Evolutionary game-based optimization of green certificate-carbon emission right-electricity joint market for thermal-wind-photovoltaic power system

With the increasing proportion of renewable energy in the power market,the demands on government financial subsidies are gradually increasing.Thus,a joint green certificate-carbon emission right-electricity multi-market trading process is proposed to study the market-based strategy for renewable energy.Considering the commodity characteristics of green certificates and carbon emission rights,the dynamic cost models of green certificates and carbon rights are constructed based on the Rubinstein game and ladder pricing models.Furthermore,considering the irrational bidding behavior of energy suppliers in the actual electricity market,an evolutionary game based multi-market bidding optimization model is presented.Subsequently,it is solved using a composite differential evolutionary algorithm.Finally,the case study results reveal that the proposed model can increase profits and the consumption rate of renewable energy and reduce carbon emission.

A study of legal attributes of carbon emission rights in carbon trading

Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) has given birth to an international carbon trading market prosperity, which provides developing countries with valuable opportunity to address climate change issues right along with economic development and environmental improvement to achieve sustainable development. However, most studies of CDM focus on economics, and few on its legal problems. CDM involves too many aspects. And the clear legal attribute of trading object is the basis of progress of the transaction and also the start point of legal protection. Therefore, this paper in accordance with the inherent principle of property rights economics, and environmental economics in CDM, only discusses CDM carbon emission right legal interpretation and its attribution. The paper recommends that in order to ensure and promote the carbon emission right trading, carbon emission right should be attributed into the system of real rights to be regulated by Real Right Law. In this way, carbon emission right can gain exclusive power of possession and use, which can achieve a clear right def inition of environmental goods in line with Coase's theory to protect Chinese prof it in carbon trading market and promote the development of the carbon trading market further.

The Right to Carbon Emission: A New Right to Development

For the past few years, the international community has regarded the right to carbon emission as a new right to development. The legal basis of this mainly includes “the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change”, “the Kyoto Protocol” as well as the sustainable development principle, the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and the principle of fairness and justice, etc. The distribution of the right to carbon emission of the post-Kyoto age should consider the need of development, population, historical responsibility, the principle of fairness and justice and other factors. As a dominant country of greenhouse gas emission, on the premise of sticking to “the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities”, China should achieve the transformation from the “difference principle” to “common responsibilities” progressively. Meanwhile, in strengthening coordination with developing countries, China should appropriately support the requests of the Alliance of Small Island States and the least developed countries and attach importance to the issue of the right to development in the distribution of the right to carbon emission.

CCER现行体系及未来发展趋势

我国是世界上碳排放量最大的国家,党中央已于2020年提出碳达峰碳中和重大战略决策,中国碳减排任务非常严峻。国家核证自愿减排量(CCER),是指企业自愿开展并经中国政府认证的可再生能源发电、垃圾发电项目以及林业项目等活动,是控排企业未来实现碳减排的有效手段。通过研究CCER的发展历程,收集和整理CCER项目现状,并预测CCER市场未来的发展趋势。

Study on China's Carbon Emission Trading Market Development under the Globalization

This paper starts by describing China's carbon emissions trading market development history, reveals the existence of its development problems, then, analyzes the experience of successful establishment of the European and American national carbon emissions trading market. At last, this paper recommends for a call of unified effort to improve domestic carbon emissions trading market system.

Research on Link Mechanism of China's Regional Carbon Emission Trading System

The construction of China's carbon emission trading market has gone through a process from one-way participation in the international carbon market to voluntary emission reduction trading at home, and then to the total carbon emission right trading as the main and voluntary emission reduction trading as the auxiliary. The link of regional carbon emission trading system is conducive to reducing the cost of carbon emission reduction, promoting market liquidity, reducing operational risks of carbon market and reducing carbon leakage. The link of inter-provincial carbon market needs to break down administrative barriers and form a consensus on the link elements of carbon emission trading under the unified legal framework. The link of regional carbon emission trading system should be carried out from the aspects of legal mechanism construction, link mode selection and mutual recognition and assimilation of carbon emission trading system.

