The Choice of Exchange Rate Regime: The Relevance of International Experience to China’s Decision

The Chinese exchange rate has been the focus of discussion for many months, with bothinternal and external considerations seemingly pointing to the desirability of a currencyrevaluation. This paper draws from the lessons of international experience with exchange-rate regimes in the period since World War Two. It lays out the conditions necessary tovalidate a fixed exchange rate and some intermediate regimes that might work when a fixedrate is inappropriate. It then discusses what the analysis implies for contemporary China.

Analysis on the Option of RMB Exchange Rate Regime

This paper analyses four effects of pegging exchange rate regime： effects on government policymaking, nominal anchor, domestic currency appreciation expectation, and currericy speculative attacks. Based on this, the paper concludes that China should give up RMB pegging exchange rate regime at present, carry out RMB floating exchange rate regime in the long term and RMB exchange rate target zone regime in the mid and short term.

Detecting the nested determinants of the Australian Dollar-U.S.Dollar exchange rate regime and simulating its behaviour

This paper aims to detect the underlying regime behind the historical data of the Australian Dollar-U.S.Dollar exchange rate and potential influential factors.Based on academic research and empirical analysis,a series of statistical analysis are carried out to capture the significant factors and their channels through which they could exert effects upon the dynamic behaviour of the exchange rate.

To Accomplish the Unaccomplished Reform： Lessons and Options of RMB Exchange Rate Reform

The exchange rate reform initiated on August 11,2015 is an important attempt by the PBoC to transform China's exchange rate regime from the "crawl-like arrangement" to a floating regime.However,after a three-day experiment,the PBoC abandoned the original goal of the reform.Since then,the central bank has implemented a new exchange rate-setting mechanism.Under this mechanism,the central parity of the renminbi(RMB) against the US dollar is decided by the arithmetic average of the RMB exchange rate that keeps the index of a currency basket unchanged over the past 24 hours and the previous day's closing price of USD/CNY.Due to the introduction of the index of a currency basket,additional uncertainty has been introduced into the determination of the RMB exchange rate,because of the uncertainty of the dollar index(USDX).As a result,to a certain extent,the one-way bet on the RMB expectations is weakened.However,the current exchange rate formation mechanism cannot reverse the trend of devaluation of the RMB,nor can it eliminate depreciation expectations.Meanwhile,it hinders the effectiveness of central bank's independent monetary policy based on the domestic economic fundamentals.And also,the "two-way float" created by the new price-setting mechanism is artificial and has led to significant losses of foreign exchange reserve.The paper explains how the new price-setting mechanism works,and identifies the important features of the mechanism and its pros and cons.The paper argues that despite some advantages,the new exchange rate regime as a soft peg regime is not sustainable and the PBoC should stop foreign exchange market intervention as soon as possible.We hope that the PBoC can learn the lessons from the failure of the "August 11 reform" and accomplish the unaccomplished reform in an urgent manner.

Choosing an Optimal Exchange Rate Regime for Emerging Market Economies

China and other emerging market economies hoM large amounts of US dollar （USD）-denominated assets while their enterprises mainly raise funds from domestic banks. These economies＇currencies are under a constant pressure to appreciate. The authors of this paper apply the model used in Bernanke et al. （1999） to small open economies in order to find out the optimal exchange rate regime for the emerging market economies. Findings indicate that a country＇s choice of exchange rate regime is directly associated with its percentage of USD-denominated assets and the strength of the financial accelerator effect. A managedfloating rate regime is more desirable than afreefloating regime because of its ability to better avoid liquidity traps given appreciation pressure. A managed floating rate regime also outperforms a fixed exchange rate regime because the former tends to cause less welfare loss. These factors make a managed floating rate regime the optimal choice for emerging market economies. Lastly, the authors propose policy steps and suggestions based specifically on China＇s current situation.

中国OFDI区位分布的东道国汇率因素判断

使用中国对161个国家和地区2003~2014年对外直接投资区位分布的存量数据,实证检验了人民币相对于东道国货币汇率升值、东道国货币相对于人民币汇率波动、东道国货币相对于锚货币汇率稳定以及东道国汇率制度选择四个维度的汇率指标对中国OFDI区位分布的重要影响。研究发现,中国的OFDI存量随人民币相对于东道国货币升值而增加,货币升值的购买力增加正效应大于收益率降低的负效应。东道国货币相对于人民币汇率波动程度越高、相对于锚货币稳定度越低,中国的OFDI存量就越多;对东道国资本自由流动的诉求以及对冲实际汇率波动风险的动因是中国OFDI更加偏好汇率浮动区间更大的东道国的重要原因。在投资—出口权衡、中低收入子样本、金融危机前后子样本。

