Variations in tidal currents and suspended sediment concentration of the upper part of the North Channel of Changjiang Estuary over the past 10 years

The tidal current duration （TCD） and velocity （TCV） and suspended sediment concentration （SSC） were measured in the dry season in December, 2011 and in the flood season in June, 2012 at the upper part of the North Channel of Changjiang Estuary. They were assimilated with the measured data in 2003, 2004, 2006 and 2007, using the tidal range＇s proportion conversion. Variations in TCD and TCV, preferential flow and SSC have been calculated. Influences of typical engineering projects such as Qingcaosha fresh water reservoir, Yangtze River Bridge, and land reclamation on the ebb and flood TCD, TCV and SSC in the North Channel for the last 10 years are discussed. The results show that： （1） currently, in the upper part of North Channel, the ebb tide dominates; after the construction of the typical projects, ebb TCD and TCV tends to be larger and the vertical average ebb and flood SSC decrease during the flood season while SSC increases during the dry season; （2） changes in the vertical average TCV are mainly contributed by seasonal runoff variation during the flood season, which is larger in the flood season than that in the dry season; the controlling parameters of increasing ebb TCD and TCV are those large-scale engineering projects in the North Channel; variation in SSC may result mainly from the reduction of basin annual sediment loads, large-scale nearshore projects and so on.

Changes in Streamflow Regime Due to Anthropogenic Regulations in the Humid Tropical Western Ghats, Kerala State, India

Regulation of streamflow by a reservoir creates a flow regime much different from the preimpoundment period flow regime. Hydro-Electric Projects(HEPs) commissioned in the Western Ghat regions of the Kerala State, India during the last four decades caused considerable changes in the flow regimes of the rivers of the Kerala State in southwest India. In this paper, the Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration(IHA) approach proposed by Richter et al.(1996) is used to analyze flow regime changes in the Periyar and Muvattupuzha Rivers, due to the construction of the Idukki(1976), Idamalayar(1987) and Lower Periyar(1997) HEPs in the high ranges of the Western Ghats. Normal rainfall years(annual rainfall values within mean ± 0.75 standard deviation limits) are only considered in the analysis to focus on hydrologic alterations due to human activities. The mean hydrologic alteration in the Periyar River(deviation from the pre-development hydrologic indicator values) after commissioning of three HEPs is 35%. Inter-basin water transfer after power generation from the Idukki HEP resulted in a higher discharge in the adjacent Muvattupuzha River, leading to considerable changes in the hydroenvironment(mean hydrologic alterations varying between 57 to 63%). IHA parameters showing hydrologic alterations above the 67 th Percentile werefurther analyzed. For each of the pre-construction hydrologic parameters ± 1 standard deviation from the mean is set as the upper and lower management target limits. The values of each IHA parameter beyond these targets are considered as nonattainment. Considerable hydrologic alterations are observed, especially for low flows in both basins. Inter-basin transfer induced larger changes in flow parameters compared to intra-basin regulations. The study shows that under a proper water release and diversion scheme, the non-attainment of IHA parameters(values fall beyond the target limits) can be reduced. The findings of the study will be greatly beneficial to regional water management and restoration of an eco-environmental system in the humid tropical region.

A Simplified Concept to Test Erosion or Sedimentation Potential along a Tidal River in the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna Delta

The Payra is a tidal river with meandering planform in which around 6.5 km long landmass is formed naturally during the last 40 years that is selected for an establishment by the Government of Bangladesh. However, the site experiences intermittent erosion at several locations and poses threat to the newly developed infrastructures. In the present study, a Rouse type simple model is used to estimate the equilibrium profiles of suspended sediment concentration below which the system is likely to be eroded and regarded as “Sediment Deficit System, SDS” and above which the system is likely to be sedimented and regarded as “Sediment Surplus System, SSS”. The model was then tested at the study reach using the measured flow-sediment data complemented by field observation and Landsat images-based planform analysis. The analysis revealed that the residual flow-sediment regime in the study site is representing the “sediment deficit system” that causes continuous threat for erosion throughout the tidal cycles. Therefore, the availability of new landmass should not be the only criterion for the quick selection of a project site, and residual flow-sediment regime needs to consider as an additional parameter for such decision-making process.

