Extracellular vesicles are released by all cell types and contain proteins,microRNAs,mRNAs,and other bioactive molecules.Extracellular vesicles play an important role in intercellular communication and in the modulati...Extracellular vesicles are released by all cell types and contain proteins,microRNAs,mRNAs,and other bioactive molecules.Extracellular vesicles play an important role in intercellular communication and in the modulation of the immune system and neuroinflammation.The cargo of extra cellular vesicles(e.g.,proteins and microRNAs)is altered in pathological situations.Extracellular vesicles contribute to the pathogenesis of many pathologies associated with sustained inflammation and neuroinflammation,including cance r,diabetes,hype rammonemia and hepatic encephalopathy,and other neurological and neurodegenerative diseases.Extracellular vesicles may cross the blood-brain barrier and transfer pathological signals from the periphery to the brain.This contributes to inducing neuroinflammation and cognitive and motor impairment in hyperammonemia and hepatic encephalopathy and in neurodegenerative diseases.The mechanisms involved are beginning to be unde rstood.For example,increased tumor necrosis factor a in extracellular vesicles from plasma of hype rammonemic rats induces neuroinflammation and motor impairment when injected into normal rats.Identifying the mechanisms by which extracellular vesicles contribute to the pathogenesis of these diseases will help to develop new treatments and diagnostic tools for their easy and early detection.In contrast,extra cellular vesicles from mesenchymal stem cells have therapeutic utility in many of the above pathologies,by reducing inflammation and neuroinflammation and improving cognitive and motor function.These extra cellular vesicles recapitulate the beneficial effects of mesenchymal stem cells and have advantages as therapeutic tools:they are less immunoge nic,may not diffe rentiate to malignant cells,cross the blood-brain barrier,and may reach more easily target organs.Extracellular vesicles from mesenchymal stem cells have beneficial effects in models of ischemic brain injury,Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases,hyperammonemia,and hepatic encephalopathy.Extracellular vesicles from mesenchymal stem cells modulate the immune system,promoting the shift from a pro-inflammato ry to an anti-inflammatory state.For example,extracellular vesicles from mesenchymal stem cells modulate the Th17/Treg balance,promoting the anti-inflammatory Treg.Extracellular vesicles from mesenchymal stem cells may also act directly in the brain to modulate microglia activation,promoting a shift from a pro-inflammatory to an anti-inflammatory state.This reduces neuroinflammation and improves cognitive and motor function.Two main components of extracellular vesicles from mesenchymal stem cells which contribute to these beneficial effects are transforming growth factor-βand miR-124.Identifying the mechanisms by which extracellular vesicles from mesenchymal stem cells induce the beneficial effects and the main molecules(e.g.,proteins and mRNAs)involved may help to improve their therapeutic utility.The aims of this review are to summarize the knowledge of the pathological effects of extracellular vesicles in different pathologies,the therapeutic potential of extra cellular vesicles from mesenchymal stem cells to recover cognitive and motor function and the molecular mechanisms for these beneficial effects on neurological function.展开更多
Near infrared spectroscopy(NIRS)is generally accepted as a functional brain imaging technology for brain activation study.With multichannel highly sensitive NIRS instruments,it has become possible to assess functional...Near infrared spectroscopy(NIRS)is generally accepted as a functional brain imaging technology for brain activation study.With multichannel highly sensitive NIRS instruments,it has become possible to assess functional connectivity of different brain negions by NIRS.However,the feasibility needs to be validated in complex cognitive activities.In this study,we recorded the hemodynamic activity of the bilateral prefrontal cortex(PFC)during a color-word matching Stroop task.Wavelet transform coberence(WTC)analysis was applied to ascss the functional conectivity of all homologous channel pairs within the left/right PFC.Both the behavioral and brain activ ation results showed signifcant Stroop effects.The results of WTC analysis revealed that,bilateral functional connectivity was significantly stronger during both the incongruent stimuli and neutral stimuli compared to that of the rest period.It also showed significant Stroop effect.Our findings demonstrate that,NIRS bcomes a valuable tool to elucidate the functional conectivity of brain cortex in complex cognitive activities.展开更多
