Exact analytical solution to three-dimensional phase change heat transfer problems in biological tissues subject to freezing

Analytically solving a three-dimensional （3-D） bioheat transfer problem with phase change during a freezing process is extremely difficult but theoretically important. The moving heat source model and the Green function method are introduced to deal with the cryopreservation process of in vitro biomaterials. Exact solutions for the 3-D temperature transients of tissues under various boundary conditions, such as totally convective cooling, totally fixed temperature cooling and a hybrid between them on tissue surfaces, are obtained. Furthermore, the cryosurgical process in living tissues subject to freezing by a single or multiple cryoprobes is also analytically solved. A closed-form analytical solution to the bioheat phase change process is derived by considering contributions from blood perfusion heat transfer, metabolic heat generation, and heat sink of a cryoprobe. The present method is expected to have significant value for analytically solving complex bioheat transfer problems with phase change.

Three-dimensional consolidation deformation analysis of porous layered soft soils considering asymmetric effects

Long-term settlements for underground structures, such as tunnels and pipelines, are generally observed after the completion of construction in soft clay. The soil consolidation characteristic has great influences on the long-term deformation for underground structures. A three-dimensional consolidation analysis method under the asymmetric loads is developed for porous layered soil based on Biot's classical theory. Time-displacement effects can be fully considered in this work and the analytical solutions are obtained by the state space approach in the Cartesian coordinate. The Laplace and double Fourier integral transform are applied to the state variables in order to reduce the partial differential equations into algebraic differential equations and easily obtain the state space solution. Starting from the governing equations of saturated porous soil, the basic relationship of state space variables is established between the ground surface and the arbitrary depth in the integral transform domain. Based on the continuity conditions and boundary conditions of the multi-layered pore soil model, the multi-layered pore half-space solutions are obtained by means of the transfer matrix method and the inverse integral transforms. The accuracy of proposed method is demonstrated with existing classical solutions. The results indicate that the porous homogenous soils as well as the porous non-homogenous layered soils can be considered in this proposed method. When the consolidation time factor is 0.01, the value of immediate consolidation settlement coefficient calculated by the weighted homogenous solution is 27.4% bigger than the one calculated by the non-homogeneity solution. When the consolidation time factor is 0.05, the value of excess pore water pressure for the weighted homogenous solution is 27.2% bigger than the one for the non-homogeneity solution. It is shown that the material non-homogeneity has a great influence on the long-term settlements and the dissipation process of excess pore water pressure.

Radiation effect on temperature distribution in three-dimensional Couette flow with suction or injection

A theoretical analysis of three-dimensional Couette flow with radiation effect on temperature distribution has been analysed, when the injection of the fluid at the lower stationary plate is a transverse sinusoidat one and its corresponding removal by constant suction through the upper porous plate is in uniform motion. Due to this type of injection velocity, the flow becomes three-dimensional. The effect of Prandtl number, radiation parameter and injection parameter on rate of heat transfer has been examined by the help of graphs. The Prandtl number has a much greater effect on the.temperature distribution than the injection or radiation parameter.

A COMPUTER CODE FASTOR-3D FOR TRANSIENT THREE-DIMENSIONAL SIMULATION ON FLOW AND HEAT TRANS-FER WITH POROSITY APPROXIMATION

Upon the conservation of mass, momentum and energy, volume fraction and surface penetrative rate were employed to modify the conservative equations to simulate the effect of blockages on fluid flows and heat transfer. These equations were solved numerically with the finite differential method and the primitive variable approach. This method uses staggered grid and pressure correction schemes. A computer code FASTOR3D integrated the aforementioned algorithm. The preliminary results have been compared with conventional benchmark solutions. With auxiliary software DV, the numerical results were visualized in colorful images to demonstrate the variation of flow patterns and temperature profiles during the transient process. The results of the simulation code for the fluid flows and heat transfer in the sodium pool of a fast breeder reactor are acceptable.

Evaluation of the famous classic formula Sanhua decoction based on network pharmacology and multi-component quantitative analysis

Background:Sanhua decoction has significant effects in the treatment of stroke.The study of the Sanhua decoction material benchmark was carried out to analyze the value transfer relationship between the Chinese herbal pieces and the substance benchmark.Methods:Network pharmacology was employed to investigate the potential active components and molecular mechanisms of Sanhua decoction in the treatment of stroke.15 batches of Sanhua decoction lyophilized powder were prepared using traditional formulas and subjected to high-performance liquid chromatography analysis to generate fingerprints of the Sanhua decoction substance benchmarks.Then,a multi-component quantitative analysis method was established,allowing for the simultaneous determination of ten components,to study the transfer of quantity values between pieces and substance benchmarks.Results:60 active ingredients were screened from Sanhua decoction by network pharmacology,of which gallic acid,magnolol honokiol,physcion,and aloe-emodin may have a greater effect than other active components.63 key targets and 134 pathways were predicted as the potential mechanism of Sanhua decoction in treating stroke.The fingerprint similarity of the Sanhua decoction substance benchmarks was found to be good among the 15 batches,confirming the 19 common peaks.The content of the 10 components was basically consistent.The components’transfer rates were within 30%of their respective means.Conclusions:This study provided a comprehensive and reliable strategy for the quality evaluation of Sanhua decoction substance benchmarks and held significant importance in improving its application value.