Dynamic Transition of Exchange Rate Regime in China

Thepaper considers the optimal transition path for China＇s exchange rate regime. How can China successfully make the shift from the current dollar peg regime to a more desirable regime, whether a basket peg or a floating regime？ To answer this question, we develop a dynamic small open economy general equilibrium model. We construct four transition policies based on a basket peg or a floating regime and compare the welfare gains of these policies relative to maintaining the dollar peg regime. Two main results are derived from the quantitative analysis using Chinese data from 1999Q1 to 2010Q4. First, following a gradual adjustment to a basket peg regime is the most appropriate path for China to take, with minimal welfare losses associated with the shift in the exchange rate regime. Second, a sudden shift to the basket peg is the second best solution, and is superior to a sudden shift to floating because the monetary authority can efficiently determine optimal weights to attach to currencies in the basket to achieve policy goals once they adopt a basket peg regime.

RMB Exchange Rate Regime: Suggestions on Further Reform and Exit Strategy

Since 2000, the focus of the study of the RMB ex change rate has transferred from debate on whether it should appreciate or depreciate to the overall planning and the envisaged improvement of the RMB exchange rate regime.

Currency Exposure in China under the New Exchange Rate Regime： National Level Evidence

The present paper studies China＇s national level currency exposure since 2005 when the country adopted a new exchange rate regime allowing the renminbi （RMB） to move towards greater flexibility. Using generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedastic and constant conditional correlation-generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedastic methods to estimate the augmented capital asset pricing models with orthogonalized stock returns, we find that China equity indexes are significantly exposed to exchange rate movements. In a static setting, there is strong sensitivity of stock returns to movements of China＇s trade- weighted exchange rate, and to the bilateral exchange rates except the RMB/dollar rate. However, in a dynamic framework, exposure to all the bilateral currency pairs under examination is significant. The results indicate that under the new exchange rate regime, China＇s gradualist approach to moving towards greater exchange rate flexibility has managed to keep exposure to a moderate level. However, we find evidence that in a dynamic setting, the exposure of the RMB to the dollar and other major currencies is significant. For China, the challenge of managing currency risk exposure is looming greater.

Putting the Cart before the Horse? Capital Account Liberalization and Exchange Rate Flexibility in China

This paper reviews the issues involved in moving towards greater exchange rate flexibilityand capital account liberalization in China. A more flexible exchange rate regime wouldallow China to operate a more independent monetary policy, providing a useful bufferagainst domestic and external shocks. At the same time, weaknesses in China’s financialsystem suggest that capital account liberalization poses significant risks and should be alower priority in the short term. This paper concludes that greater exchange rate flexibilityis in China’s own interest and that, along with a more stable and robust financial system, itshould be regarded as a prerequisite for undertaking a substantial liberalization of thecapital account.

Structural Evolution of RMB Exchange Rate Reform: Historical Review, Experience and Prospect

The Renminbi(RMB)exchange rate regime reform has gone through three stages roughly once every decade since 1994.It is a structural evolution through the unification of dual exchange rates,increased fluctuations and central parity rate reform in response to the dynamic macro environment in China and abroad.This paper unpacks leading and supporting reforms for each stage and reviews the effects.The reform has developed historical experience in adopting progressive strategies,avoiding sharp exchange rate fluctuations in the near term,maintaining appropriate capital controls,and guaranteeing the reform through domestic structural reforms.Achieving a free-floating exchange rate will be the ultimate goal,but it will not be made easily in the short run.During the transitional period,it is recommended that an annual target zone for RMB's effective exchange rate be arranged for the CFETS currency basket,along with necessary capital controls.

Valuation and Hedging Strategy of Currency Options under Regime-Switching Jump-Diffusion Model

The main purpose of this thesis is in analyzing and empirically simulating risk minimizing European foreign exchange option pricing and hedging strategy when the spot foreign exchange rate is governed by a Markov-modulated jump-diffusion model. The domestic and foreign money market interest rates, the drift and the volatility of the exchange rate dynamics all depend on a continuous-time hidden Markov chain which can be interpreted as the states of a macro-economy. In this paper, we will provide a practical lognormal diffusion dynamic of the spot foreign exchange rate for market practitioners. We employing the minimal martingale measure to demonstrate a system of coupled partial-differential-integral equations satisfied by the currency option price and attain the corresponding hedging schemes and the residual risk. Numerical simulations of the double exponential jump diffusion regime-switching model are used to illustrate the different effects of the various parameters on currency option prices.