Application of numerical model in evaluating the effects of a planned reservoir on reach-scale bankfull discharge of the lower Wei River

Predicting the responses of an alluvial channel to changes in flow and sediment supply is essential for engineering design. Many methods have been developed in the last few decades to describe sectional bankfull characteristics(elevation and discharge); however, studies on long-term reach-scale bankfull discharge are still limited. In this study, a hydraulic model is built to calculate the reach-scale bankfull discharge, and the effects of reservoir building on downstream bankfull discharges are discussed. The studied river reach is located at the lower Wei River(WR), where the planned Dongzhuang Reservoir would be built on its largest tributary, the Jing River. A quasi-two-dimensional numerical model coupled with a bankfull discharge estimating method is put forward to calculate the reach-scale bankfull discharge. The soundness of the model is verified. Results show that the temporal variation of reach-scale bankfull discharge of the lower reach of the WR would be highly influenced by the planned reservoir, especially during the first 20 years of operation. The effect of the planned reservoir on bankfull discharge may reach its maximum when the total trapped sediment load reaches approximately 75% of the reservoir capacity. Our results show that after the first 17 years of operation,the effect of the planned reservoir on bankfull discharge of the river reach may decrease gradually.The soundness and predictive capability of the coupled model have also been calibrated by comparing with existing reservoirs. All analyses indicate that the numerical model can be used to predict the changed reach-scale bankfull discharge of the lower WR.

Analysis on Suspended Sediment Deposition Rate for Muddy Coast of Reclaimed Land

A new expression for calculating suspended fine-sediment deposition rate is developed based on theoretic analysis and experiments. The resulting equation is applied to simulation of fine sediment deposition in the reclaimed land in the Hangzhou Bay, China. The hydrodynamic environment in this area is solved by use of a long wave model, which gives the 2D-velocity field and considers bathymetric changes due to fine sediment deposition. The expression is proved convenient to use in engineering practice, and the predicted deposition rate agrees with the annual data available from field measurements from the first year to the third year after the construction of the long groin as a reclaiming method.

Application and comparison of coaxial correlation diagram and hydrological model for reconstructing flood series under human disturbance

Intense human activities have greatly changed the flood generation conditions in most areas of the world, and have destroyed the consistency in the annual flood peak and volume series. For design flood estimation, coaxial correlation diagram and conceptual hydrological model are two frequently used tools to adjust and reconstruct the flood series under human disturbance. This study took a typical mountain catchment of the Haihe River Basin as an example to investigate the effects of human activities on flood regime and to compare and assess the two adjustment methods. The main purpose is to construct a conceptual hydrological model which can incorporate the effects of human activities. The results show that the coaxial correlation diagram is simple and widely-used, but can only adjust the time series of total flood volumes. Therefore, it is only applicable under certain conditions(e.g. There is a strong link between the flood peaks and volumes and the link is not significantly affected by human activities). The conceptual model is a powerful tool to adjust the time series of both flood peak flows and flood volumes over different durations provided that it is closely related to the catchment hydrological characteristics, specifically accounting for the effects of human activities, and incorporating expert knowledge when estimating or calibrating parameters. It is suggested that the two methods should be used together to cross check each other.

汛期与非汛期水沙条件对黄河下游不同河段过流能力的影响

20世纪80年代以来黄河下游水沙输移特性显著改变,下游河道经历强来沙作用下的持续淤积与小浪底水库调控下的持续冲刷过程。基于黄河下游1986—2020年实测水沙数据与固定断面地形,计算了河段尺度的平滩流量,量化了汛期与非汛期水沙过程对各河段过流能力的相对贡献。结果表明:①小浪底枢纽运行前水流冲刷强度随时间减弱,下游河道呈汛期淤积、非汛期冲刷的整体淤积态势,平滩流量持续减小,最小过流能力小于2000 m^(3)/s。②小浪底枢纽运行后水流冲刷强度显著增大,尤其在非汛期,对河床冲刷产生重要影响;各河段过流能力显著恢复,其中游荡段恢复最为迅速。③各河段平滩流量与前5 a汛期、非汛期平均水流冲刷强度呈良好的幂律关系,该关系能较好地反映汛期与非汛期累积水沙过程对过流能力的综合影响。④小浪底枢纽运行后,非汛期水沙条件对平滩流量的贡献率增大,尤其是对游荡段具有重要影响(占比53%),对过渡段与弯曲段贡献则较小(占比不到20%)。

上游梯级水库建成运行对长江总磷输移影响分析及管控对策建议

长江上游梯级水库的建成运行改变了河流水沙条件,河流的天然水文节律被打乱,水沙磷由同步输送转变成非平衡性和不连续性输送,总磷的通量和赋存形态也发生改变。受水量水位调控、泥沙拦截淤积和水库滞热等影响,河流的径流、泥沙、温度等均发生改变,并产生系列生态环境效应。针对新情势下长江总磷问题,尤其是水利工程建设运行导致径流、泥沙、水温和磷的输送变异,从水沙空间格局及磷迁移转化特征等方面梳理长江流域的新情势,并分析了径流泥沙温度变化对磷输送的影响。结合总磷管控现状及存在的不足,建议加强河湖库中总磷标准的衔接,完善总磷环境标准体系,推动水质基准的研究,强化地方和流域标准的制定,并坚持将总磷排放浓度与总量双重控制相结合,最终为总磷问题的有效解决提供支撑。

