Accessibility of Justice for Intimate Partner Violence Victims in the Customary Court at Rohingya Refugee Camp, Bangladesh

This paper explored the norms and mechanisms of access to justice regarding intimate partner violence(IPV),the constraints that affect refugee women when seeking measures against IPV,and the experiences and views of justice providers in giving access to justice to IPV victims in a customary court.This is a qualitative study where purposive sampling was applied.Five,eight,and four in-depth interviews with IPV victims,justice makers from BMC/CMC,and other concerning organizations were conducted,respectively.Moreover,two key-informant interviews were also conducted.Data were analyzed utilizing thematic analysis.The findings revealed that the multi-sectoral approach is the framework in responding to IPV cases followed by each actor,including the BMC and CMC,who are protecting the rights of IPV victims.However,this community-based committee is the first spot to mitigate IPV cases,and the trial procedures are not consistent with national laws and international human rights standards;the committee uses their life experiences,religious norms,and socio-cultural values.IPV victims and the customary court experience obstacles in case reporting,trial processing,and denial of legal justice.Moreover,the committee is more active in keeping the family and societal harmony rather than in protecting the individual(women).United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees(UNHCR)should accelerate efforts to protect,respect,and fulfill the needs of IPV victims in all sectors.Training on human rights and gender,the determination of the rules and regulations of the customary court to protect IPV victims,the development of appropriate sanctions for perpetrators,and the remedies for victims are suggestions from the research to get justice for the IPV victims.

Human Rights Protection Under China's Judicial System——An Interview with Xiao Yang, President of the Supreme People's Court of the People's Republic of China

Question: As you know. attention is now growing in China and outside to judicial protection of human rights. As President of the Supreme People’s Court and China’s top judge, would you make some comments on protection of human rights under China’s juridical system?

Courting High-Profile Justice

Uganda has jurisdiction to try war criminals if the cases are referred to Kampala THE pending global arrest warrants issued against Sudan’s President Omar al Bashir and Libya’s President Muammar Gaddafi are some of the high-profile cases that Uganda is banking on to successfully prosecute,as it seeks to become a beacon of justice in East Africa. Speaking to ChinAfrica from Kampala,capital of Uganda,the spokesperson of the Uganda Judi-

欧洲法院国家安全情报领域算法规制的经验及其借鉴——以La Quadrature du Net and Others案为例

[目的/意义]La Quadrature du Net and Others案是欧盟法院第一次以判决的形式回应成员国国家安全情报领域算法运用的立法,对其进行研究不仅能够拓展理论研究的视界,也可为我国相关制度的构建提供镜鉴。[方法/过程]采取案例分析法,深入分析欧盟法院国家安全情报领域算法规制的逻辑基点、路径和方法。[结果/结论]该判决对欧洲人权法院及法国均产生重要影响,但无论是传统情报监督路径与方法,还是新兴算法规制路径与方法,均存缺憾。我国在推进国家安全情报领域算法运用的同时,要对其基本权利干预性有充分认识,应通过立法强化国家安全情报领域算法运用的规制。

禁诉令的终结?——评欧盟法院就the “FRONT COMOR”案的裁决

从欧盟就"FRONT COMOR"轮碰撞损害代位求偿纠纷案裁决出发,分析英国法院禁诉令的起源、发展,以及欧盟法院裁决否定英国在欧盟范围内签发禁诉令的权力所引起的争议,并就中国的应对提出一些相应的措施。

THE SPECIALIZED REFORM OF ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE IN CHINA

The core of the specializ ation of environmental justice is to establish specializ ed environmental justice organs to handle environmental cases. The current environmental judicial mechanism does not reflect the particularity of environmental case, which results in environmental cases being handled incorrectly and the development of social members' environmental rights by the handling environmental cases. The practical exploration of the specializ ation of environmental justice in C hina has its merits and drawbacks,and provides an abundance of experiences for the specializ ed reform of environmental justice. The specializ ed reform for environmental justice in C hina should borrow and study foreign and domestic experiences on the basis of its own practices,and complete the transformation from trial value orientation to organiz ational form of trial subjects and behavior rules.

Criminal Jurisdiction in International Law, and the Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China

examines, the principles of international law adopted by the People’s Republic of China affecting criminal jurisdiction: the principle of territoriality (including subjec- tive and objective territorial jurisdiction), the principle of nationality for both the defendant and the victim, and the principle of security. Lin looks at the exercise of concurrent jurisdiction which takes into consideration the particularities of criminal jurisdiction and, at the same time, the existence of double jeopardy, regarding the verdict and punishment imposed by a foreign court as a mitigating factor, if not as a complete defense. A new principle of international law concerning criminal jurisdiction, that is, the permanent residence or business premises principle, should be considered, says Lin.

