A Review of Deep Learning-Based Vulnerability Detection Tools for Ethernet Smart Contracts

In recent years,the number of smart contracts deployed on blockchain has exploded.However,the issue of vulnerability has caused incalculable losses.Due to the irreversible and immutability of smart contracts,vulnerability detection has become particularly important.With the popular use of neural network model,there has been a growing utilization of deep learning-based methods and tools for the identification of vulnerabilities within smart contracts.This paper commences by providing a succinct overview of prevalent categories of vulnerabilities found in smart contracts.Subsequently,it categorizes and presents an overview of contemporary deep learning-based tools developed for smart contract detection.These tools are categorized based on their open-source status,the data format and the type of feature extraction they employ.Then we conduct a comprehensive comparative analysis of these tools,selecting representative tools for experimental validation and comparing them with traditional tools in terms of detection coverage and accuracy.Finally,Based on the insights gained from the experimental results and the current state of research in the field of smart contract vulnerability detection tools,we suppose to provide a reference standard for developers of contract vulnerability detection tools.Meanwhile,forward-looking research directions are also proposed for deep learning-based smart contract vulnerability detection.

Allocation of Public Service Facilities in Villages and Towns from the Perspective of Smart Contraction: A Case Study of Zixi County, Jiangxi Province

The limitation of traditional layout system and the continuous contraction of villages and towns have brought challenges to the layout of public service facilities.It is an imperative task against this background to integrate space resources and allocate public service facilities scientifically and reasonably.This paper took the system and method of rural public service facility allocation from the perspective of smart contraction as the theoretic support,and Zixi County in Jiangxi Province for example,built the four-level life circle of“county-fundamental-basic-routine”based on the influence factors of facility allocation,village and town contraction strength,rural comprehensive assessment results,residents’trip willingness and demands on public service facilities,finally proposed the suggestions for optimizing the allocation of village and town public service facilities.

Scheduling on tractor and trailer transportation considering the influence of disrupted events based on the contract net and simulated annealing algorithm

To provide a much more resilient transport scheme for tractor and trailer transportation systems,this paper explores the generation method of tractor and trailer transport schemes considering the influence of disrupted events.Three states of tractors including towing loaded trailers,towing empty trailers,and idle driving are taken into account.Based on the disruption management theory,a scheduling model is constructed to minimize the total deviation cost including transportation time,transportation path,and number of used vehicles under the three states of tractors.A heuristics based on the contract net and simulated annealing algorithm is designed to solve the proposed model.Through comparative analysis of examples with different numbers of newly added transportation tasks and different types of road networks,the performance of the contract net algorithm in terms of deviations in idle driving paths,empty trailer paths,loaded trailer paths,time,number of used vehicles,and total deviation cost are analyzed.The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the model and algorithm,highlighting the superiority of the disruption management model and the contract net annealing algorithm.The study provides a reference for handling unexpected events in the tractor and trailer transportation industry.

Contract Mechanism of Water Environment Regulation for Small and Medium Sized Enterprises Based on Optimal Control Theory

The small and scattered enterprise pattern in the county economy has formed numerous sporadic pollution sources, hindering the centralized treatment of the water environment, increasing the cost and difficulty of treatment. How enterprises can make reasonable decisions on their water environment behavior based on the external environment and their own factors is of great significance for scientifically and effectively designing water environment regulation mechanisms. Based on optimal control theory, this study investigates the design of contractual mechanisms for water environmental regulation for small and medium-sized enterprises. The enterprise is regarded as an independent economic entity that can adopt optimal control strategies to maximize its own interests. Based on the participation of multiple subjects including the government, enterprises, and the public, an optimal control strategy model for enterprises under contractual water environmental regulation is constructed using optimal control theory, and a method for calculating the amount of unit pollutant penalties is derived. The water pollutant treatment cost data of a paper company is selected to conduct empirical numerical analysis on the model. The results show that the increase in the probability of government regulation and public participation, as well as the decrease in local government protection for enterprises, can achieve the same regulatory effect while reducing the number of administrative penalties per unit. Finally, the implementation process of contractual water environmental regulation for small and medium-sized enterprises is designed.