Research on Carbon Reduction Strategy of China’s Industrial Chain with the Goal of Carbon Emission Peak and Carbon Neutrality

In order to achieve the development goals of emission peak in 2030 and carbon neutrality in 2060,carbon reduction measures should be implemented in the whole industrial chain.Based on the existing research,the basic logic of carbon reduction in the industrial chain is analyzed,and then the specific strategies for carbon reduction in the industrial chain are proposed,including:reducing the use of fossil energy and vigorously developing the new energy industry;reducing carbon through energy conservation,industrial upgrading,development of circular economy,and application of carbon capture technology;reducing carbon through low-carbon transformation of logistics industry,innovation of trading methods,and promotion of low-carbon green consumption.The external guarantee system for carbon reduction includes the introduction of relevant policies,laws and regulations,and the use of carbon emission trading mechanism.

Prospects for the transformation and development of carbon storage in abandoned mines of coal enterprises from the perspective ofcarbon neutrality

Under the carbon neutrality goal,coal enterprises must seek breakthroughs from abandoned mines,develop new resources in the new era,turn problems into countermeasures,and participate in the carbon emissions market,for contributing to the accomplishment of the national strategic goal of carbon neutrality.To this end,we investigated the relevant national policies and regulations to clarify the boundaries disclosed by the carbon information of enterprises,understood the development direction of carbon storage in abandoned mines,and clarified the transformation and development of carbon storage in aban-doned mines.We made a few suggestions:(1)China should learn from its past experience and other countries to develop the energy industry with Chinese characteristics and reform the economic system.(2)Coal enterprises must actively respond to the national carbon information disclosure policy,clarify their own responsibilities and carbon emission boundaries.(3)It is necessary to proactively obtain advanced knowledge and plan carbon storage pathways for abandoned mines.(4)Devel-opment problems of coal enterprises should be deduced using cases.The'dual carbon'goals should be achieved steadily step-by-step.(5)Three measures,i.e.improving the existing resource structure,coordinating the information of abandoned mines,and promoting the cultivation of scientific and technological talents.

不同碳减排政策交互影响下发电企业交易策略

在双碳目标和电力系统转型背景下,发电企业的交易策略会发生重要转变。基于可再生能源配额制的实施,综合考虑碳排放权市场和绿证市场,探究了发电企业参与电力市场的最优决策。首先搭建了在多政策情形下市场主体参与交易的市场架构,理清各市场中的供求关系。随后建立发电企业利润函数,以发电企业利润最大化为目标,并分别在非合作博弈和合作博弈两种情况下,建立发电企业的最优生产交易模型。最后通过算例分析检验该交易模型,为发电企业在多种政策影响下参加电力市场交易提供依据。

用能权交易制度对城市碳排放绩效改善的影响研究

用能权交易制度作为我国实现绿色发展的一项重要制度创新,对改善城市碳排放绩效具有重要意义。本文基于2006~2022年我国281个地级市的面板数据,采用双重差分模型检验用能权交易制度对城市碳排放绩效的作用机制及其溢出效应。研究发现:(1)用能权交易制度显著降低城市碳强度和提升碳全要素生产率;(2)用能权交易制度有利于非老工业基地和资源型城市碳强度的降低,同时也有利于非老工业基地和非资源型城市碳全要素生产率的提高;(3)用能权交易制度主要通过结构效应、创新效应和监管效应等途径改善城市碳排放绩效;(4)用能权交易制度的碳排放改善作用存在显著的正向空间溢出,能够实现环境红利和社会福利相容发展。因此,稳步扩大试点政策范围,积极探索实现路径和推进区域协同是实现绿色低碳的重要保障。

