Application of optimal harvesting decision model to the analysis of Chinese forestry economic policy

This paper firstly extends the single period forest optimal harvesting decision model to infinite periods,in order to indicate how to determine the optimal rotation period aimed at maximizing forest revenue in all directions when repeat planting and harvesting trees on the same plot of earth till infinite future.The study also analyzes the influence of discounted rates,timber price,harvesting costs,planting costs,and tax on the determination of optimal rotation period;and how the optimal rotation period will change when we introduce the factors of continuously rising timber price and ecological revenue.Secondly,the authors introduce the intergenerational equity principle into the above model to design a resource-exploiting mode which satisfies bom the dynamic efficiency principle and the intergenerational equity principle.Last but not least,the research applies the above model to the analysis of Chinese forestry economic policy and explains the economic theory of institutions such as Government Purchasing Ecological Forest,Tree Compensation,and Forestry Subsidization,which provides a necessary theoretical foundation for future application of these new institutions.Besides,in regard to mis theoretical framework,the authors analyze the necessity of the Natural Forest Protection and Grain for Green projects which are currently being implemented in China.We also point out the emphasis of work to insure the project sustainable and successful.Finally,the research discusses the enterprise's incentive to over-the-quota harvesting and the government's means of restricting such behavior,which highlights the fact mat improved supervision and higher penalties are helpful in restricting over-the-quota harvesting.

Benefit measurement of the soil and water conservation for ecological forestry engineering

Data were collected from Three-north Region, Middle and upper reaches region of Yangtze River and Coastal region. By analysis of factors influencing soil erosion, the longitude, latitude, annual precipitation, and the slope degree were selected as regional independent variables and canopy density and stock litter were selected as independent variables, and integral diffusing models were established for evaluation of the benefit of soil and water conservation of forest. By solving the parameters of models using the package of STATISTICA, the Power function between independent variables and dependent variables was set up. The soil conservation amount of forest and economic values were estimated using the contrast method for the ecological forestry engineering of the above three areas.

A study of benef its compensation mechanism for agricultural water rights trading under the restriction of ecological reconstruction:a case study of Shiyang River basin

Agricultural water allocation system based on priority rights has caused regional conflicts and downstream ecological degradation. It is the urgent need to introduce the concept of the initial water rights and establish benefits compensation mechanism to resolve such problems. This paper takes the Shiyang River basin as an example to calculate the opportunity cost of 0.97×10^8 m^3 of agricultural water encroached by the middle reach based on initial water right allocation system under which water is allocated in accordance with the ratio between agricultural population of two different regions concerning the downstream ecological reconstruction needs with Bio-economic model （BEM）. The results suggest that the total economic loss of Minqin County for ecological reconstruction amounts to 2.5 7×10^8 yuan, of which 1.68×10^8 yuan is ecological compensation, representing the economic loss Minqin suffered for ecological reconstruction which shouM burden beneficial groups of ecological reconstruction and 0.89 ×10^8 yuan is the economic loss Minqin suffered due to Liangzhou＇s encroachment behavior which should be compensated by Liangzhou.

A discussion on compensation of forest ecological engineering benefit

On the basis of analysis of the present situation of the ecological benefit compensation in China and foreign countries, this paper discusses the necessity, principle and approach of establishing the compensation mechanism of forest ecological benefit, as well as compensation standard in order to provide scientific basis for further perfecting the compensation mechanism of forest ecological engineering benefit in China. It is suggested that setting up the compensation mechanism of forest ecological benefit can not only provide the steady funds source of managing and protecting forest resources, but resolve radically the dynamic and mechanism problems of commonweal forest ecological engineering construction, which will produce a widespread and profound influence on China forestry and ecological construction.

Empirical Analysis of Factors Influencing Compensation for Non-commercial Forests under CVM

Based on non-commercial forests in Kunming City,this article conducts survey of 506 households in Kunming City to evaluate their willingness to pay ecological benefit of non-commercial forests,using Contingent Valuation Method(CVM);to analyze factors influencing their willingness to compensate for non-commercial forests,using multivariate statistical analysis method.The results show that income,educational level, housing ownership,outdoor exercise time,whether to be concerned about environmental problems,frequency of obtaining forest-related information monthly and whether understanding non-commercial forests or not,are the most principal factors influencing willingness to pay.