A Systematic Review and Performance Evaluation of Open-Source Tools for Smart Contract Vulnerability Detection

With the rise of blockchain technology,the security issues of smart contracts have become increasingly critical.Despite the availability of numerous smart contract vulnerability detection tools,many face challenges such as slow updates,usability issues,and limited installation methods.These challenges hinder the adoption and practicality of these tools.This paper examines smart contract vulnerability detection tools from 2016 to 2023,sourced from the Web of Science(WOS)and Google Scholar.By systematically collecting,screening,and synthesizing relevant research,38 open-source tools that provide installation methods were selected for further investigation.From a developer’s perspective,this paper offers a comprehensive survey of these 38 open-source tools,discussing their operating principles,installation methods,environmental dependencies,update frequencies,and installation challenges.Based on this,we propose an Ethereum smart contract vulnerability detection framework.This framework enables developers to easily utilize various detection tools and accurately analyze contract security issues.To validate the framework’s stability,over 1700 h of testing were conducted.Additionally,a comprehensive performance test was performed on the mainstream detection tools integrated within the framework,assessing their hardware requirements and vulnerability detection coverage.Experimental results indicate that the Slither tool demonstrates satisfactory performance in terms of system resource consumption and vulnerability detection coverage.This study represents the first performance evaluation of testing tools in this domain,providing significant reference value.

Revisiting the Electron Radius in Light of Length Contraction

In previous work, the electron radius was identified as the “actual electron radius.” However, this is more accurately described as the electron radius at rest. This study reexamines the electron with an emphasis on the electron radius under motion, incorporating the effects of length contraction. The findings suggest that the radius is subject to Lorentz contraction, which has interesting implications for relativistic effects at the subatomic level.

The Impact of Corporate Governance and Fair Value Accounting on Debt Contracts

This paper investigates the theoretical relationship between corporate governance,fair value accounting,and debt contracts.It primarily examines the individual impacts of corporate governance and fair value accounting on debt contracts,while also exploring the influence of corporate governance on fair value accounting.The study emphasizes the importance of considering the interests and legal status of creditors in the context of debt contracts.The findings indicate that strong corporate governance can reduce the likelihood of debt default and that the company’s restructuring costs in the event of a default determine whether improved corporate governance will increase or decrease debt costs.Additionally,the study reveals that the strength of corporate governance affects the value relevance of fair value accounting.However,the impact of fair value accounting on debt contracts is not inherently positive or negative;for instance,companies may use fair value adjustments with manipulative intent to enhance performance.Ultimately,the research highlights that discussions about corporate governance should not prioritize shareholder interests exclusively but also consider the legitimate position of creditors.

Mechanochemical model for myosinⅡdimer that can explain the spontaneous oscillatory contraction of muscle

The spontaneous oscillatory contraction（SPOC） of myofibrils is the essential property inherent to the contractile system of muscle. Muscle contraction results from cyclic interactions between actin filament and myosin II which is a dimeric motor protein with two heads. Taking the two heads of myosin II as an indivisible element and considering the effects of cooperative behavior between the two heads on rate constants in the mechanochemical cycle, the present work proposes the tenstate mechanochemical cycle model for myosin II dimer. The simulations of this model show that the proportion of myosin II in different states periodically changes with time, which results in the sustained oscillations of contractive tension, and serves as the primary factor for SPOC. The good fit of this model to experimental results suggests that the cooperative interaction between the two heads of myosin II dimer may be one of the underlying mechanisms for muscle contraction.

Construction of the“Micro-Ideological and Political”Model for Ideological and Political Teaching Reform in Bidding and Contract Management Courses

In the context of deepening educational reforms,the significance of ideological and political education has become increasingly prominent,emerging as a crucial aspect of enhancing students’comprehensive qualities.To ensure the orderly progress of ideological and political education in courses,it is essential to actively promote the integration of ideological and political elements within coursework.This integration aims to align professional course education with ideological and political education,fostering a collaborative educational model.Therefore,in the teaching of bidding and contract management courses,constructing a“micro-ideological and political”teaching model has emerged as a critical component.The implementation of this model facilitates the seamless integration of bidding and contract management coursework with ideological and political education,thereby elevating the teaching quality of these courses.Additionally,it leverages the synergistic role of coursework and ideology in educating students,ultimately enhancing the quality and level of talent cultivation.Hence,this paper proposes strategies for constructing a“microideological and political”model within the context of ideological and political teaching reforms in bidding and contract management courses,inviting discussion and exchange on this topic.