用能权市场和碳市场协同下火电企业配额履约策略

火电企业在用能权市场和碳市场中面临着独立配额约束,为降低履约难度、提升减排效率,对两市场协同下火电企业配额履约策略进行了研究.分析两市场的相互影响,从交易主体、配额分配、互认抵消等方面梳理市场间协同机理;构建火电企业履行双市场配额责任的系统动力学模型,探讨双重配额约束对企业的影响;对比分析无协同机制、允许配额互认和限制抵消比例3种政策情景下企业的履约策略.结果表明,双重配额约束加大了企业履约成本,未能提升其自主减排意愿,进一步建立配额互认的协同机制后,企业能够在履行义务的同时优化自身经济效益,但会引起两市场发展不平衡问题,为解决这一困境,互认比率应处于2~3.5之间,且需进一步设计抵消限制机制,确保企业按时履约和市场均衡发展,实现资源配置最优化.

林业碳汇权的法律属性及规范完善

要促进林业碳汇高质量发展,不仅应对其开发经营加强行政监管,也需从私法角度厘定林业碳汇权的法律属性,明确权利主体、客体及内容,实现林业碳汇权的私法化配置。从法律属性上说,林业碳汇权为准物权,其客体既具有特定性、独立性等物权属性,又在排他性、支配性、有体性等方面具有与典型物权不同的特殊性。目前,《中华人民共和国民法典》《中华人民共和国森林法》等相关法律未对林业碳汇权作出具体规定,现实中常出现林业碳汇利益归属不明确、权利客体不清晰、权责分配不均衡等问题。要使林业碳汇权这一新型权利得到更好的保障和规制,法律规范应适时调适,明确林业碳汇的利益归属、厘清权利客体、明晰权责内容。首先,在利益归属上,项目业主、林权人、林农等均可根据其贡献依约参与利益分配。其次,在权利客体上,碳减排量是林业碳汇权利主体权利和义务所指向的对象,是适格的权利客体。由于林业碳汇权与林权、碳排放权等有着密切联系,现实中其客体常被混淆为林权客体或碳排放权客体,因此,未来《森林法》等相关法律法规在厘定林业碳汇权时,应注重明确碳减排量这一权利客体。再次,在权责分配上,林业碳汇权人应享有使用一定的林地林木进行林业碳汇生产、取得和销售林业碳汇产品等权利;同时,需承担在批准的期限内进行林业碳汇生产、有效保护林地林木及环境、按法定或约定的收益分成比例与林权人分享林业碳汇项目之收益、防范及承担各项风险等义务。林权人及林农在享有收益分配、获取报酬等权利的同时,也需承担提供符合要求的林地及劳务等义务。

中国煤炭价格与碳排放权交易价格的传导路径研究

碳市场作为新兴市场易受能源价格因素干扰,在“双碳”目标下研究煤炭价格与碳排放权交易价格(以下简称为碳价)的传导路径,有利于碳市场的健康运行并助力其发挥减排作用。在梳理煤炭价格与碳价传导机理的基础上,利用DCC-GARCH模型揭示煤炭指数与碳价的动态关系,并运用VAR模型实证检验煤炭价格与碳价的传导路径及能源消费结构、能源效率与动态相关系数的因果关系。实证结果表明:煤炭价格与碳价存在显著动态相关性,并呈现复杂性和多变性;碳市场尚未充分发挥其创新激励效应,相较于能源利用效率,煤炭价格与碳价通过能源消费结构路径实现的传导更加显著;能源消费结构调整是动态相关系数变化的格兰杰原因,而能源利用效率改变则不是。

交易安全视角下碳排放权交易风险防控

在“双碳”战略目标的引导下,碳排放权交易已成为国家气候治理的重要工具。2021年,全国碳排放权交易市场正式启动上线,生态环境部先后发布一系列有关碳排放权交易的管理办法和交易规则,但碳排放权交易活动中存在的和可能发生的交易风险并未全部纳入立法防控中。有关市场准入、交易标的、交易资金和回购交易引发的交易风险缺少必要的立法防控措施,应当从适度提高市场准入条件、加强交易标的真实性监管、实行交易资金来源审查和强化回购交易风险防控等方面完善碳排放权交易的安全环境,保障全国碳排放权交易市场健康发展。