Progress in the Research on Benefit-sharing and Ecological Compensation Mechanisms for Transboundary Rivers

Transboundary rivers have important geopolitical and geo-economic connotations, but riparian states of transboundary rivers are often driven by their own rapid population growth and economic development to become involved in regional conflicts about the development and use of water resources. Therefore, finding a balance between the need for fair and reasonable development of water resources and the effective protection of environment from an ecological perspective has become a major problem faced by the international community. This paper begins with consideration of international water laws related to transboundary rivers and then reviews advances in the research on benefit-sharing, ecological compensation mechanisms, and adaptive management systems. We believe that existing international water laws form a complete legal system and that more attention needs to be paid to transboundary cooperation and sustainable water resource use. With respect to how transboundary water conflicts are resolved, there is a trend to move away from single water resource allocation（a zero-sum game） to benefit-sharing in order to achieve a win-win situation for riparian states, but there are still some difficulties in transboundary ecological compensation. In China, the central government has paid attention to horizontal ecological compensation between upstream and downstream, offering guidance to promote establishment of inter-province ecological compensation. Based on existing practice, horizontal ecological compensations are still in their infancy, small in scale, supported by a weak legal system, lacking market mechanisms to encourage their use and relying on fiscal transfers as the method of payment. In the future, China will need to intensify its research on legal system development, international cooperation, and benefit-sharing as these impact transboundary water resources. Because government can be seen as a management department with multiple identities（enabler, regulator and buyer）, to improve adaptive transboundary ecological compensation mechanisms, government must develop as soon as possible data sharing platforms, standards of water consumption behaviors and intergovernmental policies（or ordinances）.

论自然资源国家所有权损害赔偿制度

自然资源国家所有权的规定在《中华人民共和国宪法》《中华人民共和国民法典》,以及自然资源各单行法中都有体现,是构成自然资源国家所有权损害赔偿的法益基础。《中华人民共和国种子法》《中华人民共和国畜牧法》等条款中规定国家对自然资源享有主权,主权当然应包括所有权的内容。因自然资源种类差异,在其国家所有权受损时赔偿救济规范和结果不尽相同。因自然资源国家所有权的传统行政、民事、刑事等救济方面均存在不足,环境公益诉讼又不足以涵盖自然资源国家所有权损害救济的范围。需从山水林田湖草沙系统化治理的角度,对自然资源国家所有权兼具公私属性予以认识,并进行相关利益衡平考量。对于自然资源国家所有权损害提起生态环境损害赔偿已有规定,并出现了一批相关司法案例。生态环境损害赔偿制度体现和公权和私权的结合,海洋自然资源和生态损害公益诉讼奠定了基调,自然资源国家所有权损害可直接适用生态环境损害赔偿制度。在适用生态环境损害赔偿诉讼程序时可与环境公益诉讼合并审理,有利于节约立法、执法和司法成本,是最优选。

森林横向生态补偿政策对受偿地区的经济影响效应——基于福建、江西、浙江和广东四省的准自然实验研究

福建省是国内最早开展森林横向生态补偿的省份之一,但其政策效果尚待验证。论文选取福建省南平、三明和龙岩三市作为实验组,以与福建省相邻的广东、江西和浙江三省的42个地级市作为对照组,基于2004—2020年的数据,采用双重差分法分析森林横向生态补偿政策对受偿地区经济发展的影响效应。结果表明:(1)研究期内福建省森林横向生态补偿政策显著推动了受偿地区的经济发展,且呈现持续性促进作用。(2)该政策主要通过优化产业结构、提高固定资产投资水平促进经济发展。(3)劳动力投入和交通基础设施投入对受偿地区的经济发展尚未发挥出正向作用,而教育支出和科技支出对受偿地区经济发展的影响不显著。据此,论文提出了相应的政策建议。

企业破产视域下生态环境损害赔偿利益实现路径探究

生态环境损害赔偿利益的实现取决于责任主体的实际履行能力,有必要从企业破产角度审视生态环境损害赔偿利益的实现路径。现行破产法清偿顺位下,作为公益债权的生态环境损害赔偿之债不仅不具备优先性,反而应归入劣后债权,这就意味着企业一旦破产,环境保护利益将会落空。为此,文章认为应贯彻环境保护与经济发展相协调的理念,在整个环境诉讼过程中充分运用磋商机制,针对企业困境程度采取差异化司法处置措施,并适度提高生态环境损害赔偿债权在破产中的清偿顺位,全面实施环境侵权责任强制保险制度,探索在破产管理人协会层面建立破产企业环境保护基金制度。