A Probe into the Mortgage Rates of Land Contract Management Rights Based on Unified Annual Output Value

The mortgage of land contract management rights has launched a pilot project in Ningxia,Hubei,Henan,Guizhou,Chongqing and other provinces,municipalities and autonomous regions,which provides a good solution to the problem of funds for rural development and plays a huge role in promoting local rural economic development.In the mortgage financing of land contract management rights implemented in various regions,how to determine a scientific,accurate and reasonable mortgage rate of land contract management rights becomes a difficulty troubling the mortgage financing of land.On the basis of unified annual output value of land,this article uses survey method,income capitalization method,and comparison method to analyze the value of land contract management rights,and finally determine the mortgage rates of land contract management rights.

Inhibition of central sympathetic nervous tone improves cardiomyocyte contraction by increasing the response of beta 2-adrenergic receptor in aged rats

In the present study,selective β1-adrenergic receptor antagonist CGP20712A and selective β2-adrenergic receptor antagonist ICI 118551 were administered to isolated cardiomyocytes from young （4-6 months）,aged （18-20 months）,and clonidine-pretreated aged （18-20 months） Sprague-Dawley rats.Cardiomyocyte contraction amplitude was measured to assess cardiomyocyte response to the β-adrenergic receptor agonist,isoprenaline.CGP20712A reduced cardiomyocyte contraction amplitude in young and aged groups and significantly reduced contraction amplitude in cells from young rats.ICI 118551 had no effect on cardiomyocyte contraction amplitude in young rats,but significantly decreased contraction amplitude in the aged groups,in particular in the clonidine-pretreated aged rats.Results demonstrated that reduced central sympathetic tone improved cardiomyocyte contraction in aged rats by improving the response of β2-adrenergic receptor to isoprenaline.

Perturbation solution to unsteady flow in a porous channel with expanding or contracting walls in the presence of a transverse magnetic field

An incompressible flow in a porous channel with expanding or contacting walls in the presence of a transverse magnetic field is considered. Using similarity transformations, the governing equations are reduced to the nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The exact similar solutions for the different cases of the expansion ratio and the Hartmann number are obtained with a singular perturbation method, and the associated behavior is discussed in detail.

Synthetic Evaluation of Contractor's Performance in Outcome-Based Contract

Outcome-based contract( OBC) is a kind of contracting mechanism,which allows the customer to pay only when the firm has delivered outcomes,rather than activities and tasks involved. To achieve the higher demand of the delivering outcome of the contract,the evaluation of contractor's performance was focused on. A reasonable and objective contractor performance evaluation system is constructed by considering various uncertainties. The set pair theory is used to analyze the four-element connection of quality of service contractors. It aims to provide a theoretical basis for the decisionmaker to make confirmation of the equipment contractor who has a better performance and development trend.

Compactness, Contractibility and Fixed Point Properties of the Pareto Sets in Multi-Objective Programming

This paper presents the Pareto solutions in continuous multi-objective mathematical programming. We discuss the role of some assumptions on the objective functions and feasible domain, the relationship between them, and compactness, contractibility and fixed point properties of the Pareto sets. The authors have tried to remove the concavity assumptions on the objective functions which are usually used in multi-objective maximization problems. The results are based on constructing a retraction from the feasible domain onto the Pareto-optimal set.

Contract System for Circulation of the Right to Rural Land Contractual Management

From the perspective of civil subject theory,law of value,comparative law and history of laws,the thesis expounds that the contract on the transfer of the contractual right of rural lands is in nature a civil contract instead of an administrative one.Then it explores the defects in the contract from the viewpoint of legal value goal,contract law and legal sociology,that is,the relevant provisions in Rural Land Contract Law and Explanations of Supreme People's Court about the Issues concerning the Laws Applicable to the Trial of Cases of Disputes over Rural Land Contracting go against the principle of free contracting and run counter to the legal value goal of justice,so they do not achieve good implementing effect.Finally,the thesis demonstrates and makes some practical legislative proposals to perfect the contract system for circulation of the right to operate constructed rural lands,aiming at improving the circulation rate through perfecting the contract of the right to rural land contractual management,solving the disputes in rural lands circulation and safeguarding the legitimate rights of the farmers.

