The Foundation of the Classification and Diagnosis Standards for the Constitulions of TCM

The Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) ConstitutionClassification and the Constitutions in Chinese MedicineQuestionnaire (CCMQ) are based on nearly 30 years' researchon physique structure,physiological functions,psychologicalcharacteristics and reactive states.Epidemiology,immunology,molecular biology,genetics,mathematical statistics and multicrosseddisciplines were applied and many arguments were putforward by TCM experts,epidemiological specialists and constitutionexperts to establish the standardization tool Classificationand Diagnosis Standards for the Constitutions of TCM.At thesame time,basic research on constitution classification wasconducted to supply the objective basis of the classification standards.The Standards were used to conduct 21,948 cases ofepidemiological investigation on a national scale and showedgreat applicability,practicability and maneuverability.TheStandards were applied abroad in the medical services of TCMand were also an effective tool in the development of preventivetreatment of diseases by TCM.

Response of silicate chemical composition variation on thermal metamorphism of ordinary chondrites and classification of petrologic types:the case of L chondrites from Grove Mountains,Antarctica

Analysis of the thermal metamorphism of the ordinary chondrites is a key premise for gaining insights into the accretion and heating of rocky bodies in the early solar system.Such an analysis also represents an essential condition for constraining the early thermal and evolutionary histories of asteroids and terrestrial planets.Classifying ordinary chondrites into petrologic type(type 3–6)is the criterion for studying the thermal metamorphism of their parent bodies.However,the boundary between the unequilibrated(type 3)and equilibrated(type 4–6)chondrites is ambiguous at present,thus,limiting the understanding of their thermal metamorphism.In this study,the petrology,mineralogy and chemical composition of a set of seven ordinary chondrites with different degrees of thermal metamorphism collected from Grove Mountains(Antarctica)have been studied.The results demonstrated that these chondrite samples were L3.7,L3.8,L3.9,L3.9/4,L4,L5 and L6 type meteorites,with optimal correlations of Si,Mg,Fe,Mn and Ca with equilibrium degree of the olivine and low-calcium pyroxene and petrologic type.In this respect,the multi-parameter classification standard PMD(SiO2)-PMD(MgO)-PMD(MnO)-PMD(CaO)based on the percent mean deviation(PMD)of the chemical compositions of the olivine and low-calcium pyroxene was proposed to distinguish between the unequilibrated and equilibrated meteorites.The proposed standard exhibited high“resolution”in terms of classification,thus,also deepening the understanding of the effect of the silicate mineral composition in the thermal metamorphism of chondrites.Highlights The chemical groups and petrologic types of the selected seven Antarctic chondrites were L3.7,L3.8,L3.9,L3.9/4,L4,L5 and L6.A new method for petrologic type classification is proposed to distinguish the unequilibrated and equilibrated chondrites.The above developed multi-parameter system exhibited high“resolution”in terms of classification.

A Review on the Classification and Grading Criteria of Road Transport Natural Disasters

This review summarizes and analyzes the basic information of various types of road transport natural disaster emergencies,refers to various types of road transport emergency plans,and combines the actual needs of road transport emergency rescue with national emergency related laws.It also proposes the classification criteria and grading standard for the emergencies of road transport natural disasters based on the classification and grading standard of the regulations,which provide a basis to take reasonable and effective disposal measures in the emergency response of road transport emergencies under natural disaster conditions.

Visualization analysis of the international standard ISO/TC 249 for traditional Chinese medicine

Objective This study proposes to visually review the current situation and progress of standards sets by the International Organization for Standardization/Technical Committee on Traditional Chinese Medicine(ISO/TC 249). The review aims to explore the development strategies of the standards, which will exhibit the considerable impact on the economy, trade and exchanges, and cooperation in the area of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).Methods ISO/TC 249 standards were searched on the ISO website, and their title, proposed time, current stage, scope, and classification were obtained for further summarization. Gephi was utilized to portray the co-occurrence network graph of the ISO/TC 249 standards subject.Results In ISO/TC 249, there were 116 standards, including 81 published standards and 35 developing standards by April 30, 2022. Two withdrawal standards were published after revision, which were not counted in the total standards. The number of published standards has been increasing since the first standard was published in 2014, whose title was “Sterile acupuncture needles for single use”. Among these standards, 17.24%(20/116) standards were in review, 56.03%(65/116) in publication, 3.45%(4/116) in approval, 5.17%(6/116) in enquiry,3.45%(4/116) in committee, and 14.66%(17/116) in preparation, respectively. With 116 standards, most of the research focused on the medicament, as its classification of the International Classification for Standards(ICS) showed the proportion reaching 49.54%. The network analysis data revealed that the top five most frequent words were “materials” “root” “requirements” “products” and “system”, after removing the noise data, such as prepositions,conjunctions, and pronouns. Additionally, the word “system” co-exists with the terms “computerized” “coding” “image” “tongue” and “analysis”;the word “requirement” co-exists with“manufacturing” “decoction” “process” and “materials”;whereas the word “devices” coexists with “pulse” “electric” “skin” and “measurement”.Conclusion With the increased diversification and complexity of problems, the development of standards is also oriented to multidisciplinary fields to cultivate the interdisciplinary talents, and especially the international standardization talents of compound TCM. Multi-angle analysis, formulation, and demonstration of standards, in line with industry needs in different disciplines, enhance the availability of standards and the ability to serve the industry.