Relationship of Stakeholders in Protected Areas and Tourism Ecological Compensation: A Case Study of Sanya Coral Reef National Nature Reserve in China

The first step to defining the rights,responsibilities and interests of stakeholders and constructing a compensation mechanism is to identify the stakeholders and clarify their mutual relationships.Nature reserves are complex ecosystems involving nature,the economy and society.There exists a conflict between the public welfare benefits of ecological conservation and the private gains to be realized from social and economic development.There also exist in a nature reserve complex relationships among stakeholders,involving the utilization of ecological resources,ecological conservation and ecological-economic interests.The introduction of tourism brings substantial changes to the existing stakeholder benefit structure in a nature reserve.The implementation of tourism ecological compensation（tourism payment for ecological service）is a process for redefining the distribution of rights,responsibilities and profits among stakeholders and it is also an essential way to balance the interests of the stakeholders.This paper uses a case study of Sanya Coral Reef National Nature Reserve in China to examine the characteristics of stakeholders and analyze their interests.According to the method for defining basic attributes proposed by Mitchel and other scholars,in cases of tourism ecological compensation,stakeholders can be classified as definitive stakeholders,expectant stakeholders and latent stakeholders.This paper applies these classifications and then analyzes the relationships between the rights and responsibilities of these stakeholders and how these change after the implementation of compensation.Additionally,based on the impact compensation has on different stakeholders,changes in the relationships can be analyzed and the structure of the stakeholders can be modelled.This case study of the Sanya Coral Reef National Nature Reserve illustrates the operationalization of a new mechanism for tourism ecological compensation.The paper illustrates a method for coordinating the relationships among the stakeholders involved with this national-level nature reserve.

基于生态视角的粮食产销区横向利益补偿机制研究

建立粮食产销区省际横向利益补偿机制作为平衡粮食主产区和主销区之间经济利益的制度安排,对于提高粮食主产区种粮积极性和保障国家粮食安全意义重大。基于经济和生态视角,充分考虑主产区发展的显隐性损失,从粮食运输损耗、耕地隐性成本、劳动力隐性成本、农业碳收支、农业水资源等方面综合测算粮食产销区间横向利益补偿标准及补偿额度。结果表明,2013—2022年粮食产销区利益补偿额度不断增加,10年间增加了9.5%,其中,耕地隐性成本和劳动力隐性成本构成了利益补偿的最主要部分,占总补偿额度的95%以上;主产区粮食种植带来了极大的生态效益,主产区农业净碳值从2013年的10352.42万吨增长到2022年的14574.64万吨;黑龙江、内蒙古作为产粮大省,其经济和生态受偿额度均在主产区中居于前列,占全国总补偿额的33.28%,广东、浙江、北京是主要补偿省份,补偿额度居主销区前列,占全国总补偿额的71.38%。因此,应重视粮食产销区隐性成本补偿,逐步推动产销区之间建立基于责任共担的粮食安全合作机制,同时考虑生态补偿,促进生态补偿与粮食主产区的可持续发展。

林业生态环境损害赔偿实践问题的探索和研究

随着社会经济的发展,人们对林业生态环境的重视程度日益增加,林业生态损害赔偿问题也引起了学界和实务界的更多关注。然而,目前我国林业生态环境损害赔偿实践中仍存在处理相关问题的法律体系不健全、损害价值评估不准确、环境侵害责任难认定等问题。对此展开探索和研究,针对性地提出召开听证会、建立损害赔偿协作机制、咨询专家学者、通过走访办案部门了解实际问题等方法,力求解决林业生态环境损害赔偿办案中遇见的重点和难点问题,为生态环境损害赔偿实践提供理论和技术支持。

山东省国有林场生态效益补偿评价指标研究

为促进山东省国有林场森林生态效益补偿配套资金的合理核算和分配使用,结合森林资源的投入与产出,设计一套与森林的经济效益、生态效益和社会效益密切相关的生态效益补偿评价指标,包括税收贡献增长率、吸纳当地就业人数、技术应用推广数、设备(设施)投入和居民资源共享等5大类。每个指标划分为5个等级,通过赋分制核算森林生态效益贡献的综合得分,并根据每个林场的分值所占比例计算其当年可分配的森林生态效益补偿资金的份额。

An Ecological Compensation Mechanism based on the Green Productive Area of Cities