Heat transfer performance testing of a new type of phase change heat sink for high power light emitting diode

In view of the limitations of solid metal heat sink in the heat dissipation of high power light emitting diode （LED）, a kind of miniaturized phase change heat sink is developed for high power LED packaging. First, the fabrication process of miniaturized phase change heat sink is investigated, upon which all parts of the heat sink are fabricated including main-body and end-cover of the heat sink, the formation of three-dimensional boiling structures at the evaporation end, the sintering of the wick, and the encapsulation of high power LED phase change heat sink. Subsequently, with the assistance of the developed testing system, heat transfer performance of the heat sink is tested under the condition of natural convection, upon which the influence of thermal load and working medium on the heat transfer performance is investigated. Finally, the heat transfer performance of the developed miniaturized phase change heat sink is compared with that of metal solid heat sink. Results show that the developed miniaturized phase change heat sink presents much better heat transfer performance over traditional metal solid heat sink, and is suitable for the packaging of high power LED.

Modified Classical Over Barrier Model for Multi-Charged Ion in Collisions with Multiple Electron Target at Energies Below 1 keV/u

Charge transfer cross sections for Kr^q＋ with Ne are calculated quantitatively by using modified classical over barrier model in order to clarify energy dependence of charge transfer cross sections in low energy region. Essential of this model is taking the induced dipole potential into consideration. As a result, this calculation can reproduce systematic energy dependence of experimental results. This suggests that the bending trajectory of the projectile due to an induced dipole potential should be considered to describe pictures of collisions at low energy regime below 1 keV/u.

Improvement in the calculation of anti-Stokes energy transfer and experimental justification based on Er_(0.01)Yb_xY_(1 0.01 x)VO_4 crystal

The improvement on the calculation of anti-Stokes energy transfer rate is studied in the present work. The additional proportion coefficient between Stokes and anti-Stokes light intensities of quantum Raman scattering theory as compared with the classical Raman theory is introduced to successfully describe the anti-Stokes energy transfer. The theoretical formula for the improvement on the calculation of anti-Stokes energy transfer rate is derived for the first time in this study. The correctness of introducing coefficient exp{△E/kT} from well-known Raman scatter theory is demonstrated also. Moreover, the experimental lifetime measurement in Er0.01YbxY1-0.01-xVO4 crystal is performed to justify the validity of our important improvement in the original phonon-assisted energy transfer theory for the first time.

Three‑Dimensional Numerical Study on the Metal Rotating Spray Transfer Process of High‑Current GMAW

A three-dimensional numerical model based on the volume-of-fluid(VOF)method is typically preferred for studying high-current gas metal arc welding(GMAW)metal transfer mechanism and then controlling it.It is informed that the rotating spray transfer is extremely complicated,and some researchers have focused on simplified models without considering the energy conservation to make analysis manageable for the unstable metal transfer process.Using our created numerical model,the metal transfer of high-current GMAW with shielding gas of different conductivities has been studied by analyzing acting forces and fluid flows in the metal liquid column,especially for the contributions of the self-induced electromagnetic force,equivalent volume force of the capillary pressure of the surface tension(Named surface tension force in this work),static arc pressure.It is found that the unbalanced electromagnetic force greatly promotes the metal rotating motion in 500 A metal inert gas(MIG)welding with pure argon shielding gas and it pushes the metal liquid column to rotate.Considering the arc constricting effect in active shielding gas by simply changing the arc conductivity,it is found that the metal liquid column no longer rotates,it turns to swing since the unbalanced electromagnetic force is large enough to break the rotating motion.The calculated results of the metal liquid column deflected angle and rotating/swing frequency agree well with the experiment of high-speed camera observations.

