Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Surface Tidal Currents in the Southwest of Taiwan Strait

This study was conducted on the spatial distribution characteristics of surface tidal currents in the southwestern Taiwan Strait based on the quasi-harmonic analysis of current data obtained by two high frequency surface wave radar(HFSWR) systems. The analysis shows that the tidal current pattern in the southwestern Taiwan Strait is primarily semi-diurnal and influenced significantly by shallow water constituents. The spatial distribution of tidal current ellipses of M2 is probably affected by the interaction between two different systems of tide wave, one from the northern mouth of Taiwan Strait and the other from the Bashi Channel. The directions of the major axes of M2 tidal current ellipses coincide roughly with the axis of the Taiwan Strait. The spatial distribution of the magnitudes of the probable maximum current velocity(PMCS) shows gradual increase of the velocity from northeast to southwest, which is in accordance with the spatial distribution of the measured maximum current velocity(MMCS). The directions of the residual currents are in accordance with the direction of the prevailing monsoon wind at the Taiwan Strait and the direction of the Taiwan warm current during summer. The bathymetry also shows a significant effect on the spatial distribution characteristics of tidal currents.

Dynamical Control of Asymmetrically Oblique Tidal Currents to the Sedimentary Characteristics and Development of Linear Sand Ridges in the Liaodong Shoal, East Bohai Sea

The Liaodong Shoal is a group of linear sand ridges located in the east Bohai Sea of China.In this study,54 surface sediment samples have been collected,current measurements at 4 stations have been carried out and bathymetric data were obtained.The current directions are rightward deflected relative to the strikes of the sand ridges.Affected by the narrowing effect of the ridge,the current velocities exhibited an anti-‘C’type vertical profile.The velocities of the lower currents linearly correlate with the water depths.The near-bed current velocities over the troughs are estimated to be higher than those over the ridges,and this feature could be explained by the loss of kinetic energy together with the conversion between kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy.The sedimentary characteristics that are compatible with the tidal dynamics are developed across the ridges and troughs,including grain size compositions,grain size parameters,mineral compositions and Dhm indexes.The existence of the angles between the current directions and the strikes of the sand ridges is the key factor for the growth of the sand ridges.The asymmetric hydrodynamic features between the flood and ebb currents lead to the differences in the topographical and sedimentary characteristics on both sides of a sand ridge.Insufficient material supply led to the degradation of the sand ridges,and the reduction of the tidal current intensity has led to the development of the subordinate sand ridges in the troughs.Sand ridges are migrating.

Experimental Study on Hydrodynamic Characteristics of Vertical-Axis Floating Tidal Current Energy Power Generation Device

To study the characteristics of attenuation, hydrostatic towage and wave response of the vertical-axis floating tidal current energy power generation device （VAFTCEPGD）, a prototype is designed and experiment is carried out in the towing tank. Free decay is conducted to obtain attenuation characteristics of the VAFTCEPGD, and characteristics of mooring forces and motion response, floating condition, especially the lateral displacement of the VAFTCEPGD are obtained from the towing in still water. Tension response of the #1 mooring line and vibration characteristics of the VAFTCEPGD in regular waves as well as in level 4 irregular wave sea state with the current velocity of 0.6 m/s. The results can be reference for theoretical study and engineering applications related to VAFTCEPGD.

Surface tidal currents in the open sea area to the east of the Zhoushan Islands measured with high frequency surface wave radar

Based on the quasi-harmonic analysis of 11 d vector ocean currents obtained from two high frequency sur- face wave radars located at Zhujiajian Island and Shengshan Island, the spatial distribution characteristics of surface tidal currents in the open sea area to the east of the Zhoushan Islands of Zhejiang Province, China are studied. The following conclusions are drawn from the analysis： the tidal current pattern in the open sea area to the east of Zhoushan Islands is primarily regular semidiurnal, which is significantly affected by the shallow water constituents. The directions of the major axes of tidal current ellipses of M2 lie approx- imately in the NW-SE direction. With the increasing of distance away from the coast, the directions of the tidal current ellipses gradually shift toward the E-W direction. The tidal currents are mainly reversing cur- rents. The spatial distribution of probable maximum current velocities decreases gradually from northeast to southwest which is basically in accordance with the spatial distribution of measured maximum current velocities. The residual currents near the coast are larger than those far away from the coast. The directions of the residual currents are basically north by east, and the angle to the due north increases gradually with the increasing distance away from the coast. The topography shows a certain impact on the spatial distri- bution of shallow water constituents, the rotation of tidal currents, the probable maximum currents and the residual currents.