In examining the historical changes in cognitive psychology from 1895 to 1949, it is necessary to transform cognitive psychology into cognitive practice. In the late Qing and early Republic era(1895-1919), cognitive p...In examining the historical changes in cognitive psychology from 1895 to 1949, it is necessary to transform cognitive psychology into cognitive practice. In the late Qing and early Republic era(1895-1919), cognitive practice mainly appeared as the cognition of the sick at heart. Against the background of the late Qing importation of Western learning aimed at securing national salvation, the intellectual class, represented by Tan Sitong,hastily dressed the wound to the traditional Chinese learning of Heaven and man inflicted by late nineteenth century scientific knowledge from Europe and America. They regarded cognition as the understanding gained in the practice of self-cultivation, as affording man a spiritual resting place between Heaven and Earth. By the time of the Republic of China(1920-1949), the main form of cognitive practice had become ghostly cognition.Under the banner of saving the country by means of science, higher education researchers,represented by Lu Zhiwei, explored cognition with the help of such intermediaries as physiological mechanisms and language structure. Men could easily become ghosts trapped in intermediaries when they plunged into the conceptual world in search of truth,as their cognitive practice evolved into the conceptual grasp of ghosts. This ghostly cognition continued into later information processing psychology and was disseminated among the mass of the public. A deeper level of the cognition of the sick at heart remains for future study, on the lengthy road home.展开更多
目的探讨奥拉西坦联合丁苯酞对非痴呆型血管性认知障碍(vascular cognitive impairment of non-dementia,VCIND)患者的临床疗效。方法将64例VCIND患者随机分为对照组与联合组,每组32例。2组均接受常规治疗,对照组给予奥拉西坦治疗,联合...目的探讨奥拉西坦联合丁苯酞对非痴呆型血管性认知障碍(vascular cognitive impairment of non-dementia,VCIND)患者的临床疗效。方法将64例VCIND患者随机分为对照组与联合组,每组32例。2组均接受常规治疗,对照组给予奥拉西坦治疗,联合组给予奥拉西坦联合丁苯酞治疗,疗程为3个月。比较2组患者治疗前后蒙特利尔认知评估量表(Montreal cognitive assessment scale,MoCA)评分、简易精神状态评价量表(mini mental state evaluation scale,MMSE)、美国国立卫生院卒中量表(national institutes of health stroke scale,NIHSS)评分和日常生活活动能力量表(activity of daily living scale,ADL)评分,检测血清转化生长因子-β(transforming growth factor-β,TGF-β)、基质金属蛋白酶-9(matrix metalloproteinase-9,MMP-9)、抗凋亡因子(anti-apoptotic factor,Livin)、神经元特异性烯醇化酶(neuron-specific enolase,NSE)和神经生长因子(nerve growth factor,NGF)水平的变化,检测脑血管平均血流速度(mean velocity,V_(m))、动脉搏动指数(pulsatility index,PI)与阻力指数(resistance index,RI)。结果治疗后,2组MoCA、MMSE和ADL评分均升高,NIHSS评分均降低,且联合组MoCA、MMSE和ADL评分显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。2组脑血管V_(m)均升高,PI和RI均降低,且联合组显著优于对照组(P<0.05);2组血清MMP-9NSE均降低,TGF-β、Livin和NGF水平均升高,且联合组显著优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论奥拉西坦联合丁苯酞治疗VCIND可有效改善患者的脑血管功能,保护神经功能及认知功能,其机制可能与纠正血清TGF-β、MMP-9、Livin、NSE及NGF水平有关。展开更多
基金supported in part by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion Spain(PID2020-113388RB-I00 to VF and PID2021-124359OB-100 to VMM)Conselleria Educacion Generalitat Valenciana(CIPROM/2021/082 to VF)co-funded with European Regional Development Funds(ERDF)to VF and VMM。
文摘Extracellular vesicles are released by all cell types and contain proteins,microRNAs,mRNAs,and other bioactive molecules.Extracellular vesicles play an important role in intercellular communication and in the modulation of the immune system and neuroinflammation.The cargo of extra cellular vesicles(e.g.,proteins and microRNAs)is altered in pathological situations.Extracellular vesicles contribute to the pathogenesis of many pathologies associated with sustained inflammation and neuroinflammation,including cance r,diabetes,hype rammonemia and hepatic encephalopathy,and other neurological and neurodegenerative diseases.Extracellular vesicles may cross the blood-brain barrier and transfer pathological signals from the periphery to the brain.This contributes to inducing neuroinflammation and cognitive and motor impairment in hyperammonemia and hepatic encephalopathy and in neurodegenerative diseases.The mechanisms involved are beginning to be unde rstood.For example,increased tumor necrosis factor a in extracellular vesicles from plasma of hype rammonemic rats induces neuroinflammation and motor impairment when injected into normal rats.Identifying the mechanisms by which extracellular vesicles contribute to the pathogenesis of these diseases will help to develop new treatments and diagnostic tools for their easy and early detection.In contrast,extra cellular vesicles from