On the Beginning and Transformation of Modern Chinese Historiography

After the First Opium War (1840-1842) there were increased academic interests in studying the history and geography of China’s northwestern borderlands,introducing foreign history and geography and writing the modern history of China.Such interests,however,were no more than reflections of the times in history studies and could hardly improve the whole picture of historiography.At the turn of the 20th century,Liang Qichao published “The Introduction to Chinese History” and “The New Historiography”,which marked the emergence of a new trend of thought in historiography and should be deemed the beginning of modern Chinese historiography.Soon after,the “national quintessence school”(guocui xuepai) called for preserving the quintessence of Chinese culture and attempted to bridge Chinese and Western scholarship.Then the “Reorganization of National Heritage”(zhengli guogu) Movement came,urging to re-arrange traditional scholarship.Hu Shih (1891-1962) explicitly put forward the goal of “compiling a history of Chinese culture,” helped dissolve the boundary between modern and traditional historiography and indicated the approach to the transformation from ancient to modern historiography from a perspective of discipline classifications.This “new trend” of Chinese historiography,centering on new materials,new methods and new issues specified the research path for the early stage of modern Chinese historiography.

Objectivity in the historiography of COVID-19 pandemic

The world is facing a once-in-a-lifetime situation:the COVID-19 pandemic.During the pandemic,the World Health Organization announced an infodemic as well.This infodemic caused infollution and sparked many controversies.Pandemics as extraordinary occurrences are always attractive to historians.However,infodemics and biased information threaten objective history-writing.Objectivity as it regards historians is already a much-discussed subject.In this commentary,the fundamental theories about objectivity are delineated.Second,the relationship between the infodemic and COVID-19 pandemic is explained.Lastly,the problems regarding objectivity in the historiography of the COVID-19 pandemic are explored.

On the Present and the Past of Pandemics

During the COVID-19 pandemic,a multitude of narratives saturated the print,audiovisual,and electronic media.Improvised,uninformed,apocalyptic and voluntarist approaches abounded.These notes-written during the pandemic and delivered in the conference series-address the proliferation of such discourses,emphasizing a series of issues.First,the widespread ignorance about the history of epidemics.Then,the inability to deal with the uncertainties that reign during pandemic times,as well as the announcements that this extraordinary health/sanitary event would produce a profound watershed in all walks of life and in all corners of the world.Finally,and against the general assertion that“one learns from the past to understand the present,”these notes seek to point out how the present can illuminate the study of the past-or,more personally,what I think I have learned as a historian in the times of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Grotto——Analysis of the Civilization Form of the Image Historiography

Based on the research achievements of the image historiography by Chen Zhongdan and the study on the Buddhist image historiography,this paper attempts to do some research upon the image of the grotto-shaped temples. As far as the mainstreamBuddhist research is concerned,scholars tend to restore the human morality memory by the historical anthropological methods. As the important heritage of the Buddhist grotto im-ages,the northeastern region of China completely replicates the crowd pattern of the grotto morality system. China plays an important role in the propagation of grotto civilization,and as the image museumand image relic,grotto historiography shall be transformed into image recognition and construct newimage cultural systemso as to further explore the basic model of the morality construction of human beings.

On the Historiographical Reform of General History of Chinese Science and Technologyin the Post-Needham Era

The research of General History of Chinese Science and Technology(GHCST) has so far failed to transcend the"positivist history", a program of historiography initiated by Joseph Needham. The historians after Needham have made important explorations on the historiographical reform of GHCST. However, nearly all of these explorations are still the methodological reflections of the positivist history perspective, failing to reflect metaphysically on such historiographical presuppositions as views of science, technology and history, which means they have failed to break away from the positivist history perspective. To go beyond the limitations of positivist history calls for the introduction of the perspective of phenomenology of body and reflecting on and criticizing the historiographical presuppositions of positivist history on a metaphysical level. Such reflection will lead us to a new program of historiography in the post-Needham era, that is"phenomenal history"or the GHCST from the perspective of the phenomenology of body.

Ethiopian Cinema： The Socio-economic and Political Impacts of Imperial Era on the Development of Screen Media 1

Ethiopia that had been at the high-up as one of the few world powers in the 1 st and early centuries of the 2nd millennium, and later to descend to poverty line to the extent of being synonym for famine and degradation in an English dictionary, is currently on the verge of socio-economic renaissance. Likewise, the country that experienced film viewing in the very early years of the development of world cinema for more than hundred years bad eventually lagged behind those African countries exposed to cinematic arts a few decades ago; but now relatively ascending to its historical status. These days, over hundred films are produced on annual bases in Ethiopia. Nevertheless, articles, books, and encyclopedias written on African and world cinema do not as such include the Ethiopian account, hence adversely affecting the wholeness of universal knowledge. This research thus attempts to investigate the socio-economic and political impacts that governed the development of the Ethiopian screen media during imperial era （1897-1974）. The inconsistency in the development of Ethiopian cinema will be analyzed and demonstrated in conjunction with the socio-economic and political features in the era of Emperor Menelik II, Lij Iyasu, Empress Zewditu, and Emperor Haile Sellassie. The study will portray the strong link between Cinema and mode of productions that would be of a scholastic benefit to the Ethiopian and the international academia. The article hopefully, will contribute to the historiography and completeness of African screen median in particular, and world cinema in general.