Numerical calculation of hydrodynamic characteristics of tidal currents for submarine excavation engineering in coastal area

In coastal areas with complicated flow movement, deposition and scour readily occur in submarine excavation projects. In this study, a smallscale model, with a high resolution in the vertical direction, was used to simulate the tidal current around a submarine excavation project. The finite volume method was used to solve Navier-Stokes equations and the Reynolds stress transport equation, and the entire process of the tidal current was simulated with unstructured meshes, generated in the irregular shape area, and structured meshes, generated in other water areas.The meshes near the bottom and free surface were densified with a minimum layer thickness of 0.05 m. The volume of fluid method was used to track the free surface, the volume fraction of cells on the upstream boundary was obtained from the volume fraction of adjacent cells, and that on the downstream boundary was determined by the water level process. The numerical results agree with the observed data, and some conclusions can be drawn: after the foundation trench excavation, the flow velocity decreases quite a bit through the foundation trench, with reverse flow occurring on the lee slope in the foundation trench; the swirling flow impedes inflow, leading to the occurrence of dammed water above the foundation trench; the turbulent motion is stronger during ebbing than in other tidal stages, the range with the maximum value of turbulent viscosity, occurring on the south side of the foundation trench at maximum ebbing, is greater than those in other tidal stages in a tidal cycle, and the maximum value of Reynolds shear stress occurs on the south side of the foundation trench at maximum ebbing in a tidal cycle. The numerical calculation method shows a strong performance in simulation of the hydrodynamic characteristics of tidal currents in the foundation trench, providing a basis for submarine engineering construction in coastal areas.

Electrical characteristics of new three-phase traction power supply system for rail transit

A novel three-phase traction power supply system is proposed to eliminate the adverse effects caused by electric phase separation in catenary and accomplish a unifying manner of traction power supply for rail transit.With the application of two-stage three-phase continuous power supply structure,the electrical characteristics exhibit new features differing from the existing traction system.In this work,the principle for voltage levels determining two-stage network is dissected in accordance with the requirements of traction network and electric locomotive.The equivalent model of three-phase traction system is built for deducing the formula of current distribution and voltage losses.Based on the chain network model of the traction network,a simulation model is established to analyze the electrical characteristics such as traction current distribution,voltage losses,system equivalent impedance,voltage distribution,voltage unbalance and regenerative energy utilization.In a few words,quite a lot traction current of about 99%is undertaken by long-section cable network.The proportion of system voltage losses is small attributed to the two-stage three-phase power supply structure,and the voltage unbal-ance caused by impedance asymmetry of traction network is less than 1‰.In addition,the utilization rate of regenerative energy for locomotive achieves a significant promotion of over 97%.

Sampling Surface Particle Size Distributions and Stability Analysis of Deep Channel in the Pearl River Estuary

Particle size distributions （PSDs） of bottom sediments in a coastal zone are generally multimodal due to the complexity of the dynamic environment. In this paper, bottom sediments along the deep channel of the Pearl River Estuary （PRE） are used to understand the multimodal PSDs＇ characteristics and the corresponding depositional environment. The results of curve-fitting analysis indicate that the near-bottom sediments in the deep channel generally have a bimodal distribution with a fine component and a relatively coarse component. The particle size distribution of bimodal sediment samples can be expressed as the sum of two lognormal functions and the parameters for each component can be determined. At each station of the PRE, the fine component makes up less volume of the sediments and is relatively poorly sorted. The relatively coarse component, which is the major component of the sediments, is even more poorly sorted. The interrelations between the dynamics and particle size of the bottom sediment in the deep channel of the PRE have also been investigated by the field measurement and simulated data. The critical shear velocity and the shear velocity are calculated to study the stability of the deep channel. The results indicate that the critical shear velocity has a similar distribution over large part of the deep channel due to the similar particle size distribution of sediments. Based on a comparison between the critical shear velocities derived from sedimentary parameters and the shear velocities obtained by tidal currents, it is likely that the depositional area is mainly distributed in the northern part of the channel, while the southern part of the deep channel has to face higher erosion risk.