Statistical Characteristics of Raindrop Size Distribution in the Tibetan Plateau and Southern China

The characteristics of raindrop size distribution （DSD） over the Tibetan Plateau and southern China are studied in this paper, using the DSD data from April to August 2014 collected by HSC-PS32 disdrometers in Nagqu and Yangjiang, com- prising a total of 9430 and 63661-rain raindrop spectra, respectively. The raindrop spectra, characteristics of parameter variations with rainfall rate, and the relationships between reflectivity factor （Z） and rainfall rate （R） are analyzed, as well as their DSD changes with precipitation type and rainfall rate. The results show that the average raindrop spectra appear to be one-peak curves, the number concentration for larger drops increase significantly with rainfall rate, and its value over southern China is much higher, especially in convective rain larger drops, especially for convective rain in southern China. Standardized Gamma distributions better describe DSD for All three Gamma parameters for stratiform precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau are much higher, while its shape parameter （,u） and mass-weighted mean diameter （Dm）, for convective precipitation, are less. In terms of parameter variation with rainfall rate, the normalized intercept parameter （Nw） over the Tibetan Plateau for stratiform rain increases with rainfall rate, which is opposite to the situation in convective rain. The/1 over the Tibetan Plateau for stratiform and convective precipitation types decreases with an increase in rainfall rate, which is opposite to the case for Dm variation. In Z-R relationships, like ＂Z = ARb＇＇, the coefficient A over the Tibetan Plateau is smaller, while its b is higher, when the rain type transfers from stratiform to convective ones. Furthermore, with an increase in rainfall rate, parameters A and b over southern China increase gradually, while A over the Tibetan Plateau decreases sub- stantially, which differs from the findings of previous studies. In terms of geographic location and climate over the Tibetan Plateau and southern China, the precipitation in the pre-flood seasons is dominated by strong convective rain, while weak convective rain occurs frequently in northern Tibet with lower humidity and higher altitude.

Automatic Classification of Swedish Metadata Using Dewey Decimal Classification:A Comparison of Approaches

Purpose:With more and more digital collections of various information resources becoming available,also increasing is the challenge of assigning subject index terms and classes from quality knowledge organization systems.While the ultimate purpose is to understand the value of automatically produced Dewey Decimal Classification(DDC)classes for Swedish digital collections,the paper aims to evaluate the performance of six machine learning algorithms as well as a string-matching algorithm based on characteristics of DDC.Design/methodology/approach:State-of-the-art machine learning algorithms require at least 1,000 training examples per class.The complete data set at the time of research involved 143,838 records which had to be reduced to top three hierarchical levels of DDC in order to provide sufficient training data(totaling 802 classes in the training and testing sample,out of 14,413 classes at all levels).Findings:Evaluation shows that Support Vector Machine with linear kernel outperforms other machine learning algorithms as well as the string-matching algorithm on average;the string-matching algorithm outperforms machine learning for specific classes when characteristics of DDC are most suitable for the task.Word embeddings combined with different types of neural networks(simple linear network,standard neural network,1 D convolutional neural network,and recurrent neural network)produced worse results than Support Vector Machine,but reach close results,with the benefit of a smaller representation size.Impact of features in machine learning shows that using keywords or combining titles and keywords gives better results than using only titles as input.Stemming only marginally improves the results.Removed stop-words reduced accuracy in most cases,while removing less frequent words increased it marginally.The greatest impact is produced by the number of training examples:81.90%accuracy on the training set is achieved when at least 1,000 records per class are available in the training set,and 66.13%when too few records(often less than A Comparison of Approaches100 per class)on which to train are available—and these hold only for top 3 hierarchical levels(803 instead of 14,413 classes).Research limitations:Having to reduce the number of hierarchical levels to top three levels of DDC because of the lack of training data for all classes,skews the results so that they work in experimental conditions but barely for end users in operational retrieval systems.Practical implications:In conclusion,for operative information retrieval systems applying purely automatic DDC does not work,either using machine learning(because of the lack of training data for the large number of DDC classes)or using string-matching algorithm(because DDC characteristics perform well for automatic classification only in a small number of classes).Over time,more training examples may become available,and DDC may be enriched with synonyms in order to enhance accuracy of automatic classification which may also benefit information retrieval performance based on DDC.In order for quality information services to reach the objective of highest possible precision and recall,automatic classification should never be implemented on its own;instead,machine-aided indexing that combines the efficiency of automatic suggestions with quality of human decisions at the final stage should be the way for the future.Originality/value:The study explored machine learning on a large classification system of over 14,000 classes which is used in operational information retrieval systems.Due to lack of sufficient training data across the entire set of classes,an approach complementing machine learning,that of string matching,was applied.This combination should be explored further since it provides the potential for real-life applications with large target classification systems.

