spatio-temporal impact on labor migration.

An Interpretation of The Song of the Lark From the Marxist Feminism

The Song of the Lark tells the story of young girl Thea who doesn’t give up and achieves her wish when faced with all sorts of setbacks. Based on the Marxist feminism, this paper is going to study the differences that the female and male characters have experienced both in family and society in order to find out the root of females’oppressed status and reveal Cather’s writing in? tention—provide a possible way of improving the dilemma of women caused by capitalist ideology and the patriarchal ideology.

Empirical Analysis on the Determinants of Economic Growth in Shaanxi Province, China

Status of economic development in Shaanxi Province is analyzed, showing that Shaanxi Province has achieved the fast and stable economic growth; and total GDP and fixed assets investment have shown a sustainable growth. According to the time series statistics of Shaanxi Province in the years 1978-2008, Cobb-Douglas Function is used to carry out the empirical analysis on the contribution of fixed assets investment and labor input to economic growth of Shaanxi Province, China. Result shows that capital and labor input are the major driving forces for the economic growth of Shaanxi Province. In other words, economic growth mode of Shaanxi Province is still extensive. Economic growth of Shaanxi Province is increasingly dependent on capital investment and technological progress. Contribution rates of capital and labor to economic growth are 66.9% and 33.1%, respectively. Therefore, investment is a source of economic growth in Shaanxi Province through the reform and opening up in the last three decades.

Timberland Investing and Private Property Rights in the United States of America

Investments in rural land for agriculture, timber, and other natural resource purposes occur frequently and globally. Fundamental principles of liberty and property found in the United States of America’s (“US”) legal system, from its origins to recent US Supreme Court decisions, continue to positively benefit holders of real estate in the Southern US, through a deep-rooted public policy of supporting private property rights and rural economic development. This stable rule of law enhances the long-term adaptability and sustainability of timberland as an asset class. This article is a commentary. It combines legal research methodology with the observations and conclusions of the authors. Its purpose is to demonstrate that the existence of alienable, documentable ownership, and related property rights create inherent stability and security. These principles form the basis of a culture that is defined by the rule of law and is “open for business.” This business mindset is particularly prevalent in the Southern US.

Agricultural Land Use Responses to the Rising Labor Opportunity Cost in Sui County,China

Rising labor opportunity cost is one of the most important characteristics of farmers' economic environment in present China,and brings great agricultural land use changes correspondingly.Based on the stratified random sample of rural households in Sui County,this paper estimates the opportunity cost of farm labors,and then analyzes its effect on farmers' agricultural land use decisions.The findings show that the households with higher labor opportunity cost are more likely to reduce labor intensity and increase labor-saving input in their land use decisions.From the descriptive analysis,we also find these households always prefer grain crop planting,reduce yield-raising input or even rent out their cultivated land.As labor and yield-raising input are two essential positive factors for grain production,continuous declining of labor input and yield-raising input caused by rising labor opportunity cost may influence the grain yield per unit area in the future.

Investment Problems of China Rural Human Capital

The rural human capital refers to the condensation of the physical body, knowledge, skills, and all the abilities that can improve the capacity of the rural labor productivity. The ability is a form of human capital stock and it plays an important role in China＇s development of rural economy and society, but at present the situation of investment in human capital in rural areas is not optimistic. A lot of problems need to be solved such as the inadequate total investment and the irrational structure, as to these issues, strategies and recommendations were proposed in order to strengthen the human capital investment.

Government ownership and the capital structure of firms:Analysis of an institutional context from China

Emerging economies provide interesting scenarios for examining how institutional context influences the financing behavior of firms. In this study, we examine the capital structure of Chinese listed firms following the SplitShare Structure Reform of 2005. This reform allowed a reduction of government ownership by making government shares tradable. We find that the impact of government ownership on leverage is dependent on whether the government is the largest shareholder in a firm and whether the government ownership is through a parent state-owned enterprise. In addition, we document that the largest non-government shareholder positively influences leverage.Overall, our results reveal that the largest controlling shareholder, either government or non-government, has a significant impact on the capital structure of Chinese firms.

Did the Labor Contract Law Affect the Capital Deepening and Efficiency of Chinese Private Firms?

Since the implementation of the Labor Contract Law (LCL) in 2010, a significant increase in the capital/labor ratio, known as capital deepening, has occurred in private firms in China. However, the cause and impact of the capital deepening is still in question, as either technological change or a higher cost of labor might cause it. Using data from the Chinese Private Enterprise Survey in 2008 and 2012, two critical findings are reported in this study. First, pension coverage significantly affected the capital/labor ratio in private firms after 2010. Second, large private firms are able to generate higher total factor productivity after the implementation of the LCL because they can adjust their production function more easily than smaller competitors. These findings have policy implications for reforms in the Chinese labor market.

OFDI促进中国技术创新的路径研究——基于缓解要素市场扭曲的视角

在分析对外直接投资(OFDI)与技术创新基本原理的基础上,引入要素市场扭曲变量以探讨OFDI通过缓解国内要素市场扭曲进而促进技术创新的作用机制。运用2003—2018年我国省级面板数据,利用中介效应模型进行实证研究。研究表明:OFDI可以促进我国技术创新;OFDI可通过缓解要素市场扭曲推动我国技术创新;OFDI驱动技术创新的路径存在地区差异,各地区细分市场扭曲的程度会影响估计结果。研究结论为优化我国创新生产要素配置和建设创新型国家提供启示。

非国有资本参股对国有企业数字化转型的影响研究

国有企业推进数字化转型在促进自身发展升级时也能产生广泛的社会价值。基于2007—2020年上市企业数据,对非国有资本参股与国有企业数字化转型的关系及其内在机理进行实证分析。研究结果表明:国有企业在数字化转型中面临情境式困境,非国有资本参股通过加强企业创新动力、激发高管企业家精神与完善人才激励机制促进数字化转型,从而实现国有经济的高质量发展,但其效果会因国有企业特征、非国有资本特征以及外部环境特征有所差异。