Numerical simulation and experimental validation of a direct current air corona discharge under atmospheric pressure

Air corona discharge is one of the critical problems associated with high-voltage equipment. Investigating the corona mechanism plays a key role in enhancing the electrical insulation performance. An improved self-consistent multi-component two-dimensional plasma hybrid model is presented for the simulation of a direct current atmospheric pressure corona discharge in air. The model is based on plasma hydrodynamic and chemical models, and includes 12 species and 26 reactions. In addition, the photoionization effect is introduced into the model. The simulation on a bar-plate electrode configuration with an inter-electrode gap of 5.0 mm is carried out. The discharge voltage- current characteristics and the current density distribution predicted by the hybrid model agree with the experimental measurements. In addition, the dynamics of volume charged species generation, discharge current waveform, current density distribution at an electrode, charge density, electron temperature, and electric field variations are investigated in detail based on the model. The results indicate that the model can contribute valuable insights into the physics of an air plasma discharge.

真空与气体一体化串联机械开关及其直流快速转移应用

为提升中压混合式直流断路器的自然换流性能,该文提出一种真空与气体一体化串联机械开关,分析真空与气体一体化串联用于电流转移性能的工作原理。并基于此设计了双超程联动的真空与气体一体化串联开关实验样机,研究了气体类型、气压、触头结构、触头材料等参数对电弧电压特性的影响规律,确定了W70Cu桥式两触点结构,采用H2和N2体积比为2:3、气压为0.3 MPa的氢氮混合气体,弧压可由20 V提升到120 V,电流转移时间由1 900μs缩短至300μs。同时测试了静态瞬态开断电压(TIV)分布特性,真空间隙承担主要电压(55%),串联整机耐压水平为20 kV。验证了真空与气体一体化串联开关应用于中压混合式直流断路器的可行性和有效性。

考虑系统稳定边界的同步调相机励磁与升压变参数联合优化

现有提升调相机动态无功特性的参数优化方法侧重于电磁参数的优化,这给生产企业带来较高的工艺要求和较大的成本压力。针对该问题提出考虑系统稳定约束的调相机励磁系统及升压变参数联合优化方法,分析其对电磁参数优化的可替代性。首先,推导了基于Park模型下调相机的无功频域特性,与6阶实用模型下的无功频域特性对比,基于调相机的Park模型可提升调相机动态无功特性的分析精度。然后,提出根据调相机并网系统的稳定边界确定参数的优化区间,采用频域灵敏度方法确定重点参数,并基于人工鱼群算法进行参数优化。最后,通过仿真结果表明,励磁系统与升压变参数的联合优化,可获得与仅优化电磁参数时相近的调相机动态无功性能,验证了电磁参数优化的可替代性,从而降低调相机的制造成本,扩大同步调相机的应用场合和范围。

采用电流增量关联度的柔直配电线路双端量保护

针对有效提升多端柔性直流配电线路双端量保护动作速度以及抗干扰能力的问题,提出一种基于故障电流增量关联度比较的直流线路双端量快速保护方法。该方法利用直流线路两侧故障电流增量的变化特性,利用灰色T型关联度算法对故障电流增量的变化态势实测数据求解关联度,分别对正负极线路首末端电流增量序列的灰色T型关联度进行比较,实现线路故障的快速切除。通过在PSCAD/EMTDC平台搭建±10 kV多端柔性直流配电系统进行算例仿真分析,结果表明该保护方法可以准确判别区内外故障,保护实现流程原理简单,动作快速可靠,具有良好的适用性。

基于故障序电流幅相特性的含分布式电源配电网纵联保护方案

【目的】随着分布式电源(distributed generator,DG)在传统配电网的不断接入,给配电网保护配置带来了严峻的挑战。为应对这一问题,对配电网线路故障时,不同类型DG的故障电流幅相特性进行了分析,在此基础上提出了一种基于故障序电流幅相特性的配电网纵联保护方案。【方法】该方案利用线路两端的各序故障电流幅值和相位差特征,分别构造保护动作量及制动量。通过合理设置保护参数来应对不同类型DG接入下,新型配电网继电保护选择性、灵敏性所面临的问题。【结果】通过RTDS搭建仿真算例进行了方案验证,结果表明,该方案整定简单,无需在运行阶段对保护阈值实时调整,对设备算力要求较低的同时具有良好的动作性能。