鄂尔多斯盆地东南部三叠系长7油层组深水沉积特征及演化规律

以沉积学理论为指导,利用野外露头、钻井岩心、测井等资料,对鄂尔多斯盆地东南部三叠系长7油层组深水沉积特征包括相标志、沉积微相类型等进行了研究,并揭示了其沉积演化规律。研究结果表明:(1)鄂尔多斯盆地东南部三叠系长7油层组深水沉积的相标志包括:岩石中常见水平层理、鲍马序列、槽模沟模、滑动与滑塌构造、撕裂屑、泥包砾等沉积构造,含有深水双壳类和鱼类动物化石,粒度概率曲线中悬浮总体含量大且分选差,测井曲线上可见锯齿状、齿化箱形-钟形-指形、泥岩基线等特征。(2)研究区长7物源主要来自东北和南部2个方向,发育深湖—半深湖、湖底扇、浅湖沉积,湖底扇包括浊流和砂质碎屑流2种重力流类型,可进一步划分为重力流主水道、溢流沉积、重力流分支水道、分支水道间、朵叶体等微相。湖底扇主水道主要为砂质碎屑流沉积,分支水道和朵叶体主要为浊流沉积。(3)研究区长7沉积期,中南部主体发育深湖—半深湖、湖底扇沉积,东北部发育浅湖沉积;其中,东北方向发育4个湖底扇体,南部发育2个湖底扇体,半深湖/浅湖界线呈北西向延伸于延安—甘泉一带。长7^(3)亚段沉积期,深湖—半深湖范围最大,仅局部发育湖底扇;长7^(2)、长7^(1)亚段沉积期,湖底扇逐步增多,深湖—半深湖范围有所缩小,整体呈深湖—半深湖与湖底扇交互沉积态势。

大型水库运用对河口尾闾河道出汊的影响研究

为定量研究大型水库运用对河口尾闾河道出汊的影响,以黄河口尾闾段为研究对象提出了一种基于改进熵权法的河道出汊阈值确定方法,根据实测水沙资料确定了尾闾河道出汊指标计算公式及相应的河道出汊阈值,在还原无小浪底工程时尾闾段水沙及河槽形态调整过程的基础上,结合出汊阈值对比分析了有、无小浪底工程时尾闾段发生河道出汊概率的差异。结果表明:河段河相系数和汛期平均水流冲刷强度分别为边界和水沙条件中对河道出汊贡献最大的两个指标;黄河口尾闾段河道出汊阈值为38.16,当出汊指标大于38.16时尾闾段发生河道出汊;小浪底工程运用约束了进入尾闾段的沙量,河道出汊概率明显减小。

基于FLOW-3D的尾矿库逐渐溃坝三维数值模拟

为了分析尾矿库逐渐溃坝时溃口随时间的变化过程以及溃坝后尾砂的淹没范围,基于FLOW 3D软件建立了三维数值模型。模拟了水槽内的逐渐溃坝,将计算得出的溃口形态变化数据以及水位数据与实验数据进行对比,结果基本吻合,验证了数值模拟的精确性和可靠性。以某尾矿库为例,利用该数值模型模拟逐渐溃坝,结果表明:尾矿坝溃决时先冲刷溃口底部,而后逐渐向两侧侵蚀,坝体侵蚀断面呈U型分布,随着水量减少,泥沙慢慢沉积,最终稳定,泥沙下泄量约为总泥沙量的31.1%,随着距离的推移,泥沙淤积量沿程减少,下游房屋监测点最大水深15.44 m。

汉江下游“一江三河”平原河网IHA区域分布特征

在人类活动频繁的地区,水资源开发利用过程造成的河流水文情势改变会带来水生态系统的变化。由于不同区域的河流水文情势改变各不相同,在区域生态流量的管理中需考虑不同区域河流水文情势变化特征,评估水文情势改变对当地水生态系统的影响,从而实施具有区域针对性的生态流量管理措施。以汉江下游干流-汉北河-天门河-府澴河区域(“一江三河”地区)为研究区,选取汉江下游干流皇庄、沙洋、仙桃站,“三河”地区隔蒲潭、天门、应城站共6个水文站的长序列日平均流量,分别分析径流突变情况,采用水文变化指标变动范围法(IHA-RVA)比较区域内不同站点在径流突变前后的水文情势变化特征,并结合指标的生态学意义对研究区的生态流量调控提出建议。结果表明:①汉江下游干流于1990年发生径流突变,三河地区于2010年发生径流突变,突变后流量减小,枯水期延长;②研究区6个站点均存在径流变异前后的汛期水文指标变化过大的问题,可能对水生生物,尤其是产漂浮性卵的鱼类繁殖带来不利影响,导致水产资源减少;③汉江下游干流的水文指标正向变化远多于三河地区,中高度变化远少于三河地区,三河地区更多指标偏离适宜范围。研究成果对认识生态流量的区域性变化特征具有科学意义,可为生态流量的区域管理提供参考依据。