羌活胜湿汤物质基准多指标成分含量测定及量值传递分析

[目的]建立经典名方羌活胜湿汤(QSD)物质基准的高效液相(HPLC)含量测定方法,进行量值传递分析。[方法]制备15批QSD物质基准冻干粉,以羌活醇、二氢欧山芹醇当归酸酯、5-O-甲基维斯阿米醇苷、蔓荆子黄素、异欧前胡素、甘草酸铵为专属性指标成分,建立含量测定的检测方法,明确指标成分的含量范围、转移率范围及出膏率,对饮片到物质基准对应实物间的量值传递进行分析。[结果]15批物质基准指标成分含量(转移率)分别为:羌活醇1.09~1.70 mg/g(10.17%~32.62%),二氢欧山芹醇当归酸酯0.06~0.20 mg/g(7.30%~10.85%),5-O-甲基维斯阿米醇苷1.27~2.81 mg/g(66.13%~92.13%),蔓荆子黄素0.09~0.59 mg/g(5.24%~13.37%),异欧前胡素0.03~0.28 mg/g(0.94%~1.92%),甘草酸铵12.74~33.78 mg/g(48.96%~62.56%);出膏率为30.09%~34.35%。[结论]采用HPLC法初步建立了经典名方QSD物质基准多指标成分含量测定方法,为经典名方QSD后续的研究及相关制剂研发的质量控制提供依据。

基于DenseNet的经典-量子混合分类模型

现有的图像分类模型越来越复杂,计算时所需的硬件资源和计算时间不断增加。针对该问题提出一种基于DenseNet的经典-量子混合分类模型(CQDenseNet模型)。首先,使用一个可在噪声中尺度量子(NISQ)设备上运行的变分量子电路(VQC)作为分类器,替换DenseNet全连接层;其次,使用迁移学习,利用在ImageNet数据集上预先训练好的DenseNet模型作为CQDenseNet的预训练模型;最后,将CQDenseNet模型在中草药分类数据集和CIFAR-100数据集上与基准模型AlexNet、GoogLeNet、VGG19、ResNet和DenseNet-169进行对比。实验结果表明,CQDenseNet模型比所有基准模型中表现最好的基准模型:准确率分别提高了2.2、7.4个百分点,精确率分别提高了2.2、7.3个百分点,召回率分别提高了2.2、7.1个百分点,F1值分别提高了2.3、6.4个百分点,说明了经典-量子混合模型的性能优于经典模型。

经典名方清肺汤的基准样品关键质量属性量值传递研究

目的:建立经典名方清肺汤基准样品的特征图谱及指标性成分含量测定方法,阐明清肺汤的关键质量属性。方法:制备15批清肺汤基准样品,建立高效液相色谱法(HPLC)特征图谱方法,并进行特征峰归属和相似度分析;以苦杏仁苷、栀子苷、橙皮苷、黄芩苷、汉黄芩苷、黄芩素、甘草酸为指标性成分建立清肺汤多成分含量测定方法,对指标成分的含量和转移率进行分析研究,以均值的70%~130%为界限设定各质量控制指标的量值波动范围。结果:15批清肺汤基准样品的HPLC特征图谱相似度为0.986~0.999,共16个特征峰,经对照品指认出12个特征峰,分别为京尼平龙胆二糖苷、苦杏仁苷、栀子苷、橙皮苷、黄芩苷、去甲汉黄芩苷、千层纸素A-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖醛酸苷、汉黄芩苷、黄芩素、汉黄芩素、五味子醇甲、千层纸素A;指标性成分从饮片到物质基准的转移率分别为苦杏仁苷24.35%~33.13%、栀子苷36.78%~49.55%、橙皮苷23.11%~35.92%、黄芩苷60.62%~74.15%、汉黄芩苷61.81%~76.90%、黄芩素9.21%~15.77%、甘草酸10.35%~18.46%。结论:采用特征图谱结合多指标成分含量测定对清肺汤基准样品的量值传递规律进行研究,该方法重现性好、简便、准确、稳定,为经典名方清肺汤基准样品的质量控制及复方制剂的开发提供参考。

Three-dimensional heat transfer in a particulate bed in a rotary drum studied via the discrete element method

We simulated three-dimensional heat transfer inside a horizontal rotating drum using the discrete element method and a thermal conduction model.The aim was to determine the effect of end-wall heating on thermal behavior of a granular bed.The simulation showed that the end-wall heating significantly affects the axial temperature profile of the bed,particularly when the length-to-diameter ratio is low.Particles near the wall heated faster and became more thermally uniform than those in the center of the drum.The region affected by the end heating gradually increased over time.Increasing the rotation speed enhanced the heat conduction rate,and increasing the fill level reduced the mean temperature and thermal uniformity of the granular bed.Heat transfer was also simulated for drums with different length-to-diameter ratios.

