Problems of Rural Migrant Workers and Policies in the New Period of Urbanization

The huge migration of rural workers has new characteristics such as the bad order, high degree of concentration, low level of collective action, marginality in social status, unfair treatment, difficult integration of the new generation, and the new return trend of rural migrants, which causes ‘urban diseases’ in China. Countermeasures should be taken to develop medium-sized and small cities, integrate the labor market of the city and countryside, provide necessary public services, social security and vocational training, guide the rural migrant workers to return rationally, and help the new generation live in harmony with urban residents.

How Urban Public Service Affects the Well-Being of Migrant Workers:An Empirical Analysis Based on the Theoretical Perspective of Social Comparison Theory

Government city management is facing higher requirements with the development of the number of migrant workers.Therefore,improving their subjective well-being is a significant practical problem that the government must consider in public governance.This research discusses the influence of public service satisfaction on the well-being of urban migrant workers from the perspective of social comparison theory and the role of the sense of social equity and social conflict in the process of this influence.Using the structural equation modeling and moderated mediating mechanism analysis,the results show that:(1)the satisfaction of social and economic public service significantly and positively affects subjective well-being.(2)The sense of social equity completely mediated the influence of the satisfaction of public social service on well-being and partly mediated the influence of the satisfaction of public financial service on well-being.(3)The sense of social equity and conflict have a moderated mediating effect for social and economic public service satisfaction on well-being.Finally,the article concludes with some suggestions to improve the well-being of migrant workers based on the conclusion of the study.

The Social Assistance of Migrant Workers and the Urban Minimum Living Security System

The surplus rural labors transferring to the city is an inevitable trend in the economic development of the reform and opening up. The household register system has made urban migrant workers free from the social security system and drift on the brink of city. Social assistance system concerning their interests is few. This article starts with the current situation of rural migrant workers in social assistance system, states the necessity and feasibility for bringing the migrant workers into the urban minimum living security system and according to the characteristics of the migrant workers on the reasonable classification, finally talks about existing obstacles and countermeasures of the migrant workers joining into the urban low income system. I believe that with the continuous reform of the registered permanent household register system, the continuous development of urbanization, the basic life of migrant worker will be guaranteed.

Study on the Rual Migrant Workers＇ Willingness to Have Urban Hukou and the Choice of Urbanization Path of China in Recent Years

Based on the empirically analysis of the data from a nationwide survey in 2010 in China, the study found. （1） The overwhelming majority of rural migrant workers in China were not willing to convert their rural household registration （nongye hukou） to an urban or non-rural registration Orei nong hukou）. If they were required to return the rural land contract rights as precondition, only lOper cent were willing to be urban citizens. （2） For the small proportion of migrant workers who were willing to convert their rural household registration to urban household registration, ＇obtaining access to better education and more opportunities for the continuation of education for their children＇ is the major incentive. （3） The primary reason for retaining a rural hukou, on the other hand, is to keep their rural contract land. （4） Finally, there is no significant difference between the rural migrant workers who were born before 1980 and those after 1980, in term of the attitude toward converting rural hukou to urban hukou. The policy recommendations drew from the findings are as follows： 1） In order to promote the urbanization process, the government should choose the path of ＇urbanization based on the long term residence in the towns and cities＇ instead of the path of ＂urbanization based on household registration ＇. 2） The rural migrant workers should be converted into urban citizens without being forced to give up their contact land. 3） The government should give equal weight in policy making to the migrant workers born before 1980 and those born after 1980. Therefore, the policy emphasis of deepening the urbanization of China should focus on the ＇equalization of the resource allocation of the public services and social welfare＂ while the characteristics of the separation of the household registration system should not be strengthened any longer.

An Empirical Study of the Influence of Migrant Workers' Individual Decisions concerning "Change from Rural Residents to Urban Residents" in Chongqing City

This paper,from the city integration perspective,analyzes the main beneficiaries who benefit from the household registration system reform,and studies the influence of individual decisions about the transfer from agriculture to non-agriculture. Based on it,this paper makes an empirical research by using the survey data about migrant workers in Chongqing. The research findings are as follows:( i) The urban employment,the living condition and the rural connection have a significant impact on migrant workers' transfer decision;( ii) If the value of those factors( such as the working stability,the family income,the urban house condition and the urban social security) is higher,then the migrant workers who have no economic interest in rural areas are better able to integrate into the urban areas,therefore the inclination to transfer the household registration from agriculture to non-agriculture will be much stronger. It is proposed that we should do some significant things,such as enhancing the investment of security housing,bringing the migrant workers into the city housing accumulation fund system and giving them prior allocation right,perfecting land elastic exit mechanism,creating a harmonious employment environment,which are important strategies promoting migrant workers to integrate into the urban areas and affecting their individual decision about transferring from agriculture to nonagriculture.