潮流作用下环礁断面的流动特征研究

本文首先通过循环水槽试验测量分析了正向和反向潮流影响下概化环礁断面的流动特性,试验结果表明:在正向流和反向流作用时,礁坪上仅存在亚临界流,并可观察到经典的壁面有界流动流速剖面特征;沿礁的平均水位与各个测线上的流速随潮流幅值的增大而增大。本文随后采用雷诺平均的Navier-Stokes方程并结合标准的k-ωSST湍流模型建立数值水槽,进一步研究了多种水动力与礁型因素影响下前后礁外礁缘处的流速变化规律。数值模拟结果表明:后礁外礁缘处的平均流速均大于前礁外礁缘处;平均流速随潮流幅值的增大而增大,随礁坪水深、礁坪宽度、潟湖宽度和礁前斜坡坡度的增大而减小;最后基于数值模拟结果提出了预测各种因素影响下前后礁外礁缘处流速的幂函数型经验公式。

闽江下游感潮河段涨落潮过程对水体重金属和砷分布特征的影响

重金属和砷在水体中积累到一定程度会对水生态系统造成严重危害,而涨落潮过程可能影响水体中重金属质量浓度的分布特征。为了研究这一过程,选择闽江下游感潮河段(117 km)作为研究对象,在巨潮日涨潮和落潮的过程中,采集了该河段11个采样点的表层水样,分析了水体中重金属(Cr、Mn、Fe、Cu、Zn、Cd、Hg、Pb)和As的质量浓度及其与环境因子间的相关性。结果表明,闽江下游感潮河段的重金属元素(除Cu外)和砷的质量浓度在不同采样点之间的分布存在显著差异,自上游到下游,Cr、Cd及As的质量浓度总体呈升高趋势,并且它们之间呈现明显的正相关性,说明3种元素的释放源可能相同,而Mn、Fe及Pb质量浓度整体呈下降趋势;落潮作用使Mn、Fe及Pb质量浓度增幅明显,且主要发生在下游入海口河段(S9~S11),但降低了Hg质量浓度。涨落潮过程,水体的pH、盐度和悬浮物浓度与Cr、Cd及As质量浓度显著正相关,与Fe质量浓度显著负相关;相较于涨潮,落潮加强了Cu、Hg与温度、pH、盐度及悬浮物浓度之间的相关关系。这些结果对深入认识涨落潮过程闽江下游感潮河段水体重金属和砷元素的分布、迁移转化过程及其影响因素具有重要意义,同时为水域生态系统保护及可持续发展提供了理论依据。

各向异性电离层中沿地磁场取向有限长柱体目标的近场散射

为了研究甚低频(very low frequency,VLF)电磁波对电离层中目标的近场散射机制,提出了一种VLF电磁波在该环境中对有限长金属和介质柱体近场散射的计算方法。首先,通过定义散射系数和交叉散射系数,分析各向异性电离层中电型波和磁型波激励下的散射矩阵;然后,根据积分方程法和矩量法,计算得到各向异性电离层中有限长金属和介质柱体的近区散射场和表面电流半解析表达式;最后,通过各向异性电离层中VLF波的特征波分析,给出柱体近区散射场中寻常波(O波)和非寻常波(E波)分量空间分布情况。计算结果表明:电离层中VLF波在金属和介质目标表面激励了不同的电流,并在不同的电离层环境参数、柱体尺寸和入射角度下产生相应的近场散射和耦合散射;通过对比O波和E波表面电流分布和散射分量,进一步揭示了VLF波与暴露在均匀等离子体环境中的柱体目标的散射机理。本文的计算方法和结果可为电离层中散射通信和目标探测提供理论依据。

不同矿藏地区雷电参数分布特征及对比分析

为研究雷电参数与矿藏之间的关系,根据雷电定位系统2013年1月至2022年12月的监测资料,对四川凉山州5个不同矿藏地区(镍矿、铁矿、铜矿、钨矿和锡矿)的地闪频次、雷电流幅值、雷电日等雷电参数分布特征进行了统计分析。结果表明,不同矿藏地区的地闪频次、雷电流幅值、雷电日差异较为明显,在年变化、月变化和日变化中:镍矿地区的地闪频次相较于其余4个矿藏地区最为突出,其余矿藏地区的地闪次数也有明显的差异;不同矿藏地区的雷电流幅值有明显差异,其中钨矿的雷电流平均幅值最大,镍矿的雷电流平均幅值最小;不同矿藏地区的雷电日也有明显的差异,镍矿地区10年的平均雷电日最大,铜矿和钨矿地区次之,铁矿和锡矿地区最小。