工况传递路径分析(OPA)方法在应用中的缺陷

工况传递路径分析(OPA)方法是传递路径分析技术中一种新方法,以经典传递路径分析方法(TPA)为参考,通过理论分析和实例验证两种方法,揭示OPA方法在实际应用中的三种缺陷。由于结构模态的影响,传递路径之间存在互相关,形成OPA的交叉耦合缺陷。实际工况的限制可能导致传递率函数估计错误。对分析中可能遗漏传递路径,OPA方法的拟合总值对比不能识别。这三种缺陷均会导致OPA分析失败,得出错误的结果。

经典名方质量研究及其量值传递关键技术

古代经典名方产品研发是目前中医药行业的研究热点,根据古代经典名方复方制剂物质基准及古代经典名方中药复方制剂的申报资料要求,从药材、饮片、物质基准、制剂等层次,阐述影响经典名方质量的关键因素和影响质量量值传递的关键技术,以解决经典名方中药复方制剂批间质量差异大的难题。

含绿色荧光蛋白基因和猪瘟E_2基因的伪狂犬病毒Bartha-K_(61)株TK基因缺失转移载体的构建

提取伪狂犬病毒 ( PRV) Bartha- K6 1 株基因组 DNA为 PCR扩增模板 ,并根据 Genbank已发表的 PRV Kaplan株 UL区 UL2 5、U L2 4、U L2 3、U L2 2基因序列 ,选择保守序列设计了两对引物 ,这两对引物分别扩增出位于 UL2 3( TK)两侧 (含部分TK基因 )的可用于同源重组的左臂片段 ( L )和右臂片段 ( R) ,L包括部分 UL 2 5、全部 UL 2 4、部分 TK,R包括部分 TK及部分U L2 2 ,L 和 R的拼接片段中 TK基因内部缺失 2 70个核苷酸。将 L 片段和 R片段克隆于 p Bluescript M13-载体上 ,获得p SKL R;再将绿色荧光蛋白载体 p EGFP- C1上含 GFP及其多克隆位点的完整的基因表达盒插入 p SKL R的 L 片段和 R片段之间构成转移载体 p SKL KG;又将猪瘟病毒 1.2 3 kb的 E2 ( CSFV- E2 )基因片段插入 p SKL RG的多克隆位点的 Bg1 与 Pst 之间获得转移载体 p SKL

微细长竖圆柱外侧的自然对流换热

采用焦耳加热法对直径分别为39.9mm～350.1mm的微细紫铜丝在空气中垂直放置时自然对流换热的Nu)进行了测量,并将实验值与前人所总结的多个准则方程式的计算值相比较,结果表明:所有准则方程式的计算值之间存在一定的差距,此差距随着细丝直径的减小而减小;所有计算值与实验值之间均存在偏差,随着细丝直径的减小偏差增大,最大偏差达到了50%;随着微细长竖圆柱直径的减小,细长圆柱表面换热增强,这可能是由于尺寸的微米化,使得微细长竖圆柱的边缘效应加强,贴壁层变薄,从而使换热得到强化。

高热流密度激光作用下含混多孔材料的传热传质分析

建立了快速高热流密度激光作用下含湿多孔材料传热传质数学模型，并采用恰当的数值处理方法进行了数值计算。结果表明，快速高热流密度激光作用下含湿多孔材料的传热传质具有经典热质传递理论难以解释的超常效应－非傅立叶与非费克效应，且非费克效应比非傅立叶效应更明显，较高含湿量的材料在高热流密度激光作用下的非费克效应应予以足够重视。

经典的黄昏与庶民的戏谑

经典指具有权威性的作品或著作,经典意味着意义持久和价值深远,意味着榜样和力量,意味着政治正确、品位纯正。经典是经典化的结果,经典化的过程包括“排座次”、“上皇榜”和“入教材”。大众文化产品的流行破坏了经典化的进程,终止了经典化的美梦,传统的经典也现出了原形:经典的下面掩饰着宰制关系,经典意味着阅读的强制。去经典化势在必行。

非线性原子-腔-光纤系统中的量子关联转移和量子态传输

在光腔被非线性克尔介质充满的原子-腔-光纤系统中,研究了非线性克尔介质对于不同原子系综之间量子态传输和非经典关联(量子纠缠,量子失谐)转移的影响。结果表明非线性克尔介质能够增加目标原子系综间量子态的保真度和非经典关联的数值,减缓保真度和量子关联衰减的速率,从而延长量子态传输和非经典关联转移存在的时间。此外,利用迹距离的度量方法研究了非线性克尔介质对于系统中量子信息流动的影响,发现非线性克尔介质能够减小迹距离衰减的速率,减缓目标原子系综中量子信息的流出,并增加其量子信息存储的时间。