THE CURRENT SITUATION AND OUTLOOK OF OPEN JUSTICE IN CHINA

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights have deemed the 'public trial'a basic human right. On the basis of this demand for impartial trials and citizens’ right to know the truth,the meaning of open justice has become equal with the term public trial. The open dissemination of governmental information started at the end of the 20th Century. This worldwide phenomenon has expanded the scope of open justice and made it exceed the scope of the traditional public trial. China’s system of open justice has also been promoted and improved through this worldwide development.

Plato the Democrat？ Some Thoughts on the Politics of the Laws

In the Laws （which Plato calls his ＂second-best society＂） Plato asserts that the best attainable form of society will combine the better features of autocracy and democracy. The democracy will be one where aidos （＂respect＂） will be a prominent feature, as will be the rule of laws underpinned by the belief that God, not man, is the measure of all things. Unlike in the Republic, the accumulation of wealth and property will be the right of all citizens, including rulers. But it will operate under strict limits： a maximum of four quanta of property will be allowed by any citizen, while a minimum of one （which will provide a good life though perhaps not a rich one） will be guaranteed. The affinity of such a view with that of John Rawls is striking. The article ends with a brief interview between the reader and Plato, in which some of the above issues are discussed.

THE RETRIAL OF THE NIE SHUBIN CASE： THE ORIGIN, PROBLEMS AND SIGNIFICANCE

On December 2,2016,the Second Circuit Court of the Supreme People’s Court proclaimed the judgment of the Nie Shubin case for intentional homicide and rape in public,revoking the conviction judgment of the defendant Nie Shubin rendered by the Intermediate People’s Court of Shi Jiazhuang City in Hebei Province in 1994 and the High People’s Court of Hebei Province in 1995 and acquitted Nie Shubin.So far,this momentous,difficult and complicated case,which occurred,tried and implemented

THE REAL PLIGHT BETWEEN THE JUDICATURE AND PUBLIC OPINION AND ITS EXTRICATION IN TERMS OF JURISPRUDENCE

In this transitional phase,a daunting challenge posed to the Chinese judicature is the complicated interaction between the trial court and the public,when it comes to cases that gain popular attention. The key issues lie in both the authority of the judicial judgment and the public's faith in it. It is undoubtedly of crucial significance to arrive at a sound relationship between a society espousing democracy,and proper legal expressions among the public and legal rule. Specialists argue that public opinion stands as no replacement for professional judgments made by judges,while advocates of public opinion state that any judicial judgment should take into consideration the ideas and thoughts of the public. For advocates of responsive law,the court should respond favorably to reasonable public opinions without abandoning the foundation of its independent trials. In our opinion,considering the functional designs of the judicature in the constitutional system and the reality of public opinion in contemporary China,responsive law is preferable to the other two alternatives so as to provide a real solution to the present dilemma involving the interaction between the trial court and public opinion.

流域环境司法机制的发展:从环境法庭到环境法院

为促进流域的司法保护,我国一些地方法院成立了专门的流域环境法庭。但从流域环境法庭和流域环境巡回法庭的实践情况来看,还不能满足流域整体性保护的需要,也不能适应流域法的发展需求。我国流域司法机制建设,宜从流域环境法庭逐渐转到流域环境法院。流域环境法院的建立在我国环境司法专门化进程中具有必要性和可行性。按照流域法的保护理念和环境司法专门化的要求,流域环境法院的建设首先要合理设置审判机构,其次要科学设计程序制度,为流域生态环境保护提供强有力的司法保障。

数字司法的法治边界

随着数字经济的加速发展,现代司法发生了基础上的底层变革,在实践中不断涌现的数字司法创新,演绎出数字司法的时代逻辑,形成了新型的数字司法运行机制,使得司法质效获得了空前提升。然而,数字司法也面临着一些挑战和风险,需要在司法能动与司法谦抑、数据业务与数字正义、数字技术与法治人文上进行恰当的“三重”平衡,从而确立数字法治理念,推进司法制度变革,厘定数字正义原则,构建数字正当程序,实现数字司法的形态转型和迭代升级,进而绘就数字法治的“中国图景”。

环境司法强化与企业ESG表现——基于环保法庭设立的证据

在“双碳”目标下,ESG体系建设是企业实现高质量可持续发展的必由之路。基于地级市中级人民法院设立环保法庭这一准自然实验,以2009年至2022年沪深上市公司为研究样本,借助双重差分模型实证分析了环境司法强化对企业ESG表现的影响。研究发现,环保法庭的设立对企业ESG表现具有显著提升作用,即环境司法强化对企业可持续发展具有推动作用,且此作用具有长期性。异质性检验发现,在法治环境较好、司法独立性较强、环境执法强度较高的地区,环保法庭对企业ESG表现的提升作用更为明显;有过诉讼或环保行政处罚经历、数字化转型程度较高、环境绩效较低的企业及非国有企业,环保法庭对企业ESG表现的影响效应更大。机制分析发现,环保法庭可以通过促进企业环境治理加强、社会关注提升和信息披露水平提高来实现企业ESG表现的提升。