mesenchymal stem cells have therapeutic utility in many of the above pathologies,by reducing inflammation and neuroinflammation and improving cognitive and motor function.These extra cellular vesicles recapitulate the beneficial effects of mesenchymal stem cells and have advantages as therapeutic tools:they are less immunoge nic,may not diffe rentiate to malignant cells,cross the blood-brain barrier,and may reach more easily target organs.Extracellular vesicles from mesenchymal stem cells have beneficial effects in models of ischemic brain injury,Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases,hyperammonemia,and hepatic encephalopathy.Extracellular vesicles from mesenchymal stem cells modulate the immune system,promoting the shift from a pro-inflammato ry to an anti-inflammatory state.For example,extracellular vesicles from mesenchymal stem cells modulate the Th17/Treg balance,promoting the anti-inflammatory Treg.Extracellular vesicles from mesenchymal stem cells may also act directly in the brain to modulate microglia activation,promoting a shift from a pro-inflammatory to an anti-inflammatory state.This reduces neuroinflammation and improves cognitive and motor function.Two main components of extracellular vesicles from mesenchymal stem cells which contribute to these beneficial effects are transforming growth factor-βand miR-124.Identifying the mechanisms by which extracellular vesicles from mesenchymal stem cells induce the beneficial effects and the main molecules(e.g.,proteins and mRNAs)involved may help to improve their therapeutic utility.The aims of this review are to summarize the knowledge of the pathological effects of extracellular vesicles in different pathologies,the therapeutic potential of extra cellular vesicles from mesenchymal stem cells to recover cognitive and motor function and the molecular mechanisms for these beneficial effects on neurological function.
基金supported by the Science Fund for Creative Research Group of China(Grant No.61121004)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.61078072)863 Program(Grant No.2012AA02A602).
文摘Near infrared spectroscopy(NIRS)is generally accepted as a functional brain imaging technology for brain activation study.With multichannel highly sensitive NIRS instruments,it has become possible to assess functional connectivity of different brain negions by NIRS.However,the feasibility needs to be validated in complex cognitive activities.In this study,we recorded the hemodynamic activity of the bilateral prefrontal cortex(PFC)during a color-word matching Stroop task.Wavelet transform coberence(WTC)analysis was applied to ascss the functional conectivity of all homologous channel pairs within the left/right PFC.Both the behavioral and brain activ ation results showed signifcant Stroop effects.The results of WTC analysis revealed that,bilateral functional connectivity was significantly stronger during both the incongruent stimuli and neutral stimuli compared to that of the rest period.It also showed significant Stroop effect.Our findings demonstrate that,NIRS bcomes a valuable tool to elucidate the functional conectivity of brain cortex in complex cognitive activities.
文摘In examining the historical changes in cognitive psychology from 1895 to 1949, it is necessary to transform cognitive psychology into cognitive practice. In the late Qing and early Republic era(1895-1919), cognitive practice mainly appeared as the cognition of the sick at heart. Against the background of the late Qing importation of Western learning aimed at securing national salvation, the intellectual class, represented by Tan Sitong,hastily dressed the wound to the traditional Chinese learning of Heaven and man inflicted by late nineteenth century scientific knowledge from Europe and America. They regarded cognition as the understanding gained in the practice of self-cultivation, as affording man a spiritual resting place between Heaven and Earth. By the time of the Republic of China(1920-1949), the main form of cognitive practice had become ghostly cognition.Under the banner of saving the country by means of science, higher education researchers,represented by Lu Zhiwei, explored cognition with the help of such intermediaries as physiological mechanisms and language structure. Men could easily become ghosts trapped in intermediaries when they plunged into the conceptual world in search of truth,as their cognitive practice evolved into the conceptual grasp of ghosts. This ghostly cognition continued into later information processing psychology and was disseminated among the mass of the public. A deeper level of the cognition of the sick at heart remains for future study, on the lengthy road home.