合水地区长6_(3)深水重力流沉积特征研究

合水地区是鄂尔多斯盆地近年来原油勘探的重点区块,在系统分析沉积构造、岩石学特征、结构粒度特征等沉积相识别标志的基础上,结合区域沉积背景,开展了合水地区长6_(3)重力流沉积类型及展布特征研究。结果表明,合水地区长6_(3)油层亚组为湖泊-重力流沉积体系,发育半深湖-深湖沉积亚相,可进一步划分为浊流沉积、砂质碎屑流、滑塌沉积三种重力流沉积类型;其中砂质碎屑流及浊流为主要控砂微相,主要分布在研究区的中部、南部区域,为区内有利储集相带。

面向输沙过程模拟的改进流向算法

流域中的输沙过程是地貌学和地表动力学的重要研究内容。前人通过流向算法和实测地形变化来推测输沙率的空间分布,但是简单地应用流向算法会造成模拟过程中出现质量不守恒的情况。因此,设计了面向输沙过程模拟的改进流向算法,判断模拟过程中质量守恒情况,即输沙率是否为负值,若存在,则将负值输沙率重设,阻止负值输沙率向下游传播。对经典的D8、MFD-se、MFD-md 3种流向算法进行了改进实验。结果表明:(1)改进后的D8单流向算法相较于改进前的性能平均提升了1.26%。(2)改进后的MFD-se单流向算法相较于改进前的性能平均提升了4.17%。(3)改进后的MFD-md单流向算法相较于改进前的性能平均提升了4.54%。

三峡水库蓄水后长江中游嘉鱼河段河床演变特性分析

嘉鱼河段是长江中游典型的碍航河段之一,需重点关注河床演变特性。根据1970~2021年实测水下地形资料,全面分析了该河段的冲淤、岸线、河床形态、洲滩深槽等变化,研究该河段自2003年三峡水库蓄水运用及2006年实施航道整治工程以来河床演变特性。结果表明:自三峡水库蓄水运用以来,该河段岸线基本稳定,河床冲刷部位主要在枯水河槽;近些年断面形态逐渐趋于稳定,岸线变化不大;河段内洲滩平面位置保持相对稳定的状态,仅在复兴洲尾部左缘、燕窝镇对面江中形成了一个新的江心洲;深槽平面位置较为稳定。研究成果可为该河段防洪调度、河道治理等提供参考。

Bank and point bar morphodynamics in the Lower Jingjiang Reach of the Yangtze River in response to the Three Gorges Project

Geomorphic dynamics of alluvial rivers in response to upstream damming have substantial impacts on navigation, habitat protection, and channel stability. The purpose of this study was to determine how flow and sediment regimes, and meander characteristics affect the morphological adjustment of bends in the Lower Jingjiang Reach(LJR) before and after the Three Gorges Project(TGP). Based on detailed field measurements and hydrological and topographic datasets from 1991 to 2016, banks and point bars morphodynamics of 12continuous bends in the LJR were comprehensively analyzed. Point bars in the LJR mainly experienced a net deposition before the TGP operation, but substantially deteriorated with a net erosion rate of 4.6 million m^(3) yr^(-1) in the post-TGP periods(2003–2016), and erosion on heads and upstream margins of point bars was a general adjustment pattern in the 12 bends.The most significant morphological changes of point bars and banks occurred in 2006–2011,indicating a delayed response of the channel evolution of the LJR to damming. Detailed observations suggested that the medium discharges(16,000–18,000 m^(3) s^(-1)) were the most contributive discharges in shaping the morphology of point bars and banks in the LJR after damming. In addition, we revealed the importance of sediment supply on meander deformation of the LJR, driven by sediment exchange over point bars, and more upstream planform deformation tended to occur in bends with high sinuosity(>2.0) in the LJR after damming.The relationship between meander deformation and sinuosity was manifested through the geometric adjustment range of point bars. The morphological adjustments of point bars in the highly curved or compound bends of the LJR were more conducive to cause flow deflections,leading to form concave-bank bars after the TGP operation.