Construction Strategies of Social Security System for Wan-jiang Urban Belt's Migrant Workers

Theoretical debate and practice exploration on social security of migrant workers were introduced.The political direction and security layer on social security for migrant workers in Wan-jiang urban belt were analyzed:the first layer is to implement wage payment guarantee and employment injury insurance;the second layer is to emphasize serious disease insurance and endowment insurance;the third layer is unemployed insurance and social assistance.The primary strategy of building a social security system for migrant workers in Wan-jiang urban belt was put up:wage payment guarantee system that is united in certain regions should be promoted;employment injury insurance system that is undertaken by enterprises should be built;a social health care system for serious diseases should be set up;multi-layers endowment insurance system for migrant workers should be created;vocational training and training in how to start a business should be built as well as the unemployment insurance system;social assistant system based on the basic cost of living allowances should be set up.

Physical Performance of Migrant Schoolchildren with Marginal and Severe Iron Deficiency in the Suburbs of Beijing

Objectives To investigate relationship between iron deficiency of different degrees and physical performance and habitual activity of migrant schoolchildren at the age of 11-14 years. Methods Ninety one randomly selected schoolchildren were divided into three groups according to their iron status. Iron status including hemoglobin （Hb）, serum ferritin （SF）, serum iron （SI） and sTfR was determined. Physical performance tests included maximum oxygen consumption （VO2max） and maximum work time. Energy expenditure （EE） and daily physical activity were estimated by recording 24-h heart rate （HR）. Dietary intake was assessed with frequency questionnaires, and physical activity level was estimated with frequency and physical activity questionnaires. Results Severe iron deficiency （IDA） impaired the aerobic capacity and habitual physical activity. When fat-free mass （FFM） was considered, VO2max （VO2max/FFM） was significantly lower in the iron-marginal group than in the iron-adequate groups among girls （P=0.02）, but such a deference was not found among boys （P=0.28）. Aerobic activity and EE at leisure were significantly lower in the severe iron deficient group than in the marginal iron deficient and iron adequate groups. Net HR at leisure time was correlated with lib, log SF, body weight, and FFM （P〈0.05）. Conclusion The functional effect of iron deficiency on physical performance and habitual physical activity rely on the degree of current iron deficiency. Severe iron deficiency significantly impairs both aerobic capacity and habitual physical activity. Iron-marginal deficiency impairs VO2max/FFM in girls, rather than in boys.

Analysis of Public Goods Supply of New Generation Migrant Workers' Urban and Rural Double Marginalization

Status quo of urban and rural public goods supply in China is analyzed.Firstly,public goods supply in rural areas is inadequate,for example,inadequate supply of agricultural infrastructure,lack of expenditure in agricultural science and technology,problems of rural drinking water safety,problems of rural roads and transportation,low levels of health care,weak rural public culture,short supply of farmers' education.Secondly,the system and level of urban public goods provision can't meet migrant workers' demand,for example,less migrant workers are employed by the governments' direction;migrant workers are isolated by urban housing project and these workers have difficulty in receiving city social security.One reason of new generation migrant workers facing the double marginalization of rural and urban crisis is that urban and rural public goods supply are different in particular the inadequate supply of public goods in rural areas.Three countermeasures are put forward in order to relieve new generation migrant workers' double marginalization of urban and rural,which include increasing financial input in rural areas in order to achieve equalization of urban and rural public goods,perfecting the preferential agricultural policy to increase rural public goods supply,making urban public goods supply as a guide to promote the new generation migrant workers into the city.

New-generation Migrant Workers' Urban Adaptation: A Case Study of Jianggan District in Hangzhou City

New-generation migrant workers are the " elite" among migrant workers,and whether they can really adapt to the city is one of the real problems to be urgently solved during China's new urbanization,related to the success of new urbanization construction. From the perspective of livelihood capital,this paper uses the measuring indicators in line with the new-generation migrant workers' livelihood characteristics,to analyze the typical characteristics and causes of new-generation migrant workers' urban adaptation in Jianggan District of Hangzhou City based on field survey data. In the study,it is found that the new-generation migrant workers' urban adaptation characteristics are focused on life adaptation,work adaptation and cultural adaptation,but the adaptation in the three areas is not good and there is a big room for improvement.