罗源湾潮致余流特征及其对物质分布的影响

基于MIKE 3开展了罗源湾的三维数值模拟,以流场和断面垂向流速阐释了罗源湾的潮流分布特征,计算了罗源湾的潮致余流场,采用拉格朗日粒子追踪法模拟了具有粒子特性的物质在湾内的运移并分析了粒子的运动规律,结合潮流和潮致余流特征讨论了罗源湾不同区域的物理自净能力。研究结果表明,罗源湾西北部、东北岸内凹处和内湾口处形成了余环流结构,湾内不同区域的物质分布与潮致余流结构有明显相关性,粒子在罗源湾西北部海域运移缓慢,而湾口及可门水道附近具有较好的自净能力。本研究为进一步探讨罗源湾污染物质分布机制提供了科学依据,为罗源湾的污染控制和环境保护提供了技术支撑,研究方法也为其他海湾的相关研究提供借鉴参考。

基于合成场强仪的输电工程地面合成电场研究

高压直流(DC)输电线路交叉跨越是我国特高压(UHV)技术发展中出现的问题。由于两回DC线路相互影响,交叉跨越区域内合成电场呈复杂的三维分布,UHV DC输电工程地面合成电场计算较为困难。选取典型±800 kV UHV DC输电工程进行地面合成电场的实测研究。参照GB 39220—2020,采用HDEM-01合成场强仪进行野外现场实测。测量参数为有效期内的场磨传感器上积聚的电荷量。测量结果与运行初期实测数据的对比结果表明:±800 kV换流站周边运行初期合成电场强度略低于后期,且整体水平较低;沿线电磁环境敏感目标运行初期、后期的实测数据中,74%的数值小于5 kV/m。通过此次研究,明确了UHV DC输电工程合成电场不同时期的特性。该研究有助于推进UHV DC输电工程的快速建成,并提高其运行安全性,从而推动电力工程建设的发展。

广东沿海潮汐时空变化特征

【目的】了解广东沿海潮汐的时空分布特征,为广东沿海工程建设和潮汐利用提供参考。【方法】以广东沿海10个观测站点2020年全年水位数据作为研究对象,通过经典调和分析和数值模式模拟分析广东沿海潮汐时空分布特征。【结果】通过不同分潮数对各站点进行潮汐反演可以看出,在深圳以西,仅使用4分潮即可获得相关系数在0.9以上的反演结果,东侧区域则需要使用13分潮才可将反演结果优化至0.9以上,且气象潮对整体的优化超过0.07;潮汐特征参数的空间分布上,广东沿海的潮汐类型参数基本都维持在(0.25,1.50]区间,仅少数区域大于或小于该区间,而表征浅水效应的特征参数则仅在深圳东侧大于0.2;潮波方面平均高潮与平均低潮在数值上均呈现自东向西增强的趋势,但广东沿海的平均潮差基本维持在120~150 cm,两者增强幅度较为一致;遮浪站除6月以外气象潮SA的振幅最大(均大于50 cm)且月变化幅度也最大(变化幅度超过1 m),除1、12月外,其余各月平均潮差均在100 cm左右,较为稳定。【结论】在观测条件有限的情况下,深圳以西仅使用4分潮即可获得较好的模拟结果,以东则建议使用13分潮进行模拟,同时汕尾以东区域气象潮对模拟结果影响较大;广东沿海潮汐类型较为多样,在陆丰为正规日潮,遮浪和汕尾为不正规日潮,其他区域皆为不正规半日潮;广东附近海域的大洋潮波主要从东南角向西北方向发生累积效应,且整体上看半日分潮的的增强相较于全日分潮更为显著,其中在深圳东侧还存在较强的浅水效应;国际共享站点遮浪站除6月以外的各月份中气象潮SA的振幅最大,且月变化幅度最大的也是气象潮SA,同时遮浪站除1、12月外其余各月的高低潮变化幅度较为一致。

接地电流谐波分析识别配电电缆缺陷

配电电缆的运行状态与配电网安全息息相关,本文以热老化、外护套损伤、金属屏蔽层损伤和过度弯折4种典型缺陷类型下电缆的接地电流信号为基础,采用加布莱克曼窗的快速傅里叶变换提取分析谐波特征规律,结合反向传播神经网络,实现了配电电缆缺陷的有效识别。研究发现,缺陷电缆接地电流以9次谐波为显著特点,随缺陷加深部分谐波含量呈单一变化趋势。准确检测配电电缆缺陷有助于保障电力系统的安全及可靠运行。