新入海水沙情势下的黄河口沙嘴动态响应

河口沙嘴位居河海动力交互区,对水沙变化的响应速度快。为了解近期黄河入海水沙情势及其影响下的河口沙嘴演变规律,基于高分辨率卫星数据和水文资料,运用统计学方法进行分析探讨。结果表明:(1) 1999年以来入海水沙延续偏枯态势,变化过程由线性向周期性波动转变,波动周期为6~8 a, 2018—2021年处于波动上升期;(2) 2018年以来,河口沙嘴北、东汊道交替成为淤积主体,河长年均延伸0.7 km,沙嘴年均造陆16.9 km2;(3)尽管偏少的来水来沙条件不利于三角洲整体的向海淤积,但极端径流带来的强烈泥沙输移入海仍然会使河口沙嘴面积增加;(4)现阶段的汊道格局减缓了河长延伸但加快了沙嘴造陆,对于长期稳定清水沟流路起到积极作用,但当前不利于河口湿地生态安全。

黄河干流头道拐水文站造床流量变化及其驱动因素

基于1960-2016年黄河干流头道拐水文站实测水沙数据,采用马卡维耶夫方法计算了历年造床流量。通过分析年径流量、输沙量、断面形态、平滩流量和造床流量的变化过程,分析了头道拐水文站近60年水沙变化的驱动因素,以及造床流量与断面变化和平滩流量之间的响应关系。研究结果表明:1960-2016年径流量和输沙量均呈减小趋势,分别在1986年和1984年发生突变。造床流量同样呈减小趋势,1960-1986年多年平均值为2355 m^(3)/s,1987-2016年减小至885 m^(3)/s,且年际波动幅度明显减小。头道拐断面形态主要受到重现频率较高的中水流量和重现频率较低的大流量过程控制。造床流量可以反映断面形态对水沙条件的调整过程,且长时间序列遵循大造床流量冲刷,小造床流量淤积的演变规律。

三峡工程运用后长江中下游河道冲刷特征及其影响

三峡及其上游干支流梯级水库建成运用后,大坝下游“清水下泄”引起了长江中下游河道发生长时间、长距离的冲刷。2001-2021年期间宜昌至长江口已累计冲刷了50.3亿m^(3),需厘清河道冲刷对河势、防洪、航运等方面产生影响。分析表明:三峡工程运用后,长江中下游河势总体稳定,弯道段出现切滩撇弯、汊道段出现塞支强干等现象;河道槽蓄量的持续增加,进一步增大了河道调蓄和行洪能力,但水流顶冲点的变化和近岸河床的冲刷下切,使得河道崩岸频发,并影响河势稳定和防洪安全;在河道冲刷、河势控制与航道工程综合作用下,长江中下游航道条件总体得到改善,但河道不均衡冲刷使得坝下游砂卵石河段出现“坡陡流急”,沙质河段出现洲滩散乱、航槽移位等现象,影响航道条件;同流量下枯水位呈下降态势,逢极枯年份影响长江中下游用水安全;江湖关系发生新变化,“三口”分流道由原淤积转为冲刷,两湖湖区水位不同程度的降低,枯水位出现时间有所提前,不利于湖区水资源和生态环境的安全与可持续发展;三峡工程实施枯水期补水调度和“压咸潮”调度以及长江口北支淤积减缓,对于遏制长江口咸潮入侵有利,入海泥沙显著减少引起长江口近岸河床冲刷,影响沿岸码头的安全运行。

不同流速下沉积物中六溴环十二烷的释放及再分配规律

六溴环十二烷(HBCD)作为一种典型卤代有机污染物已在河湖沉积物中被广泛检出,但流速变化下HBCD的迁移和释放行为尚不清楚.本文通过模拟5种流速条件,分析不同流速下表层沉积物中HBCD的释放规律以及HBCD在水-沉积物系统的再分配特征.结果表明,沉积物再悬浮的临界流速为0.4m/s,上覆水中HBCD浓度随流速增大而增加,且不同流速下HBCD向上覆水中的释放过程均符合准二级动力学模型.与上覆水不同,流速变化对悬浮颗粒物(SS)中HBCD浓度并无明显影响.相比静水和低流速条件,高流速条件下沉积物中HBCD的释放总量较高,0.6m/s流速下HBCD的释放总量是静水条件的31.6倍.流速是引起沉积物中HBCD再分配的关键因素,HBCD的再分配随流速增大而更加明显.不同流速下,SS中HBCD的分配量在HBCD释放总量中均占主导地位;表层沉积物中HBCD更易向较小粒径沉积物中分配.