Willingness of returning migrant workers to purchase houses: A case study of 45 villages in Henan Province, China

The willingness of returning migrant workers to purchase houses has an important impact on local urbanization.At present,there are few researches on the willingness of returning migrant workers to purchase houses.The existing researches mostly focus on the perspective of sociology and economics,and few studies are conducted from the perspective of geography.Based on the survey data of 45 villages in Henan Province of China in 2019,this study used binary logistic method to study the influencing factors of the willingness of returning migrant workers to purchase houses.The willingness of returning migrant workers to purchase houses is affected by many factors,such as personal,family,village,and returning factors.Among them,age and returning period are negatively correlated with the willingness of returning migrant workers to purchase houses.Factors such as years of education,years of working,and per capita income of village are positively correlated with the willingness of returning migrant workers to purchase houses.Returning migrant workers in plains and hilly areas are more willing to purchase houses than those in mountainous areas.The formation of the willingness to purchase houses is mainly related to economic foundation,age,marital status,and other factors.Returning migrant workers are becoming more willing to purchase houses,and the expected locations are mainly concentrated in the county seats.In the context of China’s high density of rural population and rapid urbanization,more returning migrant workers are expected to purchase houses in cities and towns for the sake of employment,marriage,children’s education,and access to public services.As a result,there is an extensive market of potential purchasers,which affects the development of the local urban real estate industry and is of great significance for returning migrant workers to truly integrate into the cities.However,some returning migrant workers still choose to purchase houses in villages,mainly affected by traditional concepts,living habits,and the better development of villages.Therefore,it is of great practical significance to explore the willingness of returning migrant workers to purchase houses,so as to master the flow laws and future behavior of returning migrant workers to purchase houses.

Research on social medical insurance of migrant workers --A case of Suqian city in Jiangsu province

City migrant workers, as one part of the city＇s development, economic development and other aspects of urban to make a great contribution, but the delay with the local residents do not enjoy the same level of medical care treatment is always blocked in outside the city＇s health care system, have less relevant departments, there is no practical system introduced regulations and policies, these things tell us to pay attention to the people, and the introduction of appropriate medical insurance of migrant workers possibly things, and timely medical security system of such groups and the local people medical protection for long support. Make medical insurance system can cities try it＇s best to help foreign workers Medicare, Medicare for the development of China has made a modest contribution.

The Predicament of Rural Development under the Strategy of Rural Revitalization

Solving rural poverty is the most urgent problem to be solved in the current rural revitalization strategy.The"alienation"of farmer organizations makes it difficult to give full play to the function of farmer organizations.The institutionalized obstacle of urban-rural dual division restricts the urban integration of migrant workers.There is an institutional conflict between the construction of new countryside and rural urbanization.It is the best way for farmers to find a suitable model for local development according to local conditions,but the exploration and practice of rural development model will be a complex and tortuous process.

SPECIAL ISSUE： MIGRANT WORKERS IN THE COURSE OF URBANIZATION The upbringing and education of migrant workers＇ children in the Pearl River Delta

In the course of the large-scale migration to the cities of China＇s rural labor force over the past twenty years, most migrant workers have left their children behind in their hometown, though some children do follow their parents to the city. The issue of the upbringing and education of these children, whether ＂left behind＂ or ＂migrating,＂ has always been a major concern of society and the academic world. This article aims to understand the factors affecting whether these children ＂stay behind＂ in their hometown or ＂flow＂ to the city through analysis of the child-rearing and education patterns reflected in survey information on over 3,000 migrant workers in the Pearl River Delta in 2006. We find that, after controlling for individual and family factors, regional differences in migrant workers＇ origins remains an important factor influencing whether children ＂stay behind＂ or ＂migrate.＂ The causes and mechanisms behind the existence of ＂regional barriers＂ is an issue worth further exploration.

农民工市民化影响城乡融合发展的理论阐释与实证分析

将农民工市民化与城乡融合发展纳入统一分析框架,在构建城乡融合发展进程评价指标体系和计算农民工城市融入工资测算农民工市民化程度的基础上,基于2009—2021年省级面板数据,构建双向固定效应模型,实证检验农民工市民化对城乡融合发展的影响。研究发现:推进农民工市民化能够显著促进城乡融合发展;分区域看,农民工市民化对城乡融合发展的促进作用在中西部地区更加明显;通过加快农业现代化、加快农村现代化、促进基本公共服务均等化以及提高新型城镇化质量等作用渠道推进农民工市民化促进城乡融合发展。

新型城镇化背景下心理健康对农民工城市融入的影响

提升农民工心理健康水平和促进农民工城市融入是推进新型城镇化的应有之义。文章基于2427份农民工微观调查数据,构建系统全面的指标,利用因子分析、OLS回归、分位数回归方法,研究心理健康对农民工城市融入的影响。结果发现,积极向上的心理状态能够有效地促进农民工城市融入,消极负面的心理状态不利于农民工的城市融入。在不同的分位点,心理健康对城市融入的影响有较大差异。此外,年龄、受教育程度、婚姻状况、父母随迁状况、家庭中在外一起务工人数等控制变量对农民工的城市融入产生显著影响。在研究结论基础上,提出在促进农民工融入城市过程中,相关部门应当关注、重视农民工心理健康问题,采取保障措施、改善其心理健康状况;针对不同融入度的农民工,差异化制定提升心理健康水平措施,帮助农民工更好地融入城市。