China’s urban expansion,food security,and energy transition are in a critical situation.One solution is to tap into the green production potential of the built urban environment and explore new ways to save land space and alleviate ecological pressure through food and solar energy production.This paper differs from previous ecological compensation studies,which mostly focus on key ecological functional areas or fiscal compensation mechanisms,in that it innovatively establishes an ecological compensation mechanism within the urban space.In this paper,we propose the"green productive area"of cities as a way to measure the ecological carrying capacity improvement potential of cities from the perspective of urban ecology,and it is based on converting the green resource income of cities into the ecological footprint area they could save under the same conditions.First,a typological approach was used to establish a compensation strategy for green production.Second,a spatial inventory was taken of all elements of the built environment and an analysis of their green production potential was carried out.Finally,it was necessary to establish a unified accounting standard for the ecological land saving benefits of different green production options,which could be converted into green productive land area indicators.In the case of Xuefu Street in Nankai District,Tianjin,the available rooftops and idle land were used for green production,which supplemented the ecological carrying capacity provided by the natural land occupied by 12%of the buildings in the district.

基于森林碳权的河北省生态效益补偿机制设计

森林生态效益补偿机制对加强生态保护、促进绿色发展具有重要意义。解析构建森林生态效益补偿机制的组成要素;估算河北省营造林工程碳汇供给能力与交易额;提出价值市场化生态效益补偿机制和公共生态服务效益补偿机制2套基于森林碳权的河北省生态效益补偿机制设计,以期推动森林产品生态价值转化,顺利实现全国“双碳”目标以及人与自然和谐共生、全体人民共同富裕的中国式现代化。

牛栏江—滇池补水工程生态效益评估

云南省牛栏江—滇池补水工程是国务院172项节水供水重大水利工程之一,也是滇池水污染综合治理的关键性措施之一,工程运行9年多以来,已累计向昆明调水46.06×108m3,其中向滇池补水42.15×108 m3、城市应急供水3.91×108 m3,发挥了巨大的生态效益。为合理评估工程产生的生态效益,从定性分析与定量计算两方面来评估工程生态效益,定量分析中采用了生态补偿法、等效替代法、生态水价法3种方法将生态效益量化为资金价值,经综合分析,推荐采用等效替代法计算工程生态效益。

Research Review of Post-Evaluation for Comprehensive Benefits of Forestry Ecological Programs

The paper summarized the meaning of post-evaluation for comprehensive benefits of forestry ecological programs, discussed and reviewed its development process in terms of content, indicators and methodologies, and finally presented its development trend from the perspectives of theoretical research, methodological research and application research.

关于森林生态效益补偿问题的探讨

通过对国内外生态效益补偿现状的分析 ,为进一步完善和建立森林生态补偿机制提供经验 ,促进保护生态环境和林业可持续发展。深入分析建立森林生态效益补偿机制的必要性、原则、途径以及补偿标准等 ,为进一步完善我国森林生态效益补偿机制提供科学依据。森林生态效益补偿资金的建立 ,不仅为森林资源管护提供稳定的资金来源 ,更重要的是对森林生态效益价值的承认 。

林业生态工程10种森林生态效益计量理论和方法

从森林生态效益计量角度出发．在分析生态效益作用的机理基础上．给出了森林生态效益的定义。明确指出．森林资源是森林生态效益的载体．二者之间是一种松散的相关关系、即第二类的相关关系。由此产生森林生态效益的自变量所特有的区域自变量集和林分自变量集。在界定森林涵养水源等10种生态效益的概念、性质和它们的相关关系基础上．确定它们独立的自变量集和标准化因变量集．并构造它们的整体扩散模型、从而实现对我国林业生态工程的10种森林生态效益的总体初步估计。

森林生态效益补偿的研究现状与展望

由于森林的生态效益外部性和公共物品的特性,较大部分难以通过传统的市场实现其经济价值。如何通过适当的措施将森林生态效益外部性内部化,部分或全部地实现森林生态效益的价值,对森林生态效益的提供者进行补偿,吸引全社会参与森林的保护与培育,即如何用经济杠杆解决森林生态效益的外部性和公平性,是急需解决的问题,也是当前国内外生态经济学研究的一个热点和难点问题。通过综合分析相关文献,理清生态效益补偿的概念,对森林生态效益补偿展开研究和探讨。对发达国家的森林生态效益补偿的理论和实践经验进行总结归纳,为我国建立森林生态效益补偿机制提供借鉴。分析国内森林生态效益补偿的具体实践,得出我国森林生态效益补偿制度中需要完善的方面。最后,提出我国今后森林生态效益补偿制度工作的研究方向。