中国大健康产业统计分类与产业规模再测算

由于产业间深度融合,新业态、新模式持续涌现,健康产业的边界不断拓展,原有的健康产业统计分类已不能满足大健康产业的统计需要,官方统计也未测算出健康产业增加值,无法全面、及时反映大健康产业的发展状况。因此,文章首先在健康产业基础上从供给和需求角度界定并拓展大健康产业的内涵及外延;其次,在《健康产业统计分类(2019)》的基础上,基于国民经济核算理论,引入“大健康总产品”概念,聚焦“全生命周期”和“全人群”两个着力点,从全产业链产品供给及全口径人群健康需求两个视角探讨大健康产业统计分类标准,补充和完善大健康产业统计分类;最后,依据现有的投入产出表、经济普查及统计年鉴数据,计算各行业的大健康分离系数,据此推算我国大健康产业及健康服务业增加值。结果显示:2018年我国大健康产业增加值为10.27万亿元,其中健康服务业增加值为7.04万亿元,预测2020年、2030年健康服务业增加值分别为8.46万亿元、21.27万亿元,基本符合《“健康中国2030”规划纲要》对健康服务业发展规模的预期。

NIM5驾驭氢钟守时能力分析

时间频率量值源头的独立自主是建设我国综合PNT体系的重要基础。为进一步评估基于我国国家秒长基准的原子时标守时能力,利用改进的有限脉冲响应钟差预测与频率调控方法,对激光冷却铯原子喷泉钟与氢钟的频差实测数据进行后处理,分别产生了自主型时标和溯源型时标。通过国际原子时合作链路将两个时标与协调世界时进行了长期比对实验,结果表明:2021年12月~2022年12月期间,两个时标的时间偏差均优于±4 ns、频率稳定度均优于8×10^(-16)/5 d。

标准文献CNMARC格式分类标引的探讨

随着行业标准化、规范化要求的提高,图书馆收藏的标准文献不断增加。国际标准分类号和中国标准分类号是标准文献检索的重要途径。CALIS联合编目中心和国家图书馆对标准文献分类标引没有明确的规则。在CALIS和国家图书馆联合目录数据库中,标准文献都只标引中国图书馆分类法分类号,缺少标准文献专业分类号。编目人员应结合标准文献特点,依据CNMARC格式的686字段属性更规范、更完整地标引标准文献分类。

草地培育的内涵和方法

草地培育在草业科学理论指导下,通过一系列草地管理措施,解决草-畜供需季节性不平衡这一根本性矛盾,提高和完善草业系统的结构与功能。根据草地培育的作用目标或其尺度与属性、实施主体有5种划分方法。主要包括封育、休牧、划破、补播、施肥、灌溉、火烧、放牧、人工增雨、研学旅游、智慧管理、政策法规等,这些方法通过改变草业系统或其组分而融入草畜反馈机制。草地培育遵循产业化、慎重改造、综合性和尺度对应等原则,集成技术之间协同或叠加,效果达到超饱和或盈饱和,关键是确定生态系统对培育措施的适应期、响应期和饱和期3组阈值。草地培育建立以放牧为基础的边牧边育的模式,重视“有害”生物作为生态系统不可替代的组分及其资源属性,建设以草地健康水平为基础的标准化的草地培育流程,推动智能化、机械化、规模化作业,提高培育效率和效益。