China's next giant:Urbanized migrants as new consumers

By examining the urbanization process underway in China, this paper predicts potential consumption expansion andits sustainability in the next decade and beyond.In years past, China’s urbanization pattern has transformed fromsemi-inclusive to inclusive, embodied in the better inclusion of migrant workers and their families under the umbrellaof public services and changes in household registration (hukou) identity.This trend is expected to create a giant newconsumer group in 10 years; 2020 is the target year the Chinese leadership has set for achieving a better-off society.Inthis paper we examine this by summarizing existing research.

成为受惠者:学校感恩教育话语建构与农民工随迁子女的感恩体验

运用福柯关于话语与权力互构的理论,将感恩教育置于具体的学校情境中加以检视,分析城市公办学校如何为农民工随迁子女建构感恩教育话语,以及这些教育话语又产生了什么样的后果。研究发现,学校感恩教育话语将落实“两为主”政策,随迁子女进入城市公办学校就读建构为学校和教师“施惠”、随迁子女“受惠”的过程;然而,这一感恩教育并不能回应随迁子女的感恩诉求,忽视了他们自主选择道德角色和道德责任的权利,其结果是延续了城市主流社会在教育资源分配格局和社会阶层关系中的优势地位。本研究揭示了教育场域社会再生产的微观机制。

新生代农民工举家迁移对教育支出的影响研究

基于中国家庭追踪调查数据和实地调研发现:存在子女随迁现象的新生代农民工家庭均为举家迁移。举家迁移显著增加家庭教育支出,随迁子女数与家庭教育支出显著正相关。家中既有男孩又有女孩的举家迁移家庭教育支出显著增加,家中只有男孩的家庭教育支出显著高于家中只有女孩的家庭。相比中部和东部,西部新生代农民工举家迁移显著增加家庭教育支出。建议积极落实“两为主”“两纳入”“两统一”“同城化”等随迁子女教育政策,切实减轻农民工家庭教育负担;统筹义务教育资源均衡配置,努力缩小教育区域化差异;完善户籍制度和流动人口服务体系,衔接城乡有关社会保障与福利政策,促进农民工随迁家庭整体市民化。

外来务工人员子女社会支持对学业情绪的影响:自我概念的中介作用

为了解自我概念对外来务工人员子女学业情绪的影响,并探讨社会支持在其中所起到的作用,采用社会支持评定量表、田纳西自我概念量表以及学业情绪评定量表,在河南省鹤壁、新郑、新乡等地对385名外来务工人员子女进行调查。在问卷处理时,删除废卷25份,最终有效问卷360份。研究结果显示:(1)外来务工人员子女学业情绪的积极低唤醒和消极高唤醒维度在不同性别方面存在显著性差异(t=3.026,P<0.05;t=1.974,P<0.05),不同外来务工人员子女的客观社会支持维度在不同年级方面存在显著性差异(F=8.096,P<0.01);(2)外来务工人员子女的社会支持与自我概念(r=0.655,P<0.01)及学业情绪(r=0.165,P<0.01)间呈现正相关,自我概念与学业情绪之间呈现正相关(r=0.257,P<0.01);(3)自我概念在外来务工人员子女的社会支持和学业情绪关系中起完全中介作用,直接效应为-0.278,95%的可置信区间为(0.919,-0.567)。结论:外来务工人员子女的社会支持对其学业情绪具有正向预测作用,且全部影响可能是通过其自我概念来实现的。

惠农义务教育政策执行中的“空转”现象与矫治——城镇化进程视野下的分析

作为推进城乡教育公平的关键,惠农义务教育政策已经实施多年,但城镇化的快速发展引致流动随迁子女和留守儿童现象并存。原有的惠农义务教育政策陷入了执行中的“空转”困境,具体表现在:一些施惠措施的目标精准性和时代适应性不足、城市学校义务教育资源难以均衡惠及流动人口、留守儿童义务教育质弱量缺的困局尚未扭转。基于政策执行过程分析框架,从政策执行的视角发现:公共服务消极供给、顶层设计不足、流入地财政压力过大、农民工参与空间与能力有限是造成惠农义务教育政策“空转”现象的主要原因。基于城镇化进程提出四个矫治路径,即:推进更高质量的城镇化、让农民有更多机会进入公共决策体系、建立完善的经费保障机制和消除社会歧视,以期提高惠农义务教育政策执行的有效性。