柏拉图论习俗正义——对《理想国》开场对话的分析

《理想国》的开场对话——苏格拉底与克法洛斯父子的对话——呈现并检验了普通人依据习俗所形成的正义观念。克法洛斯表达了一种消极正义的观念,即将正义理解为不施加伤害;玻勒马霍斯则表达了一种积极正义的观念,即将正义理解为有助于共同体的善。苏格拉底的检验表明:首先,积极正义同希腊传统中助友损敌的道德观念相结合,将同消极正义产生冲突;其次,放弃助友损敌观念、借助技艺—德性类比可以结合积极正义与消极正义。进一步的分析表明,以色拉叙马霍斯为代表的智者派正义观表面上颠倒了以克法洛斯父子为代表的传统正义观,但实际上只是后者的一种变体。

我国海洋环境公益诉讼管辖制度的完善研究

海洋环境公益诉讼制度作为海洋生态文明建设的有力司法手段,在司法实践中面临诸多问题。其中,处于诉讼程序最前端的司法管辖问题始终存在,阻碍海洋环境公益诉讼后续程序推进和实体争议解决。《最高人民法院、最高人民检察院关于办理海洋自然资源与生态环境公益诉讼案件若干问题的规定》为海洋环境公益诉讼管辖制度的完善带来向好信号,但由于条文规定的模糊性和效力层级的有限性,管辖连接点、管辖法院和管辖事项的明确性不足,尚有海洋环境民事公益诉讼管辖连接点模糊、民刑交叉案件下海事法院和普通法院管辖冲突、涉外海洋环境刑事附带民事公益诉讼管辖法院不明以及海陆交叉区域环境公益诉讼存在管辖争议四个焦点问题。以上述问题为支点,探讨海洋环境公益诉讼管辖制度的完善路径,并提出经由《海事诉讼特别程序法》修改进行统一立法建构。

“中美友好通商航海条约”清理的“外部性”问题

外交部条约委员会曾根据《中国人民政治协商会议共同纲领》第55条的规定,对1949年之前国民党政府签署的旧条约进行了清理。然而,清理结果并未正式对外公布,导致无论是国际法院还是美国政府等都认为“中美友好通商航海条约”这一旧条约依然“有效”。我国有必要尽快在法律上公开对此旧条约的清理程序,宣布此条约无效,并将清理结果告知国际法院,敦促国际法院适用1971年联合国大会第2758号决议,改变其对“中美友好通商航海条约”的既有立场。

环境司法专门化对企业绿色转型的影响及其作用机制

加强生态环境法治建设是推动经济社会全面绿色发展的长效机制,环保法庭(生态环境保护法庭和环境资源审判庭的简称)作为环境司法专门化的一项制度创新,旨在提高环境司法效率和环境治理质量,但鲜有研究关注环境司法改革对企业绿色转型的影响。鉴于此,该研究借助地方中级人民法院设立环保法庭作为准自然实验,以2004—2020年中国A股上市公司为样本,运用多期双重差分模型探究环境司法专门化对企业绿色转型的影响及其作用机制。结果表明:①环保法庭的设立对企业绿色转型具有显著的积极影响,体现为促进企业绿色创新水平增强和全要素生产率提高,该结论经一系列稳健性检验后依然成立。②机制分析表明,环保法庭的设立通过强化企业外部约束与提高企业内部动力双重途径促进企业绿色转型。外部约束机制包括削弱政企合谋导致的治理失灵,以及增强社会公众对企业环境治理的软约束。内部动力机制包括降低企业绿色转型面临的融资压力,以及提高企业技术改进过程中的创新效率。③异质性分析发现,环保法庭的绿色转型效应对污染行业、民营企业以及有环保背景CEO的企业影响更为突出。该研究表明环境司法专门化对企业绿色转型的积极影响具有持续性,不会因为潜在的转型成本而挤出绿色创新活动,为企业绿色转型发展探索了一条激励相容的法制途径。因此,应持续深化环境司法专门化改革,加强跨流域、跨区域环境司法联动,探索司法、行政和社会组织协作模式,完善外部约束与内生动力相协调的综合治理机制,保持常态化外部压力的同时激发全社会生态环境共建共享共治的内生动力。

生成式人工智能赋能智慧司法的价值、困境与规制路径

生成式人工智能(AIGC)的快速发展,给传统的审判模式带来结构性与根本性的变革,对其赋能过程进行考察和分析,具有积极的现实意义。在智能化司法阶段,AIGC在赋能智慧法院提升效率、加速科技与司法融合、督促司法队伍素质提高的同时,也带来了权力专属性原则面临挑战、司法数据不充足、算法歧视和算法黑箱等风险。为厘清AIGC赋能智慧司法建设困境的具体原因,可从人工智能技术的固有缺陷、技术的权力属性、案例数据的弱标签化三个方面着手,提出增强司法系统的技术掌控能力和算法决策的可解释性,建立统一的现代化司法案例数据库,并推行跨学科的复合型法律人才培养等针对性建议,以促进中国式司法技术融合情理的现代化发展,充分发挥生成式人工智能赋能智慧司法的功能。