Barriers to the Adoption of BOT Contracts System for Infrastructural Development of Technical Universities in Ghana

The study was conducted with the aim of exploring the barriers to the adoption of BOT contract systems for infrastructural development of technical universities in Ghana. In an empirical questionnaire survey with professionals and experts in the construction and education sector, the respondents were invited to rate their perception on the barriers to the adoption of the BOT contracts systems. An interview session to satisfy ways of adopting the BOT contracts for infrastructural development in technical universities was conducted with selected professionals. The study revealed that the major barriers to the adoption of the BOT contract system are: delays in approval, corruption, reliability and credit worthiness of entities and expropriation. The study suggested that detailed policy or framework for implementing BOT contracts;proper planning by technical universities;and adequate protection for lenders is required for successful BOT implementation. Therefore there is a need to explore this concept, using adequate policy initiatives, proper measures and support from government to improve on the proper implementation of the BOT contracts in Technical Universities in Ghana.

Exploring the Main Factors Affecting Consumer Choice of Mobile Phone Service Provider Contracts

This study aims to investigate the main factors affecting a consumer’s choice of mobile phone service provider contracts, and to determine which of these factors are important in a consumer’s decision-making process. As this decision is particularly pertinent within the contractual behavior setting, there is a need to explore the main factors that shape mobile phone subscriber choices when entering into a mobile phone telecommunication service contract. To do so, a set of mobile interrelated contract dimensions and a set of mobile service provider interrelated dimensions were identified and tested. The convenience sampling technique was employed and 400 questionnaires were distributed to mobile phone subscribers in Jordan with a response rate of 78.5%. By using the regression analysis, result analysis revealed that the main factor affecting consumer choices was “contract features”, with a relative importance of 41%. After a set of mobile phone contract hypotheses were identified and tested, it was found that contract price, with about 15% relative importance, was the main contract feature that affected consumer choices, followed by the size of data that were related to the number of minutes and/or number of messages offered within the mobile service contract package. In addition, “company factors”, with about 18% relative importance, were found to affect consumer choice of service provider contracts. The principal issue affecting consumer choice decisions was “switching cost”, which was the highest relative importance element of company interrelated factors and found to influence mobile subscriber contracts choice significantly. However, other company factors like signal strength and sales outlet availability had no significant impact on consumer choices and ranked less for consumer-choice priority. More attention is needed from scholars to study the effect of other possible mobile phone contract dimensions from customers’ perspective.

The Hazards of Misusing the Smart Contract: An AHP Approach to Its Risk

This article explores four critical groups of systematic risk embedded in smart contract employment using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The four principal risk analysis groups include: 1) transparency in the light of corporate governance 2) IT security 3) contract management automation and 4) legality. The AHP assists both decision-makers and stakeholders alike in the evaluation process essential for identifying potential technological constraints posed within a permissioned blockchain environment using peer-to-peer format in the absence of digital currency. Based upon critical assessment, the AHP methodology enables pairwise comparisons among different features and consequently increases the knowledge regarding these attributes in light of the software’s risk assessment.

Reducing sympathetic nervous tone in aged rats bettered cardiomyocyte contraction by improving the response of β_2-adrenoceptor

The study was to investigate the effect of reducing central sympathetic nervous tone with clonidine on cardiomyocyte contraction,and further to analyze the influence of reducing the central sympathetic nervous tone on response of β1 and β2-AR in aged ventricular myocytes.Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups:adult group,aged group and aged group with clonidine.

Observations on the Contraction and Movement of Fat-Storing Cells in Culture

The Wister fat-storing cells were isolated by perfusion with collagenase and centrifugation with metrizamide density cushion technique and cultured in vitro. The fatstoring cells were confirmed by the presentation of the lipid drop in the cytoplasm and the visualization of dismin with anti-dismin antibody by using indirect immunofluorescence method. By the videotape recorder (VIR) and the imagine analysis system, we observed the wandering immigration, the abrupt contraction of fat-storing cells with spike, then becoming a ball-like shape in its division phase. After that the cell began to extend and the contraction of these cells can be induced by the presence of 10-2 mmol/L endothelin-1 , 1 mmol/L of substance P and 2×10-5 mmol/L noradrenalin. After removal of these agents the contracted cells would become extended. All these findings indicate that the fat-storing cells have ability of contraction and movement.