Trilemma,RMB exchange rate regime reform,and policy orientation after August 2015

The discussions on RMB exchange rate could not depart from the ongoing reform of RMB exchange rate regime,which must be designed and promoted as an integral part of the large open economy macroeconomic policy framework.As a large open economy facing the trilemma,China should explicitly establish the principle of domestic monetary policy dominance in the impossible trinity,with the exchange rate policy and capital account management should both conform to this fundamental principle.Simplistically pegging RMB to the US dollar will result in lack of flexibility and violate this principle.Especially against the backdrop of unsynchronized economic cycles of major economies and the prospect of further Fed tighten up,that the real effective exchange rate of RMB moves passively along with the US dollar cannot reflect the relative changes in economic fundamentals in China and abroad,which will cause distortions,resulting in resource misallocations and loss of welfare.The reform of RMB exchange rate regime should be market-oriented,towards a direction with more flexibility.

基于Markov区制转移模型的人民币实际有效汇率波动机制

首次将三区制的Markov转移模型引入自回归模型,研究了1991-01～2008-06人民币实际有效汇率的动态波动路径.研究结果表明,1991年后的人民币实际有效汇率波动存在显著的三区制特征:"过度贬值"区制、"适度贬值"区制和"升值"区制.同时,得到以下结论:①人民币实际有效汇率区制转移的动态过程,在大部分时期都处于"适度贬值"或"升值"区制;②1991年以来的2次汇率改革都对人民币实际有效汇率走势产生了积极的影响.

Knight不确定与随机汇率下外商投资决策

在奈特不确定及机制转换环境下研究了汇率变动对跨国投资决策的影响.首先,通过It公式,推导得出机制转换环境下利润流的动力学方程.其次,利用最大最小期望效用(α-MEU)偏好模型对项目投资期望值进行了刻画.再利用随机分析方法推导出在奈特不确定及机制转换环境下考虑汇率变动的项目预期价值公式及利润流临界现值.最后,对结果进行数值模拟,分析了不同参数对跨国投资的影响.

基于主成分构造框架下的我国实际汇率均衡机制研究

采用主成分法,将理论上对实际汇率具有影响的8个实际经济变量进行了数据浓缩,从中抽取出三个主成分,进而以它们作为解释变量,建立误差修正模型以测量我国的均衡实际汇率。本文测出的我国实际均衡汇率是一个存在趋势项和漂移项的退势平稳过程。实际均衡汇率的趋势性表明,人民币均衡价值在观测期内存在持续贬值的趋势。这说明在实施盯住美元的汇率制度和限制资本流动的政策环境下,我国实际汇率存在着独特的均衡机制,这种均衡机制以维持高经济增长率为目标,以不断扩大出口需求为动力,同时要求人民币的均衡价值不断降低。

人民币汇率制度改革的背景及展望

从单一盯住美元到参考一篮子货币,实行以市场供求为基础的、有管理的浮动汇率——我国的汇率制度改革又迈出了重要的一步。本文通过对国际、国内背景分析,认为此次人民币汇率改革有利于改善贸易条件,减少贸易摩擦;有利于抑制通货膨胀,促进资源的合理配置;有利于降低外汇占款对货币政策自主性的干扰等。面对今后更具弹性的人民币汇率机制取向,文章建议相关部门应主动应对人民币进一步升值的预期和国际热钱炒作的压力;央行可通过“一篮子”货币的界定实现汇率调控的灵活性;人民币汇率更趋灵活性将加大央行对外汇市场管理的难度;大力发展远期外汇市场,利用衍生金融工具规避汇率风险。

经济增长、结构失衡与流动性过剩——论我国当前流动性过剩的成因与对策

由于社会保障制度的不完善和分配结构的不合理,经济增长带来居民收入增长的同时,消费需求难以有效放大,储蓄和净出口的高增长成为必然。储蓄的高增长导致银行的存贷差上升,其分流导致股市和房市的流动性过剩;净出口的持续高增长和国际资本的大量涌入导致国际收支持续的高顺差。由于汇率缺乏弹性,基础货币的被动增加和货币乘数的预期外上升一并导致货币供给过剩。强化储备货币发行国的发行约束;调整外贸发展战略,优化产业结构;扩大消费需求;扩大汇率浮动区间;提高货币政策的科学性等措施可以有效控制和利用流动性过剩。