“双碳”目标背景下我国碳会计发展路径探讨

“双碳”目标是我国为应对全球气候变化而向国际社会作出的庄严承诺。碳会计兼具经济管理和环境保护的双重作用,对于“双碳”目标的实现具有至关重要的作用。文章基于绿色、低碳、可持续发展理念,围绕“双碳”目标,并结合《碳排放权交易有关会计处理暂行规定》的相关内容,分析我国碳会计面临的现实问题,在此基础上提出我国碳会计的未来发展路径,以期丰富我国碳会计的理论研究,为碳会计实践提供一定的参考。

碳排放配额作为碳排放权客体之证成

因碳排放权法律属性不明晰、传统物权思维固化及法政策表达不准确等原因,大气环境容量被误认为是碳排放权的客体,而碳排放配额的独立法律地位因此被忽略。碳排放权不是代表排放资格的权利,而是以碳排放配额为客体的财产性权利。碳排放配额制度是各项市场机制直接作用的对象,具有链接大气环境容量的实体价值,补足碳交易理论瑕疵的作用。碳排放配额具有无形性、双重经济价值来源和有限收益属性,区别于既有的权利客体类型,所以有必要将其设立为新的客体类型,这对维持碳交易市场中政府管理和市场自主调节之间的平衡具有现实意义。

基于行政过程论的碳排放权交易市场法律规制

时下,碳排放权交易市场是实现“双碳”目标的重要机制。作为政策性市场,行政权对其构成与运行具有基础性意义。为全面把握碳排放权交易制度的全貌,有必要通过行政过程论进行整全性、动态性考察。在行政过程论的范式下,碳排放权的生成源自行政机关的确认,包括权利主体资格的确认和碳排放配额的确认。而后续的碳排放权交易和核查清缴过程,离不开行政主体的规制。这种规制既包括行政处分、行政处罚或制裁在内的硬性方式,以强制性义务或责任为约束;也包括行政指导、行政契约等在内的柔性手段,以市场主体配合为目标。

环境权益交易中的碳减排效益重复计算风险及应对

环境权益交易能够帮助以较低的成本实现既定的温室气体减排目标,在我国“双碳”目标的实现中扮演着重要角色。目前,我国有多种与碳减排相关的环境权益交易机制在同时运行,它们之间的交叉重叠和不完善的核算规则体系可能导致巨大的碳减排效益重复计算风险,从而影响环境完整性。文中系统分析了我国与碳减排相关的环境权益交易机制及其可能导致碳减排效益重复计算的机理。为避免碳减排效益的重复计算风险,应该加强顶层设计,从建立统一的管理平台、加强信息共享、完善碳排放统计核算体系、明确各种机制的定位与边界、避免不同机制的交叉和冗余等方面入手,加强机制之间的协调,优化总体的规则设计。

碳排放权作为数据产权的理论逻辑及其制度展开

碳排放权的属性定位对碳排放权权能范围与利益形态具有重要影响。不同的法律属性定位为当前学界研究提供了不同的切入视角,但仍存在各自的解释论困境。基于对碳排放权公共政策目的之价值导向与数据产权结构的理论逻辑分析,碳排放权在市场交易阶段体现出浓厚的数据产权特性。加强碳排放权的数据产权保障,需要从国际和国内两个层面明确碳排放权的主体制度,建立健全大气环境容量数据化交易制度,强化碳排放权常态化监管制度,进而优化碳排放权法治化路径,确保我国减污降碳目标的实现。

我国碳排放权交易信用监管制度基础研究

信用监管是近些年新兴起的信用监管分支,碳排放权交易信用监管伴随我国碳交易市场的实践逐渐形成了诸多制度规则,但是碳排放权交易信用监管的内容较为散乱,其制度基础仍需进一步提炼和总结。通过对我国碳排放权交易信用监管制度进行基础性的研究,探讨其主管部门、制度依据、监管规则与政策发展等重要内容,旨在为完善我国碳排放权交易信用监管体系提供启示,以推动低碳经济建设,实现可持续发展。