中国海洋自然资源调查现状与展望

海洋自然资源是国民经济和社会发展的重要保障,也是海洋强国建设和生态文明建设的必要基础。为全力支撑自然资源部履行“两统一”职责(统一行使全民所有自然资源资产所有者职责和统一行使所有国土空间用途管制和生态保护修复职责),中国地质调查局组织实施海洋自然资源综合调查评价,开展我国重点海域海洋自然资源综合调查与评价试点示范。基于我国已开展的海洋自然资源相关的综合性调查评价数据资料,结合我国重点海域海洋地质、海洋生物、物理海洋等补充调查评价结果,基本查明了我国海洋矿产、海洋能、海洋生物、海洋空间等海洋自然资源的主要特征;通过梳理总结国内外自然资源体系研究进展,基于我国基本国情,以自然资源科学和地球系统科学理论为指导,面向自然资源综合管理为基本原则,结合资源自然属性和国家相关法律法规,初步提出了涉及多学科、多门类的海洋自然资源三级分类体系,从分类体系、空间分层、工作流程等不同角度,提出了3种构建海洋自然资源调查标准体系的方法。下一步,将大力加强地质科技创新能力,加快构建动态海洋自然资源数据库,快速提升海洋自然资源公益服务水平,进一步完善海洋自然资源综合监测体系,推动海洋自然资源工作高质量发展。

稠油开发技术进展及新分类标准建立与应用实践——以胜利油田稠油开发为例

稠油油藏是一种重要的战略资源,对保障国家能源安全起到重要的作用。国内外稠油开发主要有蒸汽吞吐、蒸汽驱、驱泄复合(SAGD)、火烧驱油4项技术,受技术适应性、成本高及对环境不友好的影响,其推广和运用存在一定局限性。胜利油田根据自身油藏特点,形成了薄层水平井、热化学复合和化学降黏3项新技术,拓展了开发技术界限,使稠油油藏开发的有效厚度界限低至2m、油藏埋深为2000 m、储层渗透率界限低至100×10^(-3)µm^(2)。根据各项技术特点和矿场应用效果,建立了以技术适应性为基础的稠油新分类标准,把稠油油藏分为5大类,指导矿场稠油开发技术方向的选择。结合目前技术发展方向和新的形势要求,指出“多元热复合”“非热力开发”“纳米材料应用”将是稠油开发技术3个趋势。

SAC分类在口腔种植规培教学中的探索与实践

目的探索SAC分类[简单(simple,S),复杂(advanced,A)和高度复杂(complex,C)分类]在口腔种植规培教学中的应用。方法根据SAC分类将口腔种植规范化培训内容分为3个阶段:初级阶段、中级阶段和高级阶段。采用进阶式教学对学员进行分流;采用双盲方式对学员成绩进行评判;使用调查问卷收集学员对教学的满意度。结果92.98%以上的学员认为课程内容难易适中,收获很大。结论SAC分类的使用能够在口腔种植规培教学中因材施教,有效提高学员知识水平,是口腔规范化培训教学中一种新的探索。

专业技术类职业与技能类职业的差异、划分与职业标准建设

专业技术人员与技能人员是职业分类的两个相关类别,但在分类过程中,一些“跨界”职业究竟应如何归类尚存争议,且此科分类事关后续职业标准开发、人才队伍建设、技能等级评价(或专业技术等级考核)等,亟需深入研究。基于对职业分类的功能作用、职业分类大典的修订背景的梳理,通过回溯《中华人民共和国职业分类大典(2022年版)》修订过程,凝练出科学划分专业技术类职业和技能类职业的依据,尝试建立判定两类职业表述和专业技术或技能等级描述的标准话语体系,为两类人员职业生涯的贯通、接续发展提供依据,旨在为完善我国现代职业分类、职业标准体系提供理论基础。

基于智能化矿山数据分类与编码规范的元数据标准构建方法

目前智能化矿山建设面临数据标准不健全、多源异构数据集成难度大、共享机制有待完善等问题。建立统一的智能化矿山元数据标准,对形成多源异构数据融合共享机制具有重要意义。基于智能化矿山数据分类与编码规范,研究了智能化矿山元数据标准构建方法,明确了元数据标准构建是对数据分类与编码的延伸研究与价值挖掘。定义了元数据实体与元数据属性的内涵,设计了包含基础描述框架与扩展描述框架的智能化矿山元数据描述框架,给出了反映智能化矿山业务场景特征的基础元数据属性描述项和智能化矿山数据分类与编码规范中基础类、生产类、安全类、管理类4大主题域组的拓展元数据属性描述项,从而构成元数据标准。以生产主题域组中采煤机惯导系统的惯导传感器为例,介绍了元数据标准的构建过程。基于智能化矿山数据分类与编码规范构建元数据标准,可以解决多源异构数据的融合与共享问题,促使矿山企业更加高效地管理、分析和应用数据,提高矿山数据治理的智能化水平。