From the History of Georgian-German Cultural and Political Relationship： Prince Erekle in Berlin

Georgian kings and princes were trying to establish ties and to develop relationships with European monarchies. In times of cultural, religious, demographic crisis, the Catholic missions sent by the Pope, and Russian ambassadors hold out hope to the Bagrations. In such circumstances, Georgians became closer to Europeans. The Capuchins, the Theatines, Jesuit monks were honored guests and members of the royal retinue in the Georgian Kingdoms-Princedoms. Thanks to them, in XVII-XVIII centuries, were brought up such Georgians thinkers as： Vakhushti Batonishvili, Beri Egnatashvili, Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani, Vakhtang VI, Teimuraz II, daughter of Vaghtang VI, Tamar （mother of King Erekle II）, etc. In addition, at the royal courts of Russia and Persia, it became fashionable to send their Princes to Europe, in order to get an education. The best example of this is Peter the Great and Nader Shah＇s son--known as Baron Semlin. From XVIII century, in the history of Georgian-German relations, there are authentic sources about Georgians＇ stay in Germany. Among the sources, if taking them chronologically, the oldest is about military education of Prince Erekle. The following sources are about visits of other Georgian Princes to Germany. The next sources tell about the military campaign of Georgian Hussars regiment, in whose ranks poet Davit Guramishvili was fighting. Among the above-mentioned sources, in the Georgian historiography, the issue of Davit Guramishvili has been well researched, but the same cannot be said of King Erekle II.

The ＂New＂ Economic History of Colonial Turkestan or a New Interpretation on the ＂Old＂ Methodology？

The paper considers the methodological problems related to the writing of history of the colonial period. The paper also examines the current state of historical science in Uzbekistan in the last 20 years for this sphere. Author tries to show an example of modem colonial historiography that she is defeated by the influence of the Soviet historiography on the subject. Unfortunately, the modem science of history of Uzbekistan is unable to answer fundamental questions about the colonial history as well as in Uzbekistan does not have specialists in colonial history, and those who are engaged in this sphere too defeated pseudo soviet ideology. The main conclusion of the paper is to modernize the study of history of Uzbekistan, and it is only by virtue of new generation of historians, buyout learned new methodology imperiology.

Pope＇s ＂Language of the Heart＂ in Wordsworth＇ s Tintern Abbey

The Romantics＇ relationship with Alexander Pope and his literary authority was a complicated one, and William Wordsworth＇s opinion of Pope oscillated between reverence and disdain throughout his life. This paper seeks to explore the underlying emotions embedded in Wordsworth＇s borrowing of Alexander Pope＇s expression, the ＂language of the heart,＂ in the poem Lines Composed a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey, on Revisiting the Banks of the Wye during a Tour （1798）. The author traces Pope＇s use of the ＂heart＂ to refer to his literary predecessor Abraham Cowley in The First Epistle of the Second Book of Horace, Imitated （Pope＇s Epistle to Augustus） （1737） and to his father in An Epistle to Arbuthnot （1735）. In focusing on Pope＇s attribution of the ＂language of the heart＂ to his father and Wordsworth＇s reference using Pope＇s phrase to his sister Dorothy, the author demonstrates how the poets express at once fondness towards a beloved family member and a desire for detachment from the kin who is no match for the poet with regards to such qualities as erudition and ambition. Through these examinations, the author shows that the connection between Pope and his father and between Wordsworth and his sister, through the common adage of＂language of the heart,＂ is in fact representative of Wordsworth＇s own bearing with Pope.

Becoming a historical thinker might be the first step for developing a consciousness of reasoned conciliation

The goal of this presentation is to examine the hypothesis that the ethno-political conflict in Israel can be utilized in history education to foster learning of historical thinking and to construct a tolerant space within the education system that will enable the structuring of in-principle criteria for coexistence prior to the ending of the conflict. I assumed that inculcation of historical knowledge in the education system in Israel by means of an attentive and reflexive cultural dialogue, which sensitively and skillfully confronts contradictory historical narratives as an everyday learning reality in class, will help structure a conciliatory consciousness of the kind we seek.

Reflections upon Some Fundamental Issues in Educational Historiography

This paper categorizes educational historiography as part of“historiography”because educational historiography is leaning towards historiography in spite of being a fundamental educational discipline with the dual disciplinary attributes of education and historiography.It is argued that the nature of a discipline is partly defined by its researchers and its roles,but more importantly,by its origin,major research topics and objectives,basic research theories,methodologies and paradigms,as well as its relations with cognate disciplines.And each of the above factors is elaborated on to illuminate the dual disciplinary nature of educational historiography.From the perspective of educational science,what reflects the nature of education the best is people’s“educational activities,”which can be defined as the aggregate of specific activities directed to promoting valuable human development,and the various ways educators and learners participate and interact in the educational process.This paper maintains that the history of educational activities constitutes an upside-down triangle relation with the histories of educational thoughts and system.The history of educational activities is the origin,premise and foundation,whereas the latter two are the derivatives and results.Therefore,the history of educational activities must be studied as part of the research on the history of education.

A New Chromatic Vision:The Early Impact of Color Photography on the Representation of Architecture

The role of color photography in the representation of architecture is a subject little investigated by architectural historiography.The link between the color values of architectural design and its visual transmission in the early phase of modernism was certainly problematic.Color photography had an undeniable impact on architectural color in practice:color photographs in books and periodicals published between the 1940s and 1960s clearly influenced the use of color in architectural design.

Global trends and hotspots of treatment for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease:A bibliometric and visualization analysis(2010-2023)

BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)is chronic,with its progression leading to liver fibrosis and end-stage cirrhosis.Although NAFLD is increasingly common,no treatment guideline has been established.Many mechanistic studies and drug trials have been conducted for new drug development to treat NAFLD.An up-to-date overview on the knowledge structure of NAFLD through bibliometrics,focusing on research hotspots,is necessary to reveal the rational and timely directions of development in this field.AIM To research the latest literature and determine the current trends in treatment for NAFLD.METHODS Publications related to treatment for NAFLD were searched on the Web of Science Core Collection database,from 2010 to 2023.VOSviewers,CiteSpace,and R package“bibliometrix”were used to conduct this bibliometric analysis.The key information was extracted,and the results of the cluster analysis were based on network data for generating and investigating maps for country,institution,journal,and author.Historiography analysis,bursts and cluster analysis,cooccurrence analysis,and trend topic revealed the knowledge structure and research hotspots in this field.GraphPad Prism 9.5.1.733 and Microsoft Office Excel 2019 were used for data analysis and visualization.RESULTS In total,10829 articles from 120 countries(led by China and the United States)and 8785 institutions were included.The number of publications related to treatment for NAFLD increased annually.While China produced the most publications,the United States was the most cited country,and the United Kingdom collaborated the most from an international standpoint.The University of California-San Diego,Shanghai Jiao Tong University,and Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine produced the most publications of all the research institutions.The International Journal of Molecular Sciences was the most frequent journal out of the 1523 total journals,and Hepatology was the most cited and co-cited journal.Sanyal AJ was the most cited author,the most co-cited author was Younossi ZM,and the most influential author was Loomba R.The most studied topics included the epidemiology and mechanism of NAFLD,the development of accurate diagnosis,the precise management of patients with NAFLD,and the associated metabolic comorbidities.The major cluster topics were“emerging drug,”“glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist,”“metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease,”“gut microbiota,”and“glucose metabolism.”CONCLUSION The bibliometric study identified recent research frontiers and hot directions,which can provide a valuable reference for scholars researching treatments for NAFLD.

Traversing knowledge networks:an algorithmic historiography of extant literature on the Internet of Things(IoT)

Research on the Internet of Things(IoT)has been booming for the past 6 years due to technological advances and potential for application.Nonetheless,the rapid growth of IoT articles and the heterogeneous nature of IoT pose challenges to conducting a systematic review of IoT literature.This study seeks to address the abovementioned challenges by reviewing 1065 IoT articles retrieved from the International Statistical Institute Web of Science via a blend of quantitative citation analysis and qualitative content analysis.For the former,we generated a historiography of IoT research,a citation network,in which we tried to identify main paths of codification and diffusion,as well as path-dependent transitions.For the latter,we explicated the progression of knowledge through 30 central IoT articles in chronological order regarding infrastructures,enabling technologies,potential technologies,and research challenges.Findings from this study contribute to both IoT research and management.