国际标准行业分类的演化进展、标准更新与中国启示

行业分类的科学建立、及时更新和有效实施对国民经济发展具有重要意义。在行业分类体系中,联合国发布的《国际标准行业分类》(ISIC)最具影响力,是各国行业分类标准制定的风向标。以ISIC的国际进展为研究主线,系统梳理ISIC的发展历程,从差异性角度剖析ISIC各个版本在分类原则、分类结构、符号体系等方面的演变规律,并归纳总结最新版ISIC Rev.5的基本结构和主要变化。之后,结合我国经济发展现状和统计工作需要,分析ISIC更新对我国国民经济行业分类标准修订工作的启示,以期探寻我国国民经济行业分类的优化路径。

云南施甸土地质量地球化学空间分布特征

基于云南省施甸县1∶5万土地质量地球化学调查评价相关数据成果,分析了土壤pH、土壤养分、土壤环境质量、土壤质量、土地质量及一般富硒土等级划分标准及空间分布特征,并在调查区划定了一般富硒土地资源(Se平均值0.5mg/kg),面积233.32km 2,为发展富硒特色农业奠定了基础。

国内外增材制造标准建设现状及分析

为规范和指导增材制造技术的发展以及推动国内增材制造标准建设,介绍了由ISO/TC 261与ASTM F42联合发布的国外标准体系框架,以及由全国增材制造标准化技术委员会SAC/TC562发布的国内增材制造标准体系框架,并结合现有标准框架对国际标准化组织(ISO)增材制造标准、美国材料实验协会(ASTM)增材制造标准、国际自动机工程师学会(SAE)增材制造标准,以及国内增材制造国家标准、行业标准、地方标准、团体标准展开分类和研究。同时结合增材制造标准体系建设、质量认证、政策规划、行业应用等对国内外现有的增材制造标准展开了全面的对比分析。结果表明,ISO发布的增材制造标准大多为通用标准,而ASTM和SAE则以专用标准为主。国内方面,国家标准以关键技术标准为主,而行业标准则集中在航空航天、医疗器械等领域。标准建设方面国内标准更关注特定工艺、材料等而国外标准则涉及到资质认可和制造规范的要求。

面向新标准的矿山资源储量管理系统研发与应用

针对新标准发布后矿山资源储量信息化管理现状,通过梳理新储量分类标准下的储量管理流程,提出将矿业软件与管理系统相结合的资源储量管理模式。在进行系统需求分析的基础上,对系统主要功能模块及数据流转过程进行了梳理与设计,基于新标准内容完成采场储量管理流程更新,以资源储量信息化管理功能需求及数据需求为依据,运用软件工程技术建立适用于矿山生产实际的储量管理系统。基于Python GUI编程语言完成各个功能和窗体的设计,形成可交互的系统界面,对其中控件添加槽函数并完成程序打包,形成了储量管理信息化工具。通过数据互通提高资源储量数据的科学可靠性,并结合时间轴实现储量数据的动态管理,实现了新旧标准转换、资源储量分级、三维可视化展示、储量管理、报表生成、用户管理等功能,充分发挥了矿业软件资源储量估算优势,形成满足矿山当前需求的储量管理方法及工具,对矿山后续储量划分起到指导作用,为后续矿山开拓、采准等工作奠定了基础。

西北地区农村生活污水排放标准对比及分析

西北地区农村生活污水整体治理率低于全国平均水平,为有效提升区域农村污水治理率,提高当地村落水环境管理水平,西北各省(自治区)政府陆续颁布农村生活污水处理污染物排放标准。通过剖析山西省、陕西省、甘肃省、青海省、宁夏回族自治区、新疆维吾尔自治区和内蒙古自治区七省(自治区)农村生活污水排放标准与《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》和《农田灌溉水质标准》,发现西北七省(自治区)标准分级主要基于地表水环境质量标准和处理设施规模两方面进行划分,且各地标准在控制指标选取上与城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准基本一致,但标准限值相对宽松。同时,西北七省(自治区)三级标准均可满足西北地区农田灌溉水质要求,其中内蒙古、甘肃和新疆更是作出了明确规定。此外,通过深入总结分析西北地区农村生活污水排放标准,可引导地方农村生活污水治理从执着于《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》到优先考虑适宜区域的地方标准,更可为西北地区优选农村生活污水处理适用技术与治理模式提供思路,进而有助于提升地方政府的农村水环境治理相关政策决策水平。