Scientometric analysis and mapping of 20 years of glaucoma research

AIM：To provide a scientometric analysis in the field of glaucoma.METHODS：A bibliometric method was used to obtain a view of the scientific production in field of glaucoma by data extracted from the Institute for Scientific Information（ISI） from 1993 to 2013.Specific parameters were retrieved from the ISI.Articles about glaucoma were analyzed regarding the topics＇ structure,history,and document relationships using HistCite software.Also,the trends in the most influential publications and authors were analyzed.RESULTS：The number of articles was constantly increasing,and most highly cited articles addressed clinical and epidemiologic topics in this field.During the past three years,there has been a trend towards genomic research studies and also more molecular translational research.CONCLUSION：This was the first scientometric report on glaucoma,analyzing the characteristics of papers and the trends in scientific production.A constant increase was observed in the number of papers,while the subject of papers had a shift in the past three years towards genomic research studies.

论新中国史研究与“新中国学”

今年是中华人民共和国成立75周年。75年来特别是中共十八大以来,中国特色社会主义进入新时代,党领导人民全面建成小康社会,乘势开启实现第二个百年奋斗目标新征程。新中国的历史发展,是历史中国的延续和发展,中国式现代化由奠基、开创到深化和拓展,中华民族从站起来到富起来再到强起来,中华文明实现生命更新和现代转型。新中国的历史发展,不断孕育、生成和发展关于新中国的认识和研究,即“新中国学”。“新中国学”特指关于中华人民共和国之学,由此也推动中国学从“他塑”转向“自塑”,重心从研究中国传统历史文化转向探讨关于新中国的历史、社会和时代发展,以及新中国与世界的关系。“新中国学”是一个复杂的系统学科,是关于新中国的“百科全书”;作为世界中国学的重要组成部分,在向世界传播中国精神、中国价值、中国力量方面发挥着重要作用。加快构建“新中国学”的学科体系、学术体系和话语体系,推动引领世界中国学发展,是推进新中国史研究的学科建设要求,也是推动哲学社会科学讲好中国故事、传播好中国声音的时代要求。为此,我们与河北学刊杂志社共同策划了本组专题讨论,重点以《论新中国史研究与“新中国学”》《新中国史史料学的新境遇与新问题--兼论“新中国学”资料构建的发展性与实践性》为题作多方面探讨,以期引领和推动“新中国学”研究不断向纵深发展。

中国区域音乐史研究四十年

“区域音乐史”概念的提出始于20世纪80年代,其研究至今已四十年许。区域音乐史研究在我国的发展,受到不同时期的音乐史学、民族音乐学(音乐人类学),以及历史学、人类学等学术观念的影响,产生了不同的研究成果。在21世纪当代新史学观念的影响下,中国区域音乐史的研究逐步在中国音乐史研究成果中占有越来越重要的地位,它的研究已成为当代中国音乐史学纵深发展的代表标志之一。

重审高等教育学史

长期以来,高等教育学史不仅薄弱,而且对其性质、对象、意义等关键核心问题的认识仍然存在一些偏差与误区。从性质来看,高等教育学史研究应从史论纷争到史论统一,确认历史研究和元理论研究的双重性质,追求历史与逻辑的有机统一。从对象来看,高等教育学史研究应从内外分隔到内外兼修,要兼顾乃至融合学科的内外部历史,深入探讨知识与制度的双向联动关系,以此把握高等教育学史的完整谱系、内在机制与总体规律。从意义来看,高等教育学史研究应从单一向度到多维观照,不再局限于历史学的单一向度,而是要追寻理论建设、制度建设、文化建设的多重意义。未来高等教育学史的研究视域不能只限定于中国的高等教育学而沦为地方知识,整个世界高等教育研究的历史都应该纳入其研究范围。新时代的中国高等教育学只有通过加强学科史研究,才能提升理论建设与学科反思的主动性和自觉性,为建构高等教育学自主知识体系奠定坚实的基础。

超越“三阶段论”:20世纪美国教育史学再认识

国内教育史学界对20世纪美国教育史学的关注与改革开放几乎同步,四十多年来形成了近乎统一的“传统派–温和修正派–激进修正派”的解释模式和分析框架,这种“三阶段论”虽有一定的学术价值,但长期固定不变的评价模式也造成了历史认知上的很多悖论和误解。通过重新挖掘和阐释关键史料,一个更加丰富多样的美国教育史研究的学术史视域得以呈现,既有的阐释框架中有很多被夸大、误读、忽视和低估的成分,通过“三阶段论”理解美国教育史学史存在很大的局限。不同的学派只是某种观点的概括,并不能代表学术研究的全景,一成不变的标签化和简单化的做法,对于客观而准确地认识学术史是不可取的。学术史的梳理与专题研究亦是相辅相成的,对美国教育史学史的再认识对推动国内的教育